Isiseko esisemthethweni Semiyalelo Yenkundla Kuvavanyo Lokufumana

Isiseko sovavanyo lwayo nayiphi na imvelaphi yokufumana umntwana womntwana ongomnye sixhomekeke kulungelelwano olululo phakathi komdla karhulumente wokukhusela abantwana kunye nelungelo lomntu lobuqu. UMthetho-siseko wesine wokuHlaziya ulawulo lwenkundla ye-U.S. uyalela ukuphengululwa nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni, ukuseka ukulindela okusisiseko kokuzimfihlela okunabela kwiingxelo zobuqu, ugcino-lwazi lwemali, kunye nembali yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngelixesha abazali abazakubakhulisayo benikela ngokubhaliweyo uvavanyo olusezantsi, iimeko zidla ngokuvela apho umthetho wenkundla `=nesiqinisekiso se-/imfuneko yokunyanzela amaqela amathathu ukuba atyhinswe okanye akhutshwe iingxelo eziyimfihlo.

Kumongo wokwamkelwa, i-"Warlant" iqheleke kakhulu ngumyalelo wenkundla yamakhaya oyalela umbutho womthetho, irejista yophando, okanye irejista yokhuseleko lwabantwana ukuze ityhile iingxelo. Le nkqubo ilawulwa yintsebenziswano yemiyalelo karhulumente kunye nemithetho ecacileyo karhulumente. Adam Walsh Child Protection and Setyment Act ka 2006[FLT] imisela isiseko solawulo somthetho ngokufuna ukuba amaziko alawule imbali yembali yolwaphulo-mthetho asekelwe kwimbali yembali ye-bhabhitha efuna ukukhuthazwa nokufumana abazali abatsha. Noko ke, izalisa kwimidangatho ephathelele malunga nokufikelela kwiingxelo zolutsha, ukutyhincwa kwezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nokuxhaphaza abantwana ngokweziko, isoloko ifuna ukufunyanwa kwemeko "ityala elilungileyo" okanye "i-1963" phambi koluhlu lokukhululwa.

Uhlaziyo Lwesine Nolindelo Lokuba Wedwa

Iinkundla ziye zasoloko zikholelwa ukuba abantu balindele ukuba izicelo zabo zibekwe emgangathweni kwiingxelo zabo zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye neembali zezamayeza. Kwityala lokwamkelwa komntwana, olu themba alupheliswanga ngokupheleleyo ngokufaka isicelo sokuba ngumzali. Noko ke, umdla onyanzelekileyo karhulumente kukhuseleko lwabantwana ubangela umahluko. Ukuzanelisa uphando lomgaqo-siseko, amaqumrhu kufuneka abonise ukuba isicelo sawo sisengqiqweni ngokomlinganiselo kwaye sigunyaziswe kakuhle. Umyalelo wenkundla usebenza njengommeli ongathathi calathi-nxaxheba, uqinisekisa ukuba ukuphengulula asilo luhlu lokuloba kodwa luyiphunyeza olusekelwe kwimibandela ethile okanye kwimfuno yemithetho ethile.

ISibonelelo soMgaqo-siseko weSizwe

Ukuqonda ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yesizwe nemithetho karhulumente kubaluleke. Imiyalelo ye-Adam Walsh isithi ayenze uvavanyo lwe-FBI iminwe yeminwe, efuna ukuqokelelwa kweminwe kunye nokuthotyelwa kweminwe kunye nemithetho-mfonothotho yeminwe kugcino-lwazi lwezwelozwelo. Amazwe amaninzi amisele imithetho egqitha le siseko, efuna ukuxilonga [FLT: 2] ukusetyenziswa kwe-Ascinezelor nokwehlisa i-Divin ephakathi, ithetha ukuba amatyala e-minwe, kunye nokunconywa kwemali. Ukukhululwa kolwazi oluphuma kwezi ncwadi kusoloko kulawulwa kakuhle. Umzekelo, ukufikelela kwingxelo zenkundla evalelweyo okanye ezivalelwe iingxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho kufune ukusetyenziswa ngokwendlela esekelwe kwiingxelo ezifanelekileyo kumzali ofanele afanele ukufaneleka.

Imiyalelo enyanzelisayo evaliweyo

Amaziko amaninzi okufumana abantwana abangeniswayo aqala inkqubo yokukhangela isiqalo ngokufumana isayiniweyo REAP of Information (ROI) ukusuka kumphandi-sicelo. Ngeli xesha le fomu yemvume ivumela amaqumrhu ukuba afumane iingxelo ezininzi zomsebenzi oqhelekileyo, isoloko inganele ukufikelela kumaxwebhu amadala okanye atywinwe. Le bhanki isenokufuna umshicileli osezantsi phambi kokuba ikhuphe iingxelo zemali ezipheleleyo. Indawo yamapolisa ingala ukukhululwa kwetyala ngaphandle kosayino lomgwebi. Kwezi meko, ummeli okanye igqwetha intsapho yokufumana umntwana kufuneka inxulumane ukuze kucelwe ulawulo olunyanzelwe kwintsebenziswano yokuzithandela ukuya kwi-Proporacture, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ifune ukuqhutywa ngokungqongqo kwemithetho engqongqo yemithetho ye-proccument.

Abathathi-nxaxheba Ekufumaneni Imvume

Phambi kokuba inkundla inikezele umyalelo wokukhululwa kweengxelo ezichukumis ’ umbilini, umbutho kufuneka uhlangabezane nemithwalo ethile engokwasemthethweni. Iimfuno zivumelana nemithetho yesithethe yezaphuli-mthetho kodwa zivisisana nemeko yesifundo sasekhaya sokutholwa. Ezi ziquke unobangela osisigxina, isicelo esinenkcukacha, kunye nemiqathango engqongqo kumgangatho wokufuna.

Ukumisela Unobangela Ofanelekileyo Okanye Ukuzimela Ngobulumko

Ekuthatheni umntwana womntwana otshayelelweyo, "unobangela ongenakugxekwa" akathethi ukuba umfaki-sicelo urhanelwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Kunoko, kuthetha ukuba kukho isiseko esisengqiqweni sokukholelwa ukuba inkcazelo efunwayo inxulumene nokufaneleka komntu ocela isicelo kumzali kwaye isenokuba iqulathwe kwiingxelo eziceliweyo. Iimeko ezinokuvelisa lo mba ziquka:

  • Imbali evaliweyo: Umfaki-sicelo uyavuma ekuvalweni okudlulileyo okwarhoxiswayo, kufuna umyalelo wenkundla ukufumana isimo somthetho neenkcukacha zesiganeko.
  • Iingxelo zeParty: Umncedi ufumana ingxelo ethembekileyo ngophendlo lweenkonzo zokukhusela umntwana ngaphambi kokuba akhuselwe mayelana nomfaki-sicelo.
  • I-Invonsistencies: ukungavisisani okubalulekileyo phakathi kwempendulo yodliwano-ndlebe lwesicelo neziphumo zovavanyo, njengedilesi ezingachazwanga apho kusenokuba kwenzeke khona amatyala ngaphambili.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isibonisi se-Risk:[ uxwebhu lwezemali olubonisa ipateni yemigwebo engahlawulwayo okanye yokuqhatha, oluchaphazela ukukwazi ukubonelela ngomntwana.

Umgangatho uphakame kunento nje engekho mthethweni kodwa engaphantsi kunobungqina obungenakuphikiswa. Iinkqubo kufuneka zichaze izibakala ezingqalileyo kwinkundla, kungekhona inkxalabo nje engacacanga.

Ukutyhalela Ityala Elibalulekileyo

I-affidavit limbombo wesicelo nasiphina umyalelo wenkundla. Oluxwebhu lufungelwe malubhalwe ngokuchanekileyo. Kufuneka luquke:

  • Ukwahlulwa kolu phawu lweApplication: igama elipheleleyo, umhla wokuzalwa, kunye nolunye ubizo.
  • [[UMTL:0] IPurpose yeVech: Ingxelo ecacileyo yokuba iirekhodi ziyimfuneko kwisifundo sasekhaya sokukhulisa umntwana.
  • Isiseko esicacileyo: Yingxelo enkcukacha, yobalo-maxesha lwezibakala ezabangela imfuneko yomyalelo. Phepha uva ukuba kunokwenzeka; ncamathela ukujolise ujongo kunye namaxwebhu aqinisekisiweyo.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Iziko lobuPhicotho-zincwadi liceliwe: I-affidavit kufuneka ichaze ngokukhethekileyo iirekhodi ezifunwayo (umz., "lonke ukubanjwa kunye neziganeko ezivela kwiSebe laMapolisa phakathi koJanuwari 2010 noDisemba 2015 ezibandakanya uJohn Doe").
  • I- Iyimfuneko: Ingcaciso yesizathu sokuba iindlela ezincinci zokuphazamisa (ezifana nokhupho olutyikityiweyo) aziphumelelanga okanye azinele ngokusemthethweni ukufikelela kwiirekhodi.

Ulawulo Olusekwe Ngokweejaji Nomgaqo Wokwahlula

Ijaji ihlola i-affidavit ukuqinisekisa ukuba idibana nomqobo osemthethweni. Ijaji ingakhupha umyalelo njengoko kuceliwe, iguqule ububanzi, okanye iwukhanye ngokupheleleyo. Umgaqo we ungowokwahlukanayo ungundoqo apha. Umyalelo wenkundla obanzi kakhulu . njengomntu ocela "Nayiphi na na naphi na iingxelo" ngaphandle kwemida ekhoyo okanye encinane, umele ucetyiswe kwaye ucingwe. Indlela esebenzayo mayichaze ngokucacileyo iirekhodi, umntu ezinxulumene naye, kunye neflametrim. Umyalelo kwakhona ubandakanya amalungiselelo [[FLT] ] ubuyisela iirekhodi zenkundla okanye ulawulo lwe-empekethi.

Iintlobo ezikhethekileyo zoMgaqo-nkqubo weSizamva Ziqinisekisa Ukuvunywa kweJaji

Iingxelo ezahlukahlukeneyo zikho kwiindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo zomthetho ezinokukhutshwa, ezinye zifumaneka lula ngemvume, ngoxa ezinye zifuna umlinganiselo ophakamileyo wokuvavanya.

Imbali Yezaphuli - mthetho

Umthetho womanyano kufuneka ujongisiso lweminwe yeFBI, kodwa umgangatho wemeko womthetho uyahluka-hluka. Amanye amaphondo atywina ngokuzenzekelayo iirekhodi emva kokugwetywa okanye ukugxothwa. Ukufumana ezi ngxelo zitywinwe kusoloko kufuna umyalelo wenkundla. Isibonelelo kufuneka sibonise imfuneko enyanzelisayo, siphikisane ukuba uhlobo lwetyala lantlandlolo lunxulumene ngqo nokhuseleko lomntwana. Umzekelo, ingxelo etywinwe yetyala lasekhaya ingaba ibaluleke kakhulu, ngelixa ingxelo etywinwa yethi yetyala elincinane ingaba isenokungabikho. Inkundla mayilinganise ityala ilungelo lokufaka ingxelo ebhaliweyo nxamnye nomntwana ukuze ikhuselwe umsebenzi wesizwe ukukhusela umntwana.

Ukuxhatshazwa Kwabantwana Nokungakhathalelwayo Kobhaliso Olusembindini

Amaphondo amaninzi agcina irejista ephakathi yokuxhatshazwa kokhuseleko lomntwana kunye namatyala angahoywanga. Imithetho elawula ukufikelela kolu xwebhu ingqongqo ngendlela engathethekiyo. Kwimimandla emininzi, umbutho awunakufikelela olu lwazi ngaphandle komyalelo wenkundla, kwanangemvume yomfaki-sicelo. Inkundla kufuneka ifumane ukuba isicelo sisekelwe kwinkxalabo engqalileyo ngokuphathelele ukhuseleko lomntwana. Inkxalabo elindelekileyo ibaluleke kakhulu apha; ukuba iprojekthi yencwadi iqulethe i-"agxamplate yokuba izicelo, isikhongozeli kufuneka sibe nenkqubo ebeke ityala ukwenzela ukuvavanya ukuchasa ukhuseleko lomntwana phambi kokuba isetyenziswe ukukhanyela ulwa kolwano.

Iingxelo Zemali Nembali Yetyala

Ngeli xesha ingxelo yetyala esezantsi ingafunyanwa ngokuvuma phantsi kweSibonelelo setyala (FCRA), sifikelela kwiingxelo zemali ezineenkcukacha zemali ezingakumbi `njengengxelo zebhanki, iirhafu, okanye izimali zeshishini/isenokufuna imvume yasenkantolo ukuba izinto eziceliweyo okanye ukuba amaqela amathathu awafuni ukuzikhulula. Uzinzo lwemali luyinxalenye engundoqo yesifundo sekhaya, kodwa amalungelo obuqu akhusela iingxelo zemali eziziinkcukacha zemali. Umyalelo wenkundla kulo mongo kufuneka uchaze iirekhodi ezifanelekileyo ezifunekayo, ukubonisa ukuba zinxulumene nobuchule bombutho wokuxhasa umntwana.

Iingxelo Zempilo Nengqondo

Amaziko okufumana abantwana bokutholwa afuna ukuhlaziywa kwempilo yezamayeza neyezempilo ngokwengqondo ukuqinisekisa ukuba abafaki-zicelo bayakwazi ukuqeqesha abantwana ngokwasemzimbeni nangokweemvakalelo. Ngoxa uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lwezamayeza lusoloko luqukwa ngemvume, ukufikelela kwiingxelo zonyango lwezempilo lwengqondo okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi kulawulwa yimithetho engqongqo yabucala enjengo-HIPAA no-42 CFR Ingxenye 2 (ukuze kuqinisekiswe iingxelo zokusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi). Le mithetho isoloko ifuna umyalelo okhethekileyo wenkundla, hayi nje ukukhululwa jikelele. Umyalelo kufuneka uchaze ulwazi olufunekayo kwaye ubeke imiqathango yokusetyenziswa kwalo ekukhuliseni abantwana, ngokufuthi ifuna ukuba iirekhodi zitywiswe ukuze zikhusele iindawo eziyimfihlo.

Uhlalutyo Olukhethekileyo Kwindawo ye-Interstate neyamaxa-kude

Amatyala okufumana umntwana omnye rhoqo anqamleza imigca karhulumente, enzisa ubunzima kubume bomhlaba obusemthethweni ukwenzela uvavanyo lokungasemva. Isivumelwano seInterstate ngokubekwa Kwabantwana (ICPCC) ilawula intshukumo yabantwana abanqumla imida yezwe ukuze bafumane ulwamkelo. Ngelixa i-ICPC ibhekisa phambili kumntwana, ikwabangela iimfuno zokuhlola okungasemva kokubini kuthunye nokufumana iimeko.

Imiqathango yeNkundla eneMiba emininzi

Ukuba umfaki-sicelo uhlala kwiSizwe A kodwa unengxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho kwiSizwe B, umbutho weSizwe A ungafuna ukufumana umyalelo wenkundla ovunyiweyo kwiRhulumente B. Oku kungabandakanya inkqubo enzima yokufaka isicelo kwiinkundla zeSizwe okanye ukusebenzisa i-Frective Interstation Depositions and Discovery Act. Acterneys asebenzisa ngokukhethekileyo ekufumaneni ulwamkelo phakathi kweenkundla ukuqinisekisa ukuba uhlolo lwemva lugqityiwe kwaye luvakala ngokusemthethweni. Ukungaphumeleli ngokufanelekileyo ukugunyazisa iirekhodi zelizwe lokukhupha isicelo kungane nemithetho yesifundo sasekhaya somntwana.

Iimeko Ezicacileyo Nendawo Yexesha Lentlekele

Kubeko lwexesha likaxakeka, umntwana ubekwa nomzali oza kukhuliswa phambi kokuba zonke iingqikelelo zesiqalo zigqitywe ngokupheleleyo. Ngelixesha ufako lokwexeshana lusemthethweni kwamanye amazwe phantsi kolawulo olungqongqo, inkundla ifuna ukuba uhlolo lwesiqalo luqaliswe ngokukhawuleza. Kule meko, isebe lingafuna i-Exption Parete Order [[FLT: 1]] Ukukhupha ukhuphozo lweerekhodi, ukudlula iimfuno zesaziso esiqhelekileyo. Noko ke, inkundla iyakufuna isibonelelo sokubonisa isizathu sokuba inkqubo ye-exeditation ibiyimfuneko kwaye iza kubeka ixesha elingqongqo lokugqiba uphando olupheleleyo. Umngcipheko wokubekwa kwexesha likaxakeka uphezulu, ukuba ukukhangela emva koko kutyhila ukukhubazeka, kufuneka kususwe ityala elibalulekileyo.

Ukuphathwa kwe-etheyiniki kunye nenkqubo elindelekileyo

Ukufumana umyalelo wenkundla linyathelo lokuqala. Ukuphathwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yolwazi olufunyenweyo kukwagxeka ngokufanayo. Amaqumrhu okukhulisa abantwana ngokusemthethweni asebenza phantsi kwekhowudi engqongqo yokufihla imfihlo. Iingxelo ezifunyenwe ngemiyalelo yenkundla kufuneka zigcinwe ngokukhuselekileyo, zifikelelwe kuphela ngabasebenzi abagunyazisiweyo, kwaye zisetyenziselwa kuphela injongo yokuqhubeka nokufumana umntwana.

Imfihlelo Nokuzifica

Inkoliso yemiyalelo yenkundla yokuhlola imvelaphi iqulathe irejista yokuba iirekhodi kufuneka zibuyiselwe enkundleni okanye zitshatyalaliswe emva kokuba isigqibo sokutholwa komntwana sigqitywe. Iinkqubo kufuneka zibe nemigaqo ecacileyo yokususa okanye yokutywina la maxwebhu anochuku. Ukwaphulwa kwemfihlo .. "ukungachazi magama afihlakeleyo" njengokutywinwa kwembali yolwaphulo-mthetho oluvaliweyo kwiqela lesithathu elingagunyaziswanga semthethweni"iziphumo zokubekwa kwetyala elisemthethweni lombutho kwaye kusekwenyulwa.

Ivavanya Ulwazi Oluchanekileyo

Kufuneka ukuba abafaki-zicelo babe nethuba lokuhlola ulwazi olungasemva baze bavavanye ukuchana kwalo. Ukuba uvavanyo lwemeko engasemva olulungelelanisiweyo yinkundla lutyhila ukunyanzeleka kolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukuxhatshazwa okuqinisekisiweyo kokufumana ukuba impikiswano, umfaki-sicelo kufuneka anikwe ithuba elinentsingiselo lokuphikisa ubungqina. Oku kusenokubandakanya ukuva apho umfaki-sicelo anganikela ubungqina, ameme amangqina, kwaye adlulisele ababhali beengxelo. Inkundla kufuneka ifumane inyaniso ngokuphathelele ukuthembeka kolwazi olubhaliweyo ngaphambi kokuba isetyenziswe ukukhanyela ukwamkelwa.

Izenzo ezingcono kwingxakeko

Ingxamiseko kufuneka ijonge inkqubo engasemva ngokubaluleka kwayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abasebenzi abaqeqeshelwe imvume nemiyalelo yenkundla, ukugcina uxwebhu olungqongqo, nokusebenza ngokusondeleyo ngesiluleko esisemthethweni.

Uqeqesho lwabaphathi ekuququzelweni

Abasebenzi bezentlalo nabaphathi-micimbi bokufumana abantwana abangengobantwana kufuneka baqeqeshwe ukuba baqonde xa imvume elula inganele kwaye xa umyalelo wenkundla uyimfuneko. Kufuneka baqonde indlela yokuyila i-applicat exhasayo ehlangabezana nomgangatho osemthethweni wesizathu esinokwenzeka ngaphandle kokuthembela kubungqina obungenakuphikwa. Uqeqesho oluthe rhoqo kurhulumente ozinzileyo kunye nemithetho emalunga nokufikelela kobuqu kunye nolawulo olubhaliweyo lubalulekile ukuphepha iingxaki ezingokwasemthethweni.

Ukusebenza Ngenkqubo Yenkundla

Ukuphuhlisa ulwalamano olulungileyo lokusebenza nenkundla yentsapho yasekuhlaleni kungayidibanisa inkqubo. Ii-attorney kufuneka zilungiselele izibongozo ezibanzi, ezilungelelanisiweyo ezikwenza kube lula ngejaji ukuqonda imfuneko yomyalelo. Unxibelelwano olusebenzayo nomabhalane wenkundla kunye namagumbi abagwebi anokuthintela ukulibazisa. Xa ufuna ucwangco lwesishicileli, ukuba necebo lobulali kwelinye iphondo eliyiqonda kakuhle imithetho ethile yesithethe lungaba luncedo.

Isiphelo

Isiseko solawulo olusemthethweni solawulo lweziko lobuzali kumntwana wokwamkelwa komntwana silungiselelwe ukukhusela umntwana kunye namalungelo abo baza kuba ngabazali. Imfuneko yomyalelo wenkundla `esenza njengomthetho ``ukuvavanya ngokucokisekileyo amandla karhulumente kunye namasebe okukhulisa abantwana, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuphengulula ulwazi kulungile, kuyimfuneko, kwaye kuchanile. Ngokunamathela kwimigaqo yesizathu esilindelekileyo, imo ekhethekileyo, kunye nolawulo lomthetho, amaziko angaqhuba ngokuphanda nangokusemthethweni akhokelela kumakhaya akhuselekileyo nasisigxilo sabantwana. Ukuthobela okusemthethweni akungomqobo nje osisithintelo; lilungu elingundoqo loqheliselo lwendlela yokuphatha ngokwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha nempumelelo.