Ukwazisa

Uphando lwezobuqhetseba kunye nobezobuqhetseba lwekhompyutha lufuna ukuba kuqikelelwe umthetho osebenzayo ukuze ulwenze ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko. Kulo mgaqo kuyimfuneko ukuba abanyanzeli bomthetho bafumane isiqinisekiso ngaphambi kokuba bahlole into esengqiqweni yokufuna imfihlo. Ababhexeshi basebenza njengeqhinga lomthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abaphengululi babonise ukuba ubangela onokubakho kwaye banciphise umlinganiselo wokungenelela kwabo. Eli nqaku lihlola iimfuno zesiqinisekiso ezilawula uphando lwamanani, imilinganiselo esemthethweni esebenzayo, kunye neengxaki ezikhoyo xa kuvela ubungqina kwimidangala yemidanganiso.

Isiseko Esisemthethweni Sabo Bavumisayo Kwiinkupho Ze - Cyber

UHlomelo lwesine loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. lunika isiqinisekiso sokuba imfuneko iqinisekiswe kuko konke uphando lolwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka oko kubandakanya ukuqhatha ngekhompyutha kunye nokubawa komntu othile. Lukhusela abantu ekuphandeni ngokungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibisoloko ikholelwa ukuba uphando olungenasizathu lungekho ngqiqweni ngaphandle kokuba kusetyenziswe ubungqina obumiselweyo bezobugcisa. Inkundla iqinisekisa ukuba umgaqo weSihlalo sesine soMyelelo-ziNtloko usebenza ngamandla apheleleyo kulwazi lwe-elektroniki.

Embindini kuhlalutyo “ulindelo olusengqiqweni lwento yobuqu” uvavanyo olumiselwe ku Katz v. United States (1967). Abantu bagcina ulindelo olunjalo kwiziqulatho zee-imeyili zabo, amaxwebhu agcinwe kwiingxelo zamafu, kunye nogcino-lwazi kwizixhobo zobuqu. Xa umthetho ufuna ukungenisa olu lwazi, kufuneka ngokuqhelekileyo ufumane isiqinisekiso esixhaswe yisizathu esilindelekileyo. Isigqibo sesaziso sikwimeko ye- Carpententer v. United States[FLT:] (20) uqikelelo olu lwezicwangciso kwiseli, ubamba ukuba ukungenisa ulwazi lwembali lufuna isiqinisekiso esibonisa ulwazi olunzulu lolwazi.

Ukwanda kobungqina bamanani kubangele uhlaziyo kwimithetho ebhaliweyo. Umthetho woManyano woMphathi-mthetho wePrecedeture 41, umzekelo, walungiswa ukuze uthethe uphando olukude lweekhompyutha kunye nezixhobo zokugcina izinto ze-elektroniki. Ngoku igunyazisa abaphathi-mikhosi ukuba bafake imiyalelo yokuphanga ugcino-lwazi olugcinwe ngaphandle kwesithili apho imvume ikhutshwa khona, ukuba iimeko ezithile zihlangatyezwane ne-"ilungiselelo elibalulekileyo lokuphanda ngekhompyutha elidla ngokunqumla imimandla emininzi.

Ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha zomGcino-zimelo wesine wokhuseleko lonyaka weminyaka, bona Cornell Information Institute of Legal Iment of thenoted Foleted Amendment [.

Iimfuneko Zokufumana Umbutho

Ukufumana isiqinisekiso sokuphengulula ngekhompyutha, ukunyanzelisa umthetho kufuneka kwanelise iimfuno eziliqela zomGaqo-siseko nezomthetho. Ezi ziqinisekisa ukuba imvume ayikhutshwanga ngokulula okanye isetyenziswe njengohambo lokuloba.

Unobangela Ofanelekileyo

Unobangela ocacileyo ufuna ukuba, ngokusekelwe kwimo epheleleyo, kukho umngcipheko ofanelekileyo wokuba ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho buza kufunyanwa kwindawo eza kuphendwa. Kuphando lwamanani, oku kungabandakanya ukubonisa ukuba ikhompyutha erhanelekayo iqulethe ubungqina bokubiwa kwempahla, ukuba ingxelo yamafu iqulethe iingxelo zentengiso ezikhohliweyo zobuqhetseleneyo, okanye ukuba idilesi ethile ye-IP isetyenziswe ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho ubuxoki. I-affidavit kufuneka icacise izibakalazo ezicacileyo .

Okuziinkozo

UHlomelo lwesine lufuna ukuba kufuneke ukuba kuchazwe indawo efunwayo kunye nabantu okanye izinto ezimele zithatyathwe ngohlobo oluthile. Kumongo wamanani, ingakumbi inzima kuba isixhobo esinye sinokuba nee-terabytes zogcino-lwazi lwabucala olungangqinelaniyo nophendlo. Iinkundla ziye zafuna ngakumbi ukuba imvume ichaze uhlobo logcino-lwazi olufunwayo (umz., iingxelo zemali, unxibelelwano namaxhoba achaziweyo) neendlela zokusetyenziswa ekuphengululeni nasekukhupheni loo data. Ngaphezu kwemithetho egunyazisa “ukusebenzisa bonke” ukuthoba okunga.

Unikezelo olucacileyo

Igosa kufuneka linikezele i-affidavit efungelweyo enika isiseko esiyinyaniso sonobangela onokwenzeka. I-affidavit mayisekelwe kulwazi lobuqu okanye kukuva oluthembekileyo, kwaye mayingaqulatha izinto ezichaphazelekayo okanye ezishiywe ngokungekho mthethweni. Kwimeko zekhompyutha, i-affidavit isoloko iquka iinkcukacha zobuchule malunga nendlela obugcinwa ngayo ubungqina bemivo, indima yabanikezeli benkonzo, kunye namanyathelo athathiwe ukuchaza ikrokrozo.

Ukuvunywa

Imaji yobundilele neyodwa ihlola i-affidavit kwaye, ukuba yanelisekile ukuba unobangela olindelekileyo ukhona kwaye isiqinisekiso sihlangabezana neemfuno ezithile, sikhupha isiqinisekiso. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze ixesha ekumele ibulawe ngalo ```ientsuku ezili-14' phantsi komthetho worhulumente, nangona amanye amazwe anamathuba amafutshane. Ukuphunyezwa kwesiqinisekiso kufuneka kunamathele kwimithetho elawulayo nemithetho enxulumene nokunkqonkqonkqoza kunye nombathiso wesizwe, nangona uphelo lwamanani lungasoloko lubandakanya ungenzeki olukhoyo.

ISebe leJaji lase-U.S. ligcina isikhokelo esibanzi sokuphengulula nokubamba iikhompyutha, ezichaza iimfuno ezingokwesiko zokufumana ubungqina bamanani. Bona i-Oplog Computer Crime kunye necandelo lemiphakamo ye-FLT].

Iintlobo Zoompempetha Nakumyalelo Kwityala Lobuqhetseba EliseCyber

Ngaphandle kwemvume yokuphanda, uphando olusekelwe kwikhompyutha ludla ngokuquka imiyalelo engoonobumba elungelelaniswe nonxibelelwano lweziteknoloji nogcino - lwazi olugciniweyo.

Zifumane izixhobo zombane kunye nokugcina

Isixhobo esiqhelekileyo yimvume yokuphengulula egunyazisa ukuphazanyiswa ngokoqobo kwekhompyutha, ifowuni, okanye iseva yomncedisi. Xa bethe babanjwa, abaphandi bangenza umfanekiso wesixhobo baze bawuphengulule ukuze bafumane ubungqina. Imvume kufuneka igunyazise ukuphengululwa kwesixhobo ngokwaso, kwaye iinkundla zifumanise ukuba imfuneko ekhethekileyo yoMthambeko wesine iyasebenza kugcino-lwazi kunye ne-hardware.

Irejista yepeni kunye nomgibe kunye nomyalelo woovimba

Ipeni ibhalisa ukubamba amanani ocofo oluphumayo, ngelixesha abathi bamba umgibe kunye nezixhobo zokulandela izibambo ezingenayo. Phantsi kweSihloko 18 U.S. 3121, le miyalelo ifuna isiqinisekiso esisuka kumsebenzi womthetho sokuba ulwazi luyimfuneko kuphando oluqhubekayo. Ayifuni sizathu esilindelekileyo, kodwa ayivumeli ukukhutshelwa kwento equlethweyo yothungelwano. Kuphando lobusela, ubhali wedata inganceda kwimibutho yonxibelelwano olusetyenziswayo kwixhoba elizisulu okanye kuquququzelela umsebenzi wokuqhatha.

Imiyalelo yengcingo (Isihloko III)

Ukufaka umxholo wonxibelelwano lokwenene . "njengonxibelelwano locingo" okanye imiyalezo ekhawulezileyo `````Ingcingo''''') i-Sihlomelo III umyalelo wengcingo yocingo phantsi ko-18 U.S.C. . . . . . . ngumgangatho ophakamileyo osemthethweni, ofuna ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthile lubekwe, unxibelelwano malunga nolwaphulo-mthetho luza kuthintelwa, kwaye ezinye iindlela ze-APCP zingaphumeleli okanye ziyingozi kakhulu. Imiyalelo ye-Pinetap ibekelwe ixesha elide kwaye ifuna ukuxelwa kwinkundla.

Imiyalelo egcinweyo

Phantsi koMthetho woTshenxiso loNxibelelwano (18 U.S.C. 76 2701-2712), ukunyanzelisa umthetho kungafumana ulwazi lomxhasi, iirekhodi zothengiselwano lwe-elektroniki, kunye nokuqulathiweyo konxibelelwano lweziko le-elektroniki kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo enkqubo. Kuninzi lwengxelo zomxholo (umz., ii-imeyili ezigcinwe ngaphezu kweentsuku ezili-180), isiqinisekiso sokukhangela esixhaswa yimeko elindelekileyo.

Ulungelelwaniso olulondoloziweyo nolwemveliso

Ukukhusela ukutshatyalaliswa kobungqina, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kungakhupha isicelo sokulondolozwa kumxhasi wenkonzo yonxibelelwano ye-elektroniki phantsi ko18.C. ○2703 (f). Umnikezi kufuneka agcine iingxelo ezikhoyo iintsuku ezingama-90 (ezinokuvuselelwa) ngexesha isiqinisekiso okanye olunye ulawulo lufunyenwe. Imiyalelo yemveliso inyanzela umnikezi ukuba atyhile iingxelo ezithile kurhulumente.

Ukungena ngokunzulu kwiSCA kunye nokusebenzisa kwayo ukhuseleko loMphetho-mda wesine, jonga kwi [[FLT: 0] isiseko solwazi lwe-Freebronti Foundation.

Ukuqwalaselwa Ngokukhethekileyo Kubungqina Bamanani

Uphando lobuqhetseba lweCyber lubonisa imiqobo engaqhelekanga engaveli kuphengululo olungokwesithethe. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufuneka kuphendule ngendalo yendalo yobungqina, ukubandakanyeka kwabanikezeli benkonzo yesithathu, kunye nokukwazi ukugcina ugcino-lwazi lomda onqamlezileyo.

Ubunzima Obungaqondakaliyo

Ubungqina bamanani buhlala rhoqo kumaseva e-Ireland unobumba (United States v. Microsoft Corp. 2018) ocaciswe ukuba imiyalelo yasekhaya phantsi kolawulo lwe-SCA igcinwe kwiseva yangaphandle. Oku kukhokelela ekungeneni kwemithetho yogcino-mthetho engaphaya kogcino-lwazi () lwemithetho (United States v. Microsoft Corp. 2018) icacisa ukuba iimfuno zasekhaya ngaphantsi kwe-SCA azifikeleli kwii-data ezigcinwe kubancedi bezobuzwe. Oku kukhokelela ekungeneni kwe-mthetho ongaphaya koMgaqo-mthetho (KLAWU) we-oD) phantsi kwezivumelwano zonikezelo-lwazi.

Izixhobo ezininzi kunye neetyala lamafu

Umsebenzi wobukhomba uzakubandakanya iakhawunti ye-imeyili ekhohlisayo, incwadi yokugcina amafu eneziqinisekiso ezibiweyo, inkangeleko yentlalo-ntle esetyenziselwa ukufana, kunye nesixhobo esihambayo esineenkqubo zokuqinisekisa. Indawo nganye yamanani isenokufuna isiqinisekiso esahlukileyo okanye umyalelo osemthethweni. Ukunyanzelisa umthetho kufuneka uyichaze ngenyameko i-akhawunti nganye, inkonzo, kunye nesixhobo sokuxhasa ii-affidavits ukunqanda ukucinywa kobungqina kwimimandla ethile.

Uxokelelwano kunye neZibonelelo eziKhuselayo

Izixhobo zangoku zisebenzisa ufihlo olomeleleyo, zenza ukuba ugcino-lwazi lungabinakufikeleleka kwanokuba i-hardware iyabanjwa. Urhulumente angafuna ukunyanzela ukrokrela ukuba avule isixhobo ngesiqinisekiso sokukhangela esiquka imfuneko yokunikezela nge-data ye-biometric (umz., umnwe) okanye i-password. Iinkundla zohlukene ngokunyanzelisa ukuba i-password yoMbeko iyalihlambela ilungelo lokuLandela ngokuchasene nozitshintsha kwe-harftware. Ezinye izithuba zibambe ukuba ukuvelisa i-password lisenzo esingumbhalo oqinisekisiweyo, ngoxa ezinye ziphatha i-biominwe njengendawo engaqwalaseliyo. Umbango myalelo uhlala uyilwano-mthetho.

Imisebenzi ephambili nogcino-lwazi oluphilayo

Ubungqina bamanani bungacinywa. I-imeyili ingacinywa, ingxelo yentlalo-ntle ye-media ivaliwe, okanye ikhompyutha ecinywe kude. Ityala elinokucinywa linokuba lingasebenzi ukuba kudlula ixesha elininzi phakathi kweziganeko ezinika unyuko olunokwenzeka nolubangela ukwenziwa kwesiqinisekiso. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufuneka kwenziwe ngokukhawuleza, ingakumbi xa ufuna ulwazi olunokucinywa ukuba uthe walucima xa ufunda uphando. Ezinye iinkundla zamkela ixesha elifutshane lokuphelelwa kobungqina bemivo ngenxa yobungqina bamanani obubo be-CHP.

Iingxaki Neemeko Ezingokwasemthethweni

Amatyala aliqela abonisa ukuba kukho imfuneko esebenzayo yokuqhatha ngekhompyutha nokuba isaziso.

EKhalifoniya (2014)

INkundla Ephakamileyo yavumelana ukuba amapolisa afuna isiqinisekiso sokuphengulula iziphumo zekhompyutha zetyala leselfowuni ukuze abanjwe. INkundla yaqonda ukuba iicell phone “ziziinombolo” ezineenkcazelo ezininzi zabucala, yaye isiganeko sokuphengulula ukunqanda ukunqongophala akusebenzi kwiziphumo zekhompyutha. Esi sigqibo sichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuphanda ngentelekelelo apho ifowuni yomkroti isenokuba nebungqina bokuqhatha.

Umqhubi m. United States (208)

Ityala ligqibe kwelokuba ukufumana ulwazi lwendawo yeseli-ethe jijeni kumphathi wendlela engashukumiyo kuyilatho lwesine loMmendo-mkhala kwaye ifuna isiqinisekiso. Ityala layilahla imfundiso yesithathu yecandelo, eyayibambe ukuba ulwazi oluhlangabezwana nomnikezi lungakhuselwanga. Umthetho uxhomekeke kuphando lwezobuqhophololo lwe-ICRC oluxhomekeke kugcino-lwazi lwendawo ukudibanisa iintengiso ezingekho mthethweni.

United States v. Ganias (2016)

IGanions, isekethi yesibini yayikholelwa ukuba ukugcinwa kwesipili somfanekiso wesantya esinzima, emva kokuba ixesha lokugunyaziswa liphelile, kwaphulwa uMthetho wesine woPhinda-zimiliseko. Inkundla yagxininisa ukuba urhulumente akanakubambelela kugcino-lwazi olungenasiphelo olungaphandle komqathango wesiqinisekiso. Le meko igxininisa ukubaluleka kokulinganisela uphando lwemivo kubungqina obuchaziweyo kwisiqinisekiso.

Ukufuna Kwakhona Umnxeba Osemzimbeni (2023)

Kutshanje, iSithili seshumi elinesine sathi umthetho ofuna ukuba umntu arhanelwe ukuba avule umnxeba onamava awungqubananga noMgaqo-nkqubo wesihlanu ngenxa yokuba isenzo sokuchukumisa izimvo sasingeso ubungqina. Noko ke, ezinye iziphaluka neenkundla zeli lizwe zifikelele izigqibo ezahlukeneyo, zidala umsebenzi odibeneyo wemigaqo engokwasemthethweni. Umthetho kufuneka uwuvavanye ngenyameko umthetho wolawulo abasebenza kuwo ngaphambi kokuba bafune umgaqo onjalo.

Uhlalutyo lwendlela ezi mizekelo ezisebenza ngayo kuphando oluqhubekayo, SCOUSBlog inika ushwankatho olubanzi lwemeko kunye nentcazelo.

Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Zokunyanzelwa Komthetho Namaxhoba

Ukuqonda iimfuneko zokugunyaziswa akuyonto nje efundiswayo; kuba nemiphumo engqalileyo xa kugcinwa umthetho naxa kusenziwa amaxhoba okubiwa kwamagama abo okanye okuqhathwa ngekhompyutha.

Ukunyanzelwa Komthetho

Abaphandi kufuneka basebenze ngokusondeleyo nabatshutshisi be mvume yokulungisa izinto ezanelisa unobangela olindelekileyo nobalulekileyo. Oku kusoloko kubandakanya ukuchaza indlela obugcinwa ngayo ubungqina bemivo, isizathu sokuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kubekho ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye kutheni ubungqina bungenakufunyanwa ngemiqathango encinci. Uqeqesho lwemivo ye-fomicsc kunye nokuhlaziywa kwamanani luyimfuneko, njengoko umthetho uqhubeka uguquka. Ngokubhekele phaya koko, amaziko kufuneka abe nemithetho elawula ukugcinwa kwemiyalelo ngokukhawuleza.

Amaxhoba

Amaxhoba obusela amagama abo adla ngokudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphengululeni ngokunikela ingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho, ngokunika ubungqina kunye nokugcina ubungqina. Ukugcinwa komthetho kungafuneka ufumane isiqinisekiso sokufumana ingxelo yexhoba ukuba lisetyenziswa ukuqhatha (umz., i-imeyili evavanyiweyo). Amaxhoba kufuneka acetyiswa ukuba angaphazamisi ngezixhobo okanye iingxelo ezinokuba nobungqina, kwaye axele ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokukhawuleza.

Owona Mkhwa Ulungileyo Ukuze Kulondolozwe Ubungqina

Ukugcinwa komthetho namaxhoba kungangenelwa ekuqondeni iindlela zokulondoloza. Umzekelo, abanikezeli abaninzi be-imeyili bavumela abasebenzisi ukuba babeke izibambi ezisemthethweni kwii-akhawunti zabo. Abanikezeli benkonzo basenokunika abasebenzi bomthetho ababongelweyo ekuhambiseni izicelo zogcino. Ukubakho komyalelo wokulondolozwa komthetho kungathenga ixesha ngexa kulungiselelwa isiqinisekiso.

Isiphelo

Izakhono zihlala zingunobangela ofanelekileyo wophando olungokwasemthethweni, lobusela obungokwasemthethweni kunye nobuqhophololo bekhompyutha. Zisebenza njengenkuselo ekuthinteleni ukuphazamisa kukarhulumente ngeli xesha zisenza ukuba ukuqokelelwa kobungqina bemichiza obuyimfuneko ukuze kungqineke ukuba kukho ityala. IsiHlaliso sesine, njengoko sichazwa yiNkundla Ephakamileyo, sinyanzelisa ngamandla, ityala, kunye nolawulo lwezomthetho. Kwangaxeshanye, indaleko yezobugcisa / ukugcinwa kwento entweni eqinileyo ukuya kubungqina obuyi-ibhastile ukuya kwi-biometrium. Imithetho kunye noodoli-mthetho kufuneka baqhubeke besazi izinto eziqhubekayo kwiimeko zomthetho, umthetho, kunye nezixhobo zobunzululwazi ukuze kuqinisekiswe oko kuyimfuneko kwaye kuhlale kufanelekile.