Indima yeeKomiti zoLawulo kuLawulo lweDemokhrasi

I-Democracs ixhomekeke kwinkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ukuthintela ukuxilongwa kwamandla nokuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente zinceda umdla woluntu. Phakathi kwezona ndlela zibalulekileyo zokufikelela olu lungelelwano ziikomiti zobuveleli. La maqumrhu akhethekileyo, ahlala kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho okanye amiselwe ngokwawo, asebenza ngokuhlola, ukuhlola, nokuqondisa isebe eliphetheyo namanye amaziko kawonke-wonke. Umsebenzi wawo ubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukubonakala, ukubuyisela, ukuthembeka, nokuthemba urhulumente. Eli nqaku lihlola imisebenzi, ukubaluleka, imingeni, kunye noqheliselo olungcono lweekomiti zolawulo-demokhrasi eziphilileyo, zitsala imizekelo evela ehlabathini lonke.

Ziyintoni Iikomiti Zolawulo?

Iikomiti ezilawulayo ngamaqela asemthethweni, ngokuqhelekileyo zibunjwa ngabamisi-mthetho, iingcali, okanye amagosa amiselweyo .abaphathi-gunya kumasebe karhulumente, kwiinkqubo, neenkcitho. Umsebenzi wabo ongundoqo kukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isetyenziswa ngokuthembeka, izimali zikawonke-wonke zisetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye amagosa asebenza ngokwemida yawo esemthethweni nengokokuziphatha. Ngoxa imiyalelo engqalileyo yahluka ngokwamazwe nakumaqumrhu, iikomiti eziphetheyo ziyabelana ngenjongo enye: ukubeka urhulumente kwinkonzo yakhe.

Imvelaphi Nenkqubo Yendaleko

Ingcamango yokuvelela imithetho iqala kwinkqubo yeepalamente. Ngokomzekelo, eUnited Kingdom, iHouse of Commons yaqalisa ukusebenzisa iikomiti ezikhethiweyo kwinkulungwane ye-17 ukuphanda ngemibandela ethile. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, la maqumrhu aqulunqile aguqukela ekubeni ziikomiti ezimileyo ezinobuveleli obuqhubekayo. EUnited States, inkqubo yeekomiti zombutho yamiselwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, kunye neekomiti ezinjenge House House House Hows and Active Committee ukucums ukuvavanya irhafuthelisa irhafu nemali. Namhlanje, iikomiti zolawulo loorhulumente abaninzi bolawulo-demokhrasi zingumsebenzi oqhelekileyo, ukusuka kumabhungameli asekuhlaleni ukuya kwiipala zesizwe.

Imisebenzi Yekhora

Iikomiti ezilawulayo zisenza imisebenzi emininzi enxulumeneyo:

  • [[UMTL:0] Uzalisekiso lwe-Monitoting: Bakhangela indlela imithetho nemigaqo ephunyezwa ngayo, ukwahlula amakhefu, ulibaziseko, okanye ukwenziwa kwenkqubo okungeyiyo.
  • [[Uvavanyo lwemali:0] Bahlola uqingqo-mali, inkcitho, kunye nophicotho-zincwadi ukuqinisekisa ukuba imali kawonke-wonke isetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni nangempumelelo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izityholo ezingenisayo: Xa kurhanelwa ukuziphatha okubi, ukulahlwa, okanye ukuxhatshazwa, iikomiti zingaqhuba ukuchotshelwa, amaxwebhu angaphantsi kwenqanawa, nokubiza amangqina.
  • Ukuvavanya izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu: Bahlola ukusebenza nezigqibo zabameli bakarhulumente, ngokufuthi bekhupha iingcebiso zokuphucula.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukwenziwa komthetho: izinto abazifunyanisiweyo zingabangela imithetho emitsha okanye iinguqulelo ekuvaleni okanye ekucombululeni imicimbi evelayo.

Iindidi zeeKomiti zoomphathi

Iimpahla ezijongene nomphathi ziza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, nganye ifanele imo-mo yezulu eyahlukileyo neenjongo. Ezininzi iindidi ziquka:

IiKomiti zoMgaqo-siseko

Ezi ziikomiti ezisisigxina okanye zexeshana kwipalamente okanye kwingqungquthela. Zilungelelaniswe ngokwesiqhelo yingingqi yenkqubo (umz., impilo, ukhuselo, izimali) kwaye zibunjwe ngamalungu endlu yowiso-mthetho. Imizekelo iquka iSentenal Homeland Security and Governmental Affiality Committeettee eU.S. okanye i[[FLT]Pulcial Akhawunti (PAC)[FLT] kuManyanobung. komiti yowino-mthetho isoloko inamandla okunyanzela ukunikela nokufikelela ulwazi olwahlulayo. Uqulumo lwabo lunokuba ngamandla omabini (umelo olubonisa) kunye nokucelsa (ungela i-gridrock).

IiKhomishini zoLawulo oluzimeleyo

Eminye imisebenzi yolwalathiso inikwa imibutho esebenza ngaphandle kolawulo oluthe ngqo lwendlu yowiso-mthetho okanye lwegunya. Olu gunya luzimeleyo lwenzelwe ukuba lungakhethi buso luze lukhuselwe kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. Imizekelo iquka:

  • I-ofisi yoManga yoLawulo (GAO) eUnited States, enikezela ngophicotho-zincwadi, uvavanyo, kunye neenkonzo zophando kwiBhunga.
  • I-ofisi ye-Ombudsman kumazwe amaninzi, ephengulula izikhalazo zabemi ngokuchasene namasebe karhulumente.
  • IiKhomishini zokulwa nokonakala, njenge IKhomishini Ezimeleyo echasene noHlozono (ICAC) eHong Kong.

Iikhomishini ezizimeleyo zisoloko zineemvume zengcali nabasebenzi kunye nezigunyaziso zexesha elide, ezivumela ubuchule obunzulu nokuqhubeka.

Inkqutyana 3.3: Isalathisi somsebenzi

Amaziko ophicotho-zincwadi aphezulu, anjenge- i-Ofisi yophicotho-zincwadi yohlanga (NAO) kwi-UK okanye i-Cour des Comptes [ eFransi, ijolise ingqalelo ngokuyintloko kwii-Pilografini zemali kunye nomsebenzi. Zihlola ukuba iinkqubo zikarhulumente ziyaziphumeza ngokunempumelelo nangempumelelo na iinjongo zazo. Iingxelo zazo zisetyenziswa rhoqo ziikomiti zowiso-mthetho ukwazisa iindlebe kunye nezincomo.

Izidumbu eziphandayo

Iikomiti okanye iikhomishini ze-ad hoc maxa wambi zenzelwe ukuphanda ngeengxaki ezithile okanye amahlazo. Umzekelo, iKhomishini e- e-U.S. yasekwa ukuvavanya ukungaphumeleli kobulumko okukhokelela kuhlaselo lwabanqolobi. Imibutho enjalo isuka nje iphele emva kokukhupha ingxelo yayo yokugqibela.

Ukubaluleka KweeKomiti Zolawulo - melo

Iikomiti ezilawulayo azingobuchule nje bokwenza iprocessial; zisekelwe kwimpilo yenkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ixabiso lazo linwebeka kumacala amaninzi.

Ukudlulisela Imbonakalo

Ukuba cacileyo kufuna ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente zibonakale kwaye ziqondakale kuluntu ngokubanzi. Iikomiti ezilawulayo ziphumeze oku ngokuba neengxelo zomphulaphuli, ukupapasha, kunye nokuncomela. Xa ikomiti ihlola umbutho ongaphumeleliyo okanye inkqubo ephikisayo, ikhupha ukukhanya kwiinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo ezisenokuhlala zifihliwe. Oku kuthintela ukufihla imfihlo kwaye kunika abemi amandla okugcina iinkokeli zabo zinokuphendula. Umzekelo, .S. Komiti yendlu ekwi-Oversity and Reformation[FLT] isoloko ibamba iindlebe eziveliswayo ezibangela iingxoxo ezifana nokusetyenziswa kwamayeza okanye ulwaphulo-khompyutha ezibangela ukuchaphaza amehlo kawonke.

Ukukhusela Nokufumana Ukonakala

Ukunganyaniseki kuxhaphakile kwimithunzi. Iikomiti ezilawulayo zisebenza njengesithintelo sokuqinisekisa ngokuseka isisongelo esithembekileyo sokuchaphazeleka. Ngokomzekelo, ngophicotho-zincwadi, ngokuhlalutyo, kunye nobungqindingqho, zingatyhila ukunyoba, ukunyoba, kunye neengxwabangxwaba zezinzala. I-ICAC eHong Kong , ngokomzekelo, inconyelwe ngokunciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ukonakala komkhosi wamapolisa kunye nenkonzo yamakhaya ngokuphengulula ngobuchule. Kwanaxa uphengululo lungakhokelwa ekumangaliseni, ukunokwenzeka nje kokuhlola kukhuthaza amagosa ukuba anamathele kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha.

Ukukhuthaza Ukuthenjwa Kukawonke-wonke

Ukuthembana kurhulumente kuyaphela xa abemi beqonda ukuba amagosa akafikeleleki. Abalawuli babonisa ukuba akukho bani ongaphezulu kumthetho .

Ukuphucula ukuphumelela kwenkqubo

Ukulawula akuthethi nje kuphela ngokohlwaya; kukwangokubhekiselele ekufundeni. Iikomiti zingabona oko kusebenzayo noko kungahambi, zinika ingxelo eluncedo yokuphucula iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke. Umzekelo, GAO rhoqo inikela iingxelo ngemiba efana nempendulo yentlekele okanye ulawulo lonyango, zinika ingcebiso olucacileyo olunokusetyenziswa ngabaquququzeli. Olu phuculo oluqhubekayo lunceda oorhulumente baqhelane neemeko eziguqukayo kwaye baphephe iimpazamo eziphindaphindwayo.

Iikomiti Ezilawulayo Zijamelene Neengxaki Eziphambili

Nangona zinendima ebalulekileyo, iikomiti zovelela zidla ngokuzama ukuzalisekisa imiyalelo yazo.

Uqhekeko Lwezobupolitika Nongquzulwano

Kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi, amalungu ekomiti athatyathwa kwiqela elilawulayo okanye umbutho, onokuthi ubangele iingxwabangxwaba. Amalungu eqela elinamalungu aphezulu asenokuba mathidala ukuphanda ngorhulumente wawo, ukoyika ukuphazanyiswa kwezobupolitika. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amalungu amancinane eqela angasebenzisa ukuva ukuma kobungangamsha kunokuba abe ngumveleli onyanisekileyo. Olu xinezeleko lungawadimazisa okanye luwaguqulele kwiikomiti zemfazwe zobupolitika. Kwamanye amazwe, amagunya azimele azimeleyo ajongene nengcinezelo yezikhulu ezilawulayo ezizama ukudelela, ukuwatyeshela, okanye ukuwaqokelela abo banyanisekileyo.

Izilondolozi Zikavimba

Ukujonga okucokisekileyo kufuna abasebenzi abanamava, abanobuchule, abafumana inkxaso eyaneleyo, kunye nexesha elaneleyo. Ukanti iikomiti ezininzi zisebenza ngoqingqo-mali olulinganiselweyo namaqela amancinane. Ikomiti enye isenokuba nembopheleleko yokuhlola amasebe amaninzi. Ukuchophela iziphumo zokonga kufuna ubuchule obusemthethweni, i-oventical contars, kunye nabahlalutyi bedata abanqabileyo. Ngenxa yoko, iikomiti zinokuxhomekeka kwiinkcubeko ezithe ngqo okanye ekujoliseni kuphela kwiimeko eziphezulu ze-propati, zishiya iindawo ezininzi zinganelanga. [[FLT:] iNkundla ye-Euronan yoomatilorties [[[=FLT:1]]] iphawule ukuba ezinye ii-ofisi zophicountswotshi zichaza ukuba ezinye ii-ofisi zophicoloni zingenamandla okuhlola i-EUS ([FLT:]]]]

Ukungabikho kwamandla okunyanzelisa

Kwanaxa iikomiti zichaza iingxaki, zidla ngokungabinalo igunya lokunyanzelisa ukulungiso. Iingcebiso zazo zingatyeshelwa ngabameli okanye ziphetshwe ziinkokeli zobupolitika. Kwinkqubo yepalamente, isebe elilawulayo lisoloko lilawula imigaqo yowiso-mthetho, iingxelo ezichaza ukuvelela. Kusenokufuneka ukuba iiKomiti zixhomekeke kwingcinezelo kawonke-wonke okanye kwingqalelo yamajelo eendaba ekunyanzeleni ukuthobela, nto leyo engenakuthenjwa.

Ukungakhathali Kwabantu Nengqalelo Yamajelo Onxibelelwano

Umsebenzi olawulayo usoloko uchaza kwaye ubuchule, uwenza ungabi mtsalane kuluntu ngokubanzi kunezona ndaba zibalulekileyo zobupolitika. Ngenxa yoko, ukuchotshelwa kweekomiti kungaqatshelwa, kucuthe iziphumo zazo zokuthintela. Xa amajelo eendaba egquma ukujongana nobungqina obubalaseleyo kunokuba kujoliswe kwiimfuno zenkqubo ezincinane. Oku kungakhuthaza iikomiti ukuba zibeke iliso lombutho ngaphezu kwento ekhoyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukungakhathali kuthetha ukuba akukho sizathu sininzi sokhetho kubalawuli bemithetho yokusebenza ixesha.

Urhulumente Wanamhlanje Untsonkothile

Imisebenzi karhulumente wanamhlanje mikhulu kwaye intsonkothile, ibandakanya amasebe amaninzi, izalathiso, kunye nomaleko wesebe eliphethe iinqanawa. Abalawuli kufuneka balwe neemeko ezifana ne-i-ibrousecterial systems, idipozithi, kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu okufuna ulwazi olukhethekileyo. Ngaphandle kokufumana icebiso okanye ubugcisa obuninzi, iikomiti zingazama ukuqonda iinkqubo ezithi zifanele zijonge. U.S. Congressiononal Backets Office yeDrivershort inika uhlalutyo olungeluvo olukhethekileyo, kodwa ii-propatian systean systssss zinika inkxaso elinganayo.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala LeeKomiti Zolawulo Eziphumelelayo

Ukuhlolisisa ezi mpumelelo kunikela izifundo zokomeleza imbopheleleko, ngoxa iingxaki zibalulekile, iqumrhu elininzi labaveleli liye lanemiphumo ephawulekayo.

I-ofisi yoXokelela-tyala kaRhulumente waseUnited States (GAO)

IGAO isoloko ibizwa ngokuba “yi-ganoreavel device.” Ivelisa amakhulu eengxelo nyaka ngamnye ngemibandela esukela ekufumaneni imikhosi ukuya kwimpilo kawonke-wonke. Umsebenzi ka GAO ukhokelele kwizigidi zeerandi ekugcinweni kunye nenkqubela kwimisebenzi karhulumente. Umzekelo, ii-Programs zeSebe leMyuselo etyhiliweyo zixabisa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukukhuthaza utshintsho. Inkululeko ka-GO, abasebenzi abanobuchule, kunye nodumo olude lwe-oplanitel iyenza ibe mzekelo wamanye amazwe ([[FLT:]GA]] u-Speetartum. ]).

IKomiti Yeengxelo Zemali Zasekuhlaleni YomaZwe Omanyeneyo (PAC)

I-PAC yenye yeekomiti ezinempembelelo kakhulu kwiPalamente yaseBritani. Ithenjiswe lilungu lenkcaso, ihlola ukusetyenziswa nokuxabiseka kukarhulumente ngemali. Ukuva kwayo kungundaba-ndaba kawonke-wonke kwaye isoloko isenza imixholo ephambili xa amagosa asemasebeni amakhulu edibene. Iingxelo zePAC ziye zabangela utshintsho kuyo yonke into ukusuka kwimilinganiselo yokucoca isibhedlele ukuya kumgangatho wokuqokelelwa kwerhafu. Impumelelo yayo ibangelwa kukungathathi-nxaxheba, ukuqwalaselwa kobungqina, nokufikelela kwinkcubeko yeShubi yeNjelo yeSizwe.

IKhomishini yeIndependent yaseHong Kong eLawula Urhwaphilizo (ICAC)

I-ICAC yaqalisa ngo- 1974, yaguqula iHong Kong, yasusa ibutho labantu elalizaliswe lurhwaphilizo ukuya kwenye yeengingqi ezinganyanisekinga kakhulu ehlabathini. Isebenza ngokwayo kwinkonzo yasekuhlaleni kwaye inamagunya anamandla okuphanda, ukubanjwa, nokuchotshelwa kwetyala. I-ICAC ikwagxininisa ukuthintelwa nemfundo yasekuhlaleni. Impumelelo yayo ibonisa ukuba amaqumrhu ajongene nenkululeko yokwenene kunye nobuncwane obuneleyo bungaguqula iinguqulelo.

Iqela lePalamente laseSweden

Inkqubo ye-ombudsmen yaseSweden, eqala ngo-1809, inika abemi umjelo othe ngqo wokukhalazela ngenkqubo karhulumente engalungelelwaniyo. Abasebenzi banokuphengulula, bagxeke, bancomele iinguqu zenkqubo. Iingxelo zabo zithathwa nzulu ngabameli kunye neenkonzo. Lo mzekelo ulandelwe ehlabathini lonke kwaye ubonisa ukuba uvelela akusoloko kufuna iikomiti zemithetho (ii-computer) ezizimeleyo zokuphatha izikhalo zingaphumelela kakhulu.

Ukuqinisa iiKomiti zoLawulo: Icebiso

Ukuze bandise iminikelo yeekomiti zooveleli, oorhulumente nebutho labantu kufuneka baqwalasele ezi nguqu zilandelayo:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Uzimeleyo lokuqinisekisa: Ukukhusela amalungu ekomiti ekuziphindezeleni kwezobupolitika ngokuqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko kunye noqingqo-mali olwaneleyo. Iikhomishini ezizimeleyo kufuneka zikhuselwe ekungeneleni kwempatho yempatho ephezulu.
  • [[UMTL:0] izibonelelo zeProvide:[ i-Mvesti ye-Mbetho kubasebenzi, ubugcisa, kunye nabaququzeleli abanolwazi. Iikomiti zifuna ukufikelela kugcino-lwazi, ubalo-zincwadi, kunye nenkxaso esemthethweni ukwenza uhlolo olucokisekileyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukubonakala ngaphaya: Shicilela zonke iingxelo kunye neerekhodi ezivakalayo kwi-intanethi. Kufuneka abameli baphendule ekuhleni kwiingcebiso zekomiti ezicwangcisiweyo zexesha.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuthembisana kukawonke-wonke: Sebenzisa isishwankatho solwimi olucacileyo kunye nesixhobo sonxibelelwano loluntu ukuphakamisa ulwazi. Khuthaza ukuthobela kunye nokhuseleko lwabavuli-mlonyeni.
  • [[UMTHETHO:0] Intsebenziswano enqamlezayo: imisela isithethe sokungaphathi-bucala, mhlawumbi ngokutshintshiselana izihlalo zekomiti phakathi koninzi namalungu enkcaso okanye ukufuna izinto ezibalaseleyo ukwenzela izenzo ezithile.
  • Yomeleza ulandelo lomgaqo-nkqubo: Yenza imihla yokufezekisa nokufuna iingxelo zenkqubela phambili. Ikomiti zegunya ukumisela izivumo zokungahambelani, ezifana noqingqo-mali oluqabade.

Isiphelo

Iikomiti ezilawulayo azingoovimba abazizibonelelo abangezozinto ezithe ngqo kwidemokhrasi; zisisiseko esibalulekileyo sokuphendula. Ngokuhlola izenzo zikarhulumente, ukuthintela ukunganyaniseki, nokukhuthaza ukuthenjwa kwabantu, ziyanceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba igunya lisetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo. Ngoxa iingxaki ezifana nokugxabhagxabha kwezobupolitika, ukuswela iintengo, nokungabi namdla woluntu zihlala zikhona, imizekelo yeGAO, i-PAC, i-ICAC, kunye ne-oudmannsmen ye- Sweden ibonisa ukuba ukuvelela okunempumelelo kuya kufumaneka. Ukuqinisa le mibutho ngenkululeko, oovimba bezopolitiki, nokubonakala kuya kungenelwa kungekuphela kwemibutho kodwa abemi abakhonzayo. Kwixesha lokukhula kwentsonko nokuthanda ukugqalisela urhulumente, ukongamela okubaluleke kakhulu kunanini nanini ngaphambili kwimpilo yoorhulumente bobucubacuka.