Table of Contents
Ibamba lisebenza njengezilawuli eziyintloko kumaphondo abo, lisebenzisa igunya elilawula ngokuthe ngqo ummandla osemthethweni kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla bezigidi zamaMelika. E-United States, irhuluneli isebenza njengentloko yesikhulu esiphetheyo nesikhulu somphathi-mikhosi kumazwe angamashumi amahlanu nakwimimandla emihlanu ehlala abantu ngokusisigxina, esebenza njengentloko yorhulumente kunye nentloko karhulumente. Ukuqonda ububanzi bamandla olawulo, unxibelelwano lwawo namanye amasebe karhulumente, kwaye impembelelo yawo kumthetho kunye nenkqubo yokulawula isesikweni ibalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo ngokwenene ngayo.
Ngoxa umongameli esoloko elawula imixholo ephambili yesizwe, inkoliso yamaMerika inikela ingqalelo kumongameli xa icinga ngegunya eliphezulu, kodwa kumgangatho wesizwe, abalawuli banokuhamba ngokukhawuleza kwaye bajongene nemiqobo emincinane. Oku kwenza iijaji zibe ngabantu abanamandla akhethekileyo kurhulumente waseMerika, zikwazi ukuzalisekisa imigaqo-nkqubo kwaye zenze izigqibo ezichaphazela zonke izinto ukususela kubulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho ukusa kwimpilo yoluntu, imfundo, kunye nenkqubela yezoqoqosho.
Isiseko somGaqo-siseko seGunya loGunya
Amazwe angoorhulumente abalawulayo abangephi, abayabelana ngolawulo norhulumente wesizwe waseUnited States, kwaye abanamagunya amaninzi namalungelo phantsi komGaqo-siseko waseUnited States, afana nokulawula urhwebo lwezizwe, aba nonyulo, abanonyulo, abasunguli boorhulumente basekuhlaleni, kunye nokulungisa umGaqo-siseko. Kule nkqubo, abalawuli bakwisikhundla esikhethekileyo njengabaphathi-baphathi-ntloko boorhulumente babo.
Iimbopheleleko zerhuluneli ziyahluka ngokwemeko, njengoko umgaqo-siseko wezwe ucebisa amandla erhuluneli. Olu tshintsho luthetha ukuba xa bonke abalawuli besabelana ngemisebenzi ethile esemgangathweni, umlinganiselo nemo yegunya labo ingahluka ngokuphawulekayo kuxhomekeke kumgaqo-siseko nakwisicwangciso somthetho-siseko sombuso othile.
Iimfaneleko Neemfuno ze-Ofisi
Imfuneko encinci yobudala yabalawuli isukela kukungabikho kolungiselelo olusesikweni ukuya kutsho kwiminyaka engama-35, imfuneko yobumi base-U.S. kubahlali abaza kufumana i-arhente isukela kumphako osesikweni ukuya kwiminyaka engama-20, kunye neemfuno zokuhlala zikarhulumente zisuka kukungabikho lungiselelo elisesikweni ukuya kwiminyaka esixhenxe. Ezi mfuneko zohlukeneyo zibonisa indlela ekhethekileyo karhulumente ngamnye yokufumana ukuba ngowawufanelekelayo ukuba abe sisigqeba sakhe esiyintloko.
Bonke abalawuli base-U.S. basebenzisa amagama aneminyaka emine ngaphandle kwalawo akwiNew Hampshire kunye neVermont, akhonza amagama aneminyaka emibini. Amazwe amaninzi akwabeka imida yegama, nangona lamagama akhethekileyo ahlukene ngokuphawulekayo. Kuwo onke amazwe, irhuluneli inyulwa ngqo, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi inamandla asebenzayo angakumbi, nangona oku kusenokuqiniswa ngemithetho-siseko yorhulumente kwaye kwezinye iimeko ngamagosa aphezulu anyuliweyo.
Amagunya namagunya alawulayo
Abalawuli basebenzisa uludwe olubanzi lwamandla olawulo abenza bakwazi ukulawula urhulumente, ukuzalisekisa imithetho, nokusabela kwiimeko ezimaxongo. La magunya abumba isiseko segunya lequmrhu elilawulayo kwaye ahlula isikhundla kwezinye iindawo kurhulumente wephondo.
Ukuthobela nokunyanzelisa imithetho kaRhulumente
IRhuluneli zijongene nokuzalisekisa imithetho karhulumente nokuvelela ukusebenza kwesebe elilawulayo lephondo. Le mbopheleleko ingundoqo ifuna ukuba abalawuli baqinisekise ukuba umthetho odluliswa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente uphunyezwe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye loo masebe karhulumente asebenza ngokunempumelelo.
Irhuluneli zijongene nokuzalisekisa imithetho karhulumente nokuvelela ukusebenza kwesebe eliphetheyo lesizwe, kwaye ziphumeze iimbopheleleko zazo zolawulo kunye neembopheleleko zokhokelo ngenkxaso yesebe kunye neentloko zezikomkhulu, ezininzi zazo ezimiselwa yirhuluneli. Lo msebenzi wolawulo ubeka abalawuli kumbindi wemisebenzi karhulumente, umisela umsebenzi wamasebe amaninzi nabasebenzi bamazwe abangamawaka.
Abasemagunyeni Bedinga
Enye yezona inkokeli zegunya zibalulekileyo zinegunya lokumisela amagosa angundoqo kulo lonke urhulumente wezwe. Inkoliso yeeRhuluneli inegunya elibanzi kumagosa asebenza kwisebe eliphetheyo.
Inkoliso yabalawuli banegunya eliphangaleleyo lokulawula amagosa asebenza kwizikhundla zesebe eliphetheyo laserhulumenteni, bakwanokumisela ukuchonga kwiinqanawa zolawulo, kwaye kumazwe amaninzi amalungu eebhodi (ngemfundo, ukusebenza, ezothutho, ezonyango kunye neenkonzo zabantu) abizwa okanye atyunjwa yirhuluneli. La magunya avumela abalawuli ukuba balungise ulawulo lwesizwe kwaye aqinisekise ukuba inkqubo yabo ibekwe kwii-ofisi nemigangatho eyahlukeneyo.
Ukumiselwa kwequbhuernator komthetho okuninzi kufuna uqinisekiso lwemithetho. Le mfuneko isebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla owiso-mthetho, iqinisekisa ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho inegalelo kulowo ugcwalisa iindawo ezingundoqo kurhulumente wesizwe. Noko ke, umlinganiselo wokubandakanyeka kwemithetho kwinkqubo yokumiswa kwemithetho uyahluka ngokwemeko yesizwe nangendawo.
Ulungelelwano lwegunya namandla exesha likaxakeka
Njengeenkokeli zikarhulumente, iRhuluneli iqhube phambili ize ilandele iinkqubo ezintsha nezihlaziyiweyo kunye neenkqubo ezisebenzisa iintlobo-ntlobo zezixhobo, phakathi kwazo imiyalelo yegunya eliphetheyo, uqingqo-mali olulawulayo, nezicelo zowiso-mthetho kunye nee-vetoes. Imiyalelo yegunya imela enye yezona ndlela zingqalileyo zokulawula ezinokusebenzisa inkqubo ngaphandle kokufuna ukuvunywa kwemithetho.
Abalawuli basebenzisa imiyalelo yolawulo ukuphatha abameli okanye ukuphendula kwiimeko ezimaxongo, kwaye ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, abalawuli baseMelika bakhupha malunga nama-2 000 emiyalelo yegunya eliphakamileyo kwiiveki ezilishumi kuphela. Lo mzekelo ubalaseleyo ubonisa indlela abalawuli abanokulisebenzisa ngayo igunya elilawulayo ukusabela ngokukhawuleza kwiimeko ezimaxongo nakwiimeko eziguqukayo.
Kwakhona iirhuluneli zinamandla amakhulu ongxamiseko, zisoloko zifumana igunya lokwexeshana lokwenza umthetho, ukulawula imali karhulumente, namandla okuthintela intshukumo kawonke-wonke okanye ezorhwebo kwiphondo lazo. La mandla ongxamiseko aba baluleke ngakumbi ngexesha leentlekele zemvelo, iingxaki zempilo kawonke-wonke, nezinye iimeko ezifuna ukukhawulezisa.
Umyalelo woKhuselo lweSizwe
Irhuluneli isenokuba neendima ezongezelelweyo, ezifana neyomphathi-ntloko woMgaqo-mkhosi wesizwe (xa ungenagunya lombuso) kunye nomkhosi wokhuselo (ongalawulwa kukulawulwa). Eli gunya lomkhosi linceda abalawuli ukuba bamisele amajoni ngexesha longxamiseko, iintlekele zemvelo, kunye nokuphazamiseka kwabemi.
Bonke abalawuli basebenza njengentloko-ntloko yomkhosi wesizwe sombuso wabo kwaye bangasebenzisa amajoni ngexesha longxamiseko. Eli gunya liye lasetyenziswa kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka ekusabeleni kwinkanyamba nakwimililo yelanga ukuya kugcina ucwangco ngexesha lesiphithiphithi samakhaya.
Amandla Nempembelelo Yomthetho
Ngoxa iirhuluneli zingamagosa aphezulu, zikwanamandla abalulekileyo achaphazela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngqo. La magunya enza ukuba abalawuli bamisele imithetho kwaye baphembelele ucwangciso lwenkqubo lwamazwe abo.
Igunya leVeto
Zonke iirhuluneli ezingama-50 zingagunyazisa umthetho, kwaye ezingama-44 zinohlobo oluthile lwento ekwindawo ekwindawo ephantsi kwemitya evumela ukuba zibethe izinto ezithile ezichithwayo kwimali yeziphumo-approprites ngaphandle kokugatya uqingqo-lwabiwo-mali. Amandla eveto amele enye yeejaji ezibalulekileyo zovavanyo olukwigunya lowiso-mthetho.
Ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho igqithisa ityala lerhuluneli engamvumeliyo, nokokuba, uninzi lwamazwe luvumela indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba ibhukuqe irhuluneli ngevoti yoninzi ezimbini-ntathu. Imfuneko yokukhupha i-vhoti enkulu enikwe iveto igosa elinamandla lokuxhobisa igosa elinamandla kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, njengoko ukuhlanganiswa kwenkxaso yesithathu esibini kungalucelomngeni, ingakumbi kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho ezahluleleneyo kwezobupolitika.
Iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zokulawula ivetoes ziyahluka ngokwesizwe. E-Alabama, e-Indiana, eKentucky, naseTennessee, i-veto yerhuluneli ingangachaphazeleka ngevoti elula yoninzi, kwaye eArkansas, i-gabernerator i-veto inganganyuswa ngumninzi opheleleyo. Ezi ntlobo-ntlobo zichaphazela amandla anxulumeneyo eerhuluneli vis-à-vins zazo.
Izabelo zomthetho kunye neSicwangciso se-Agenda
IRhuluneli zisoloko zisebenzisa uRhulumente wemiyalezo kaRhulumente ukuchaza imigangatho yazo yemithetho, kwaye iGaverhe ezininzi zilungiselela izindululo ezithile zowiso-mthetho eziza kuziswa ngenxa yazo, ngelixa amasebe karhulumente kunye namasebe esizwe enokuthi aphishekele amanyathelo owiso-mthetho ngemvume yolawulo. Lo msebenzi wokumisela imimiselo uvumela abalawuli ukuba balungise inkqubo yengxoxo kunye nemibandela ethile.
Amagosa esebe elinolawulo oluphezulu asoloko ebizelwa ukuba anikele ubungqina kwiizicelo zowiso-mthetho, kwaye iiRhuluneli nezinye iinkokeli zesebe eziphetheyo ziya kufuna ukukhuthaza uluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye namaqela anomdla othe axhasa okanye axhase izicelo ezithile zowiso-mthetho. Oku kukwazi ukuphembelela uluvo lukawonke-wonke nokulungiselela inkxaso okanye ukulwa nomthetho kukwandisa amandla ombuso angaphaya kwegunya elimiselweyo.
ULawulo loHlahlo-mali
Irhuluneli zicebisa ngoqingqo-mali lwesizwe kwaye zingaphembelela inkqubo yokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zolawulo ezinamandla kunye nezixhobo zolawulo. Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali imela elinye leebala elibalulekileyo lempembelelo yegabhunente, njengoko izigqibo zoqingqo-mali zimisela amanqanaba omgangatho kwiinkqubo zorhulumente zonke nezinto eziza kuqala.
Ezi zixhobo zivumela abalawuli nabasebenzi boqingqo-mali ukuba bafeze indima eyomeleleyo ekumiseleni izinto eziza kuqala ekusetyenzisweni koovimba borhulumente. Ngokulawula izicelo zohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lokuqala kunye nokuba negunya lomgangatho wesixa sento efakwa kwilungu lenqanawa kumazwe amaninzi, abalawuli bangasisebenzisa ngokuphawulekayo inkcitho yemeko yemeko nokuba kufuneka bathethe nezindlu zowiso-mthetho.
Iintsuku ezikhethekileyo zoMthetho
Abanye abalawuli nabo banamandla okuhlanganisa intlanganiso yowiso-mthetho ekhethekileyo ukudlulisa amatyala kwisaziso esifutshane. Eli gunya livumela abalawuli ukuba banyanzelise ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho kwimicimbi engxamisekileyo okanye kwimibandela engakhange ijongwe ngexesha leentlanganiso eziqhelekileyo. Amandla okubiza iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo kwaye, kwamanye amazwe, ukumisela ucwangciso lweentlanganiso, kunika abalawuli isixhaso esongezelelekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho.
Amagunya Okugweba: Ukutyunjwa Nobulungisa
Abalawuli banendima ebalulekileyo ekuxonxeni isebe lezahlulelo ngamagunya abo okumisela negunya lokunika intsebenziswano. La mandla achaphazela ulawulo lobulungisa kwaye anokuba nempembelelo ehlala ihleli kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni.
Izigqibo zomgwebo
Iirhuluneli zinganikwa amandla afanayo okumisela ukumiselwa kwiinqanawa zokugweba. Umlinganiselo walo mbuso uyahluka ngokwentsingiselo yesizwe, ezinye iirhuluneli zinegunya elibanzi lokumisela abagwebi ngoxa ezinye zinendima ezilinganiselweyo.
Kwamanye amazwe, njengeNew Hampshire neRhode Island, abalawuli bangakwalawula abagwebi abakwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yephondo ukuze bavunywe yibhodi yezomthetho, ikomiti egwebayo, okanye iNdlu yeeNgwebo yeRhulumente. La magunya anokubumba inkundla yejaji kangangamashumi eminyaka, njengoko abagwebi besoloko besebenza iinjongo ezinde baze benze izigqibo ezichaphazela amalungelo asisiseko kunye neenkcazelo ezingomthetho.
Irhuluneli ikhokela isebe elilawulayo likarhulumente kwiphondo ngalinye okanye kummandla ngamnye kwaye, ngokuxhomekeke kulawulo ngalunye, isenokuba nolawulo oluthe kratya kuqingqo-mali lukarhulumente, amandla okumisa amagosa amaninzi (kuquka abagwebi abaninzi), kunye nendima enkulu esemthethweni. Ubuchule bokumisela abagwebi bumela enye yezona nkalo zihlala zihleliyo zelifa lerhuluneli, njengoko izigqibo zogwebo ziqhubeka zichaphazela urhulumente emva kokuba irhuluneli ishiye iofisi.
Amandla Obubele: AmaPardon Namandla
Unyamezelo luluhlobo lwegunya elilawulayo elisetyenziswa nguMongameli kunye nooRhuluneli borhulumente ngamnye ukuxolela okanye ukuhlisa izigwebo ezithile zolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukukhulula abantu kwimiphumo ethile engokwasemthethweni yokuqiniseka. Eli gunya limela enye yezona ndlela zingqalileyo abalawuli abanokuchaphazela ngazo amatyala abantu kwinkqubo yokusesikweni.
Umgaqo-siseko wombuso ngamnye ugunyazisa iRhuluneli okanye iBhodi yePardons ukunikeza imvume, nangona amagama, inkqubo, indlela, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwala mandla kuhluka kakhulu ngokwemeko-bume. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo zibalulekile ekuqondeni indlela esebenza ngayo i-ethe tye kumandla ahlukeneyo.
Iindidi Zoburhalarhume
Ukuxolelwa kukupheliswa ngokusemthethweni kwemiphumo engokwasemthethweni yolwaphulo-mthetho, yaye ukuxolelwa yiRhuluneli okanye yiBhodi esesikweni yasePardons kungabuyisela amalungelo athile asekuhlaleni, njengamalungelo okuvota, ilungelo lokuphatha iingalo, okanye amandla okubalekela isikhundla okanye ukukhonza emkhosini, kwaye kungasusa nemiqobo ethile esemthethweni emsebenzini nokusebenza.
Ulawulo lunciphisa isigwebo somntu, kwaye ukuba ikhomputha inciphisa isigwebo somntu ngamnye kwixesha elisetyenziselweyo, iziphumo zokukhululwa komntu ngamnye. Imiyalelo ivumela abalawuli ukuba banike izigwebo ezinika uncedo kubantu abakhonza izigwebo ezigqithisileyo okanye ezingekho sikweni ngaphandle kokuphelisa ngokupheleleyo ukuqiniseka.
Ii-priev zimela olunye uhlobo lobuqhetseba. Ii-prievas zisisiqabu sokwexeshana, okanye ukulibaziseka, isohlwayo esimiselwe ngokwesigwebo sentambo, kwaye zidla ngokubakho ngokomongo wesohlwayo sokufa kwaye zisoloko zinikwa kwiimeko ezinjalo ukunika iRhuluneli ixesha lokuhlola ityala kwaye zigqibele ukuba ingaba iza kulixolela okanye iyalinika na.
Ukucalucalucalulo Kwigunya Elilawulayo
Kumaphondo ali-15, irhuluneli inegunya elipheleleyo nelipheleleyo lokunika imvume: i-Alabama, i-Arkansas, i-California, i-Colorado, i-Mississippi, iNew Jersey, iNew Mexico, i-Oregon, i-South Carolina, iDircan, iVirginia, iWashington, neWyoming. Kula mazwe amandla erhuluneli awagqalwanga ngokubalulekileyo kwamanye amasebe orhulumente.
Kumaphondo asixhenxe `IArizona, iDelaware, iLouisiana, iOklahoma, iPennsylvania neTexas'. Le mfuneko inika imiqathango ye-graferenti kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo ezithelekisayo zibandakanya igalelo elisuka kubenzi besigqibo abaninzi.
EGeorgia, eNebraska, eNevada naseUtah, ibhodi okanye iqela elikhuthazayo linokuqiqa ukuba linike abantu imvume. Kula maphondo, abalawuli banendima encinane okanye abanayo nayiphi na indima ekugqibeni izigqibo eziqhelekileyo, ezimela ukuhamba okubalulekileyo kwimodeli yesithethe yokulawula.
Ubuchule Neenkqubo
Ngenxa yokuba ukuvuma ukuphathana kunelungelo leRhuluneli kunye/okanye iBhodi, iiRhuluneli zingahlolisisa iimeko zomsebenzi ngamnye zisebenzise ubuchule bazo xa zisenza izigqibo. Oku kuqonda oku kuthetha ukuba izigqibo zingasekelwa kwizinto ezininzi kunye nolwazelelelo.
Inani lokuxolela kunye nokuxolela okunikwayo nyaka ngamnye kuyahluka kakhulu ukusuka kurhulumente ukuya kurhulumente nakulawulo olungaphaya, kwaye zingaphinda-phindane kakhulu unyaka nonyaka kulo naliphi na iphondo okanye ingingqi. Abanye abalawuli basebenzisa amandla agqithisileyo, ngexa abanye benika ukungabikho mdla okanye bengayiniki konke konke.
Kutshanje, abanye abaRhuluneli baye basebenzisa amandla abo okuxolela abantu abaninzi abaneenkolelo ezithile, ngokufuthi ezinxulumene nokuba nomya, yaye abanye abalawuli baye bakhupha imiyalelo yegunya exolelayo yaye abanye baye basungula amanyathelo okufaka isicelo, yaye ezi zenzo zihambisana nemigudu yokugunyazisa umya.
Iitsheki Nokulungelelana Kwamandla Eguernator
Ngelixesha abalawuli benegunya elipheleleyo, basebenza kwinkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano olulungiselelwe ukuthintela ukuxinezeleka kwamandla nokuqinisekisa ukuphendula. Ukuqonda ezi zithintelo kubalulekile njengokuqonda amandla ombane ngokwawo.
IiNkqutyana zoMgaqo-siseko
Iirhuluneli kufuneka zisebenze neendlu zowiso-mthetho zabo, namanye amagosa esebe aphezulu, kwanabadlali abangaphandle kwamazwe abo ukuze bafeze iinjongo zabo. Oku kuyimfuneko ukuba intsebenziswano ithintele ukukwazi kwabalawuli ukwenza izinto ngaphandle kokukhetha kwimimandla emininzi yenkqubo.
Iirhuluneli zisebenzisana neendlu zazo zowiso-mthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuba izinto eziza kuqala, iinjongo zazo, kunye nezinto ezizifezile zichazwa ngokuchanekileyo kwaye zamkelwe kakuhle ngexesha lobuveleli neminye imisebenzi yowiso-mthetho ethetha kwaye ivavanya ukwenziwa kweenkqubo neenkonzo ezigunyazisiweyo zesebe. Ulawulo lomthetho lunika uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwinyathelo eliphetheyo nokuqinisekisa ukuba kumele kuphendulwe.
Amandla endlu yowiso-mthetho okuphelisa iiveto, ukulawula ukuphanda, kunye nokwenza uphando konke kusebenza njengeechendo kwigunya lolawulo. Ngaphezu koko, kumaphondo amaninzi, amagosa athile esebe eliphetheyo anyulwa ngokuzimeleyo kunokuba amiselwe yirhuluneli, edala oko izazinzulu zezobupolitika zikubiza ngokuba "lulawulo oluphezulu" olwahlulayo phakathi kwamagosa amaninzi.
Impinda yezeejaji
Iinkundla zeli lizwe zingahlola izenzo zomthetho-siseko nemithetho elawulayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyavumelana nomgaqo-siseko wesizwe. Imiyalelo enolawulo oluphezulu, izindululo zongxamiseko, nezinye izenzo zolawulo longxamiseko zingacelw'elwa enkundla, kwaye abagwebi bangabetha izenzo ezingaphaya kwegunya lomgaqo-siseko okanye lomthetho. Le ngxelo yezomthetho isebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla olawulo oluphezulu.
Inkcitho
Onke amaphondo ngaphandle kwe-Oregon alungiselela ukungagqibeleli kweeRhuluneli, kwaye njengakwimeko karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente, inkqubo yokunganyuki iqala ngomzimba osezantsi wendlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye ityala liqhutywa liqumrhu eliphezulu kwiphondo ngalinye kodwa iAlaska.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukunganyuswa kufuna uninzi lwamalungu, ngexa ukuqiniseka kusoloko kufuna ii-3 ezimbini okanye ezinye izininzi ezikhethekileyo. Amandla okunganyuki amele uvavanyo olupheleleyo kwihambo engafanelekanga yequbhineri, nangona kungafane kusetyenziswe.
Umlinganiselo womGaqo-siseko kunye nommiselo
Indima yabalawuli idla ngokuphikiswa, kuba amaMelika ebesoloko engakhululekanga ngamandla aphezulu, njengakwesinye isandla, imbali isixelela ukuba igunya liyonakalisa ngokupheleleyo kwaye igunya elipheleleyo lonakalise ngokupheleleyo, kodwa kwelinye icala, imbali isixelela ukuba amandla aphezulu ayimfuneko ukuba oorhulumente baza kusebenza nangayiphi na indlela esondelayo kwaye enempumelelo.
Oku kulingana kwembali kukhokelela kumalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho acwangcisa ngocoselelo igunya lobugcisa. Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente ubala amagunya athile anikwe abalawuli ngoxa ugcina amanye amagunya kwindlu yowiso-mthetho okanye ulinganisela igunya elilawulayo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.
IiRhuluneli ezithelekisa uMongameli
Ukuqonda amandla olawulo kufuna ukulithelekisa negunya lomongameli, njengoko ezi ofisi zimbini zinxibelelana ngeendlela ezithile kodwa zahluke ngeendlela ezibalulekileyo.
Imimandla yegunya elikhulu leGurbnant
Ngokwahlukileyo, irhuluneli, isoloko ijongene novavanyo oluncinci, kwaye kumazwe amaninzi, izindlu zowiso-mthetho zexesha elithile, uphando olusikelwe umda, kunye nemiqobo ebuthathaka yemida yemveli ivumela abalawuli ukuba bahambe ngokukhawuleza nangokungakhangeli mva. Le nkululeko yesenzo esinxulumeneyo ingenza iijaji zibe namandla ngakumbi kwimibhobho yazo kunaleyo umongameli isembindini.
Umongameli akanakukwazi ukukhupha imida yoqingqo-mali yomntu ngamnye okanye avakalise imeko yongxamiseko eGeorgia, kodwa irhuluneli iyakwazi, kwaye ngokwegunya elikrwada, isoloko inandiphe amagunya angenawo oomongameli. Ilungu lento, ngokukodwa, linika abalawuli isixhobo umongameli angenaso, esivumela ukuba balawule ngokuchanekileyo ukusetyenziswa kwemali.
Njengabaphathi-mikhosi abayintloko borhulumente, abalawuli basebenzisa ungxamiseko olungaqhelekanga olungekho semthethweni kunye nolawulo lwezopolitiko, yaye enyanisweni, amazwe amaninzi afaka isigqeba sawo esiyintloko ngegunya elingaphezulu kunolo lwanikwa umongameli wesizwe nguMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S.
Imimandla yokuncitshiswa kwemali
Noko ke, owona mbuso ubalulekileyo olawulwa ngumongameli kuphela, njengokwenza izivumelwano, ukuyalela umkhosi, ukulawula urhwebo oluphakathi kwelizwe, nokuqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe, ungaphandle ngokupheleleyo kwegunya leerhuluneli. La magunya angoorhulumente athembekileyo aqinisekisa ukuba iirhuluneli, nangona zinegunya elithe kratya kumazwe azo, azinakusebenza kwiindawo ezigcinelwe urhulumente worhulumente.
Umahluko wokwakheka
Umongameli wabelana ngegunya elilawulayo nequmrhu elikhulu lesizwe kwaye kufuneka asebenze neBhunga elipheleleyo elihlala unyaka wonke, ngeli lixa iijaji ezininzi zikhokela ulawulo olungayanga-ngathanga mithetho yorhulumente kwaye zisebenza kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho zexesha elithile ezidibana nje iinyanga ezimbalwa ngonyaka. Oku kwahlukahlukana kwesakhiwo kuchaphazela indlela abalawuli noomongameli abasebenzisa ngayo amandla kunye neengxaki abajamelana nazo.
Abalawuli bajongana nohlolo lwesizwe lwezosasazo lwezorhwebo oluzingisileyo, ngeli xesha iirhuluneli zisebenza ngaphantsi kwerada, ingakumbi kumaphondo anamandla alinganiselweyo okushicilela. Lo mahluko kwingqalelo yamajelo eendaba ungachaphazela ukuphendula kwetyala kunye nemiphumo yezopolitiko yezenzo zolawulo.
Impembelelo Ekunyanzelweni Komthetho Nokusesikweni Kwezaphuli - mthetho
Iirhuluneli zinendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni imigaqo-nkqubo yokunyanzelisa umthetho neziphumo zobulungisa kumazwe azo. Le mpembelelo isuka ekubekeni inkqubo kuqala kuse ekwenzeni izigqibo zobulungisa.
Ulawulo lomthetho olunyanzelwayo
Ajonge abasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni ababumba yonke into ukususela kwimfundo nakwezonyango ukusa kwimithetho yezoshishino nokhuseleko lukawonke wonke.
Iirhuluneli ziyakwazi ukuchaza izinto ezisetyenziswa ekunyanzelweni komthetho kwiingxaki ezithile, zimisele amagosa ajongene nemicimbi ethile, zimisele indlela asebenza ngayo amaziko okugcinwa komthetho nabantu.
Umgaqo - mgaqo - siseko Wezobulungisa
Ngezicelo zabo zowiso-mthetho, uqingqo-mali oluza kuqala, nokubekwa kwezaphuli-mthetho, abalawuli babumba inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho kumaphondo abo. Bangaxhasa ukugwetywa kwemithetho yesohlwayo sesigwebo, ukuxhaswa okanye ukuchaswa komthetho wesohlwayo sokubulawa, ukukhuthaza ezinye iindlela ezinokusetyenziswa kunokuvalelwa, nokuphembelela indlela inkqubo yokusesikweni esebenza ngayo.
Amandla obubele anika abalawuli indlela engqalileyo yokusingatha amatyala athethwini apho bakholelwa ukuba okusesikweni kufuna ungenelelo. Kumaphondo amaninzi namaphondo kwakhona urhuluneli unamandla apheleleyo okuhambisa okanye ukuxolela isigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho. Eli gunya livumela abalawuli ukuba banikezele isiqabu kwiimeko zokunyanzeleka, izigwebo ezigqithisileyo, okanye apho ukubuyiselwa kophiliso kuboniswe khona.
Ukuphendula ngexesha likaxakeka nokhuseleko loluntu
Xa kuvela iingxaki, abalawuli banegunya elibanzi lokuthatha inyathelo eliyimfuneko lokukhusela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Oku kunokuquka ukuthunyelwa koMgaqo-mkhosi weSizwe, ukuchaza iimeko zongxamiseko ezixhokonxa amandla akhethekileyo, nokulawula iintlekele zemvelo, ukuphazamiseka kwamakhaya okanye iingxaki zempilo.
Ulawulo longxamiseko lubonisa ukuba iingozi zezengozi zezelifa lemveli "zincedwa ngokufanelekileyo, zilawulwa ngurhulumente, kwaye ziphunyezwe ngokobulali" inyani yokuba amagunya athetha ngcono ngeengxaki ezikufutshane nabantu. Lo mgaqo ubeka abalawuli kumbindi wemigudu yongxamiseko, negunya lokulungelelanisa urhulumente noovimba basekuhlaleni kunye nokucela uncedo lwamarhulumente xa kuyimfuneko.
Ukuvela Kwamandla Okutshintsha Izinto
Isebe elilawulayo kumazwe aseMelika, njengamazwe ngokwawo, liye lafumana iinguqu ezininzi eziphawulekayo kwimbali yohlanga, njengokuba abalawuli beye baguquka ukusuka ekuthwaleni abameli bolawulo lobukumkani baseBritane ukuya kwintloko zolawulo ezinamandla nje ukuba zingabi lungileyo okanye ezimbi kumazwe kwaye emva koko kwinkokeli ezibalulekileyo kwimithetho kumazwe nakwilizwe lilonke.
Njengoko ibutho labantu baseMerika liye lantsonkotha ngakumbi yaye amathemba abemi ngoorhulumente babo ekhula, amagunya aye ashukunyiselwa ukuba alawule abadlali bawo borhulumente ngokuvisisana noko abebekulindele kubemi, aye anika oorhulumente babo amandla, yaye ngokuqinisekileyo abalawuli baye bangenelwa kwezi nguqulelo yaye ngoku banokusebenza njengeenkokeli kumazwe abo.
Le ndaleko ibonisa ukuguquka kwesimo sengqondo ngakumandla aphezulu nokuvuselelwa okunempumelelo okufuna ulawulo olunamandla. Abalawuli bale mihla banegunya elingaphezulu kakhulu kunelabo babandulelayo, ngamagama amade, amandla okumisa angakumbi, kunye nezixhobo ezininzi zokuphembelela inkqubo.
Unxulumano lwamaPhondo
Iirhuluneli azisebenzi zizedwa kodwa zimele zilawule ulwalamano oluntsonkothileyo noorhulumente borhulumente, borhulumente, nabasekuhlaleni.
Umanyano-Isizwe seeNgqino
Inkoliso yabalawuli igcina unxibelelwano oluthe rhoqo norhulumente worhulumente, ngokuyintloko ngokuhambelana negqiza labo kwiBhunga lorhulumente, kwaye kwakhona iyakwazi ukuthungelana ngeKhomishini yeSizwe, iqela lobugqeba elimela iirhuluneli ezineenjongo ezifanayo. Olu lwalamano luvumela abalawuli ukuba baxhase izilangazelelo zamazwe abo, bakhusele inkxaso-mali karhulumente, kwaye balungelelanise kwimibandela enqamlezayo nemithetho yorhulumente.
Abalawuli basoloko besebenza njengeentloko zocalulo phakathi kwemimandla yabo norhulumente worhulumente, bethethana ngezigunyaziso zikarhulumente, befuna abaxhasi kwimigaqo karhulumente, kwaye besebenzela ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho karhulumente ihlangabezana neemfuno kunye nezinto eziza kuqala.
IiNkcukacha eziBandakanyekileyo
Kwakhona irhuluneli zisebenza kunye namaqabane azo kwamanye amazwe kwimibandela yenkxalabo enye. Iingqungquthela zengingqi, izivumelwano zentsebenziswano yengingqi, kunye nomanyano olucwangcisiweyo zonke zifuna ukubandakanyeka kolawulo kunye nokhokelo.
Ulwalamano lwendawo-bume
Ulwalamano phakathi kweerhuluneli noorhulumente basekuhlaleni luyahluka ngokwesizwe kodwa lusoloko lubalulekile. Kwamanye amazwe, abalawuli banegunya eliphawulekayo koorhulumente basekuhlaleni, kuquka amandla okungenelela kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni okanye ukucinezela amasiko asekuhlaleni. Kwezinye, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bayazimela, kwaye abalawuli kufuneka basebenze ngentyelelo nangentsebenziswano kunokuba balawule.
Iingxaki Neengxaki Zangexesha Elidluleyo
Abalawuli banamhlanje bajamelana neengxaki ezininzi ekusebenziseni igunya labo, yaye ukusebenzisa kwabo igunya kudla ngokubangela impikiswano.
Amandla engozi kunye nomthetho olawulayo
Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwamandla ongxamiseko ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19 kwabalaselisa ububanzi begunya le-granerator kunye noxinzeleko olunokubangelwa yile. Ukusetyenziswa kwegunya elilawulayo phantsi kwezibhengezo zongxamiseko kuphakamisele kwindima ebonakalayo kwiqonga lezobupolitika apho imicimbi yezorhulumente idla ngokufumana uthotho olufutshane kwisixhobo solawulo esibhadliwe soluntu njengee-internationalant eWashington kunye nentsebenziswano yequrump yesebe lolawulo lwe-CHOVID-19.
Oku kubonakala kwabangela uqhushululu olubalulekileyo kumazwe amaninzi, enezindlu zowiso-mthetho ezifuna ukulinganisela amandla ongxamiseko. Uxinzeleko phakathi kwemfuneko yokusebenza ngokukhawuleza ngexesha longxamiseko kunye nenkxalabo ngegunya elilawulayo elingathintelwanga luhlala lulucelomngeni oluqhubekayo kumazwe amaninzi.
Ukucinywa kweGunya lasekuhlaleni
Ngoxa ulwandiso lwegunya elilawulayo litsale ingqalelo yabalawuli, izenzo ezininzi ezithatyathwa ngabalawuli abaphezulu belizwe ngexesha longxamiseko lwe-COVID-19 ziye zabangela ukuba kutshayele ukusetyenziswa kwegunya elilawulayo ngurhulumente wasekuhlaleni ekuvaleni — okanye ekusileleni ukuvala — amanxweme, iibhanti, namanye amashishini ngexesha lorhulumente 'ohlala kwimiyalelo yasekhaya. Oku kusetyenziswa kwamandla e-gabernarcator ukuphelisa izigqibo zasekuhlaleni kuphakamisa imibuzo engokulungeleleneyo phakathi korhulumente kunye negunya lasekuhlaleni.
Name
Ukwanda kolwandiso lwamacandelo ahlukeneyo kuchaphazela amandla ombuso kunye nokusebenza. IiRhuluneli ezijongene nezindlu zowiso-mthetho ezilawulwa liqela eliphikisanayo zingafumanisa ukuba amacebo azo athintelwe kwaye ukumiselwa kwazo kungagatywa. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abalawuli abalawulayo abalawula amaqela amanyeneyo bangajongana neengxilo ezincinane kwigunya labo, ziphakamise inkxalabo yokuphendula.
Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Kubemi Nabaxhasi
Ukuqonda amandla olawulo kuchaphazela abantu abahlukahlukeneyo, abemi abaqhelekileyo ukuya kumashishini, amaqela oonontlalo - ntle, kunye neengcali ezingokwasemthethweni.
Kubemi
Abahlali kufuneka baqonde ukuba abalawuli banegunya elithe kratya lokuchaphazela ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla ngezigqibo zenkqubo, izinto eziza kuqala, kunye nokumiswa. Ukudibana nonyulo lweziko, ukunxibelelana neeofisi zamarhuluneli, nokuqonda umlinganiselo wegunya lolawulo lombuso kunganceda abemi bathathe inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi ekulawuleni kukarhulumente.
Abo bafuna ukuthomalalisa kufuneka baqonde iinkqubo nemilinganiselo kwiimeko zabo, beqonda ukuba ukuqiqa komthetho kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwizigqibo zobundlobongela. Ngokufanayo, abo bachaphazelekayo kwimiyalelo yesebe okanye izibhengezo zongxamiseko kufuneka baqonde amalungelo abo kunye nemiqathango engokwasemthethweni kwigunya lobugqwesa.
ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko
Amashishini nemibutho kufuneka isebenzise igunya lolawulo kwiindawo ezifana nomthetho, inkqubela yezoqoqosho kunye nolawulo longxamiseko. Ukuqonda indlela abalawuli abazenza ngayo izigqibo, abaphembelela ezo zigqibo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemiqathango esemthethweni kunceda imibutho ikhuthaze ngokunempumelelo izilangazelelo zayo.
Amandla okumisa athetha ukuba ukwakha ulwalamano nolawulo lwezibonelelo zequmrhu kubaluleke kwimibutho efuna ukuphembelela ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo. Ngokufanayo, iinkqubo zoqingqo-mali kunye nezinto eziphambili ezisetyenziswayo zinceda imibutho ikhusele imali kunye nenkxaso kwinyathelo layo.
Kumagcisa Asemthethweni
Izikhululo zomthetho kunye neengcaphephe zomthetho kufuneka ziqonde umlinganiselo wegunya lolawulo xa zicebisa abaxhasi, zilucelomngeni lwezenzo zolawulo, okanye zifuna ukuphicothwa. Ulwazi lomthetho womGaqo-siseko wesizwe, iinkqubo zolawulo, kunye namagunya akhethekileyo anikwe abalawuli kumazwe athile ayimfuneko ukuze kuphunyezwe umthetho osemthethweni.
Ukuqonda inkqubo yonyamezelo kunye noonobangela abaqwalaselwayo xa besenza izigqibo zobulungisa kunokubaluleka kumagqwetha amele abaxhasi abafuna ukuxolelwa okanye ukuxolelwa. Ngokufanayo, ulwazi lwamandla okumisa abaphathi lubalulekile kumagqwetha ababandakanyekileyo kukhetho lwezomthetho okanye kumalungiselelo olawulo.
Oyena Nobangela Wokuqonda Igunya Elilawula Abantu
- Utshintsho lomthetho: amandla e-Garbernator ayahluka ngokuphawulekayo ukusuka kurhulumente ukuya kumazwe ngokwesiseko somgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho. Ukuqonda isiseko esithile kwimeko ethile kubalulekile ekuqondeni oko irhuluneli inakho nokungenakukwenza.
- Formal vs. Amandla angacwangciswanga: Ngelixesha amandla asesikweni omgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho abalulekile, iirhuluneli zikwasebenzisa amandla angacwangciswanga ngokulungiselela, ngokuphembelela uluntu, kunye nokhokelo lwezobupolitika.
- Izixhobo kunye noManyano: Ngaphandle kwegunya elininzi, abalawuli basebenza kwinkqubo yovavanyo kunye nolungelelwano oluquka ukuphatha imithetho, ukuqwalasela ikomiti yomthetho, kwezinye iimeko, namagosa azimeleyo anyuliweyo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukubuyiselwa koxanduva nokuthintelwa kokusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya.
- Igunya lobungcali: amaGatya anamandla kaxakeka avulekileyo anokuthi andise igunya lawo ngexesha lobunzima. Ukuqonda umlinganiselo kunye nemida yala mandla kubaluleke, ingakumbi ngenxa yeempikiswano zakutshanje ezikusetyenziso lwawo.
- Impatho yeNkqutyana: Amandla okumisela abagwebi, iintloko zamaqumrhu, kunye namalungu ebhodi avumela abalawuli ukuba balungise inkqubo yokuzalisekisa kunye nokutolika okusemthethweni emva kwexesha elide bephumile eofisini. La madinga amela enye yezona nkalo zihlala zihleli zempembelelo ye-gabernator.
- [[FLT: 0] I-egnomency egqwesileyo: Amandla obubele anika abalawuli ngengqiqo ecacileyo ukuchaphazela amatyala athile ngaphakathi kwinkqubo yogwebo lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukusetyenziswa kwala mandla kuyahluka kakhulu phakathi kweerhuluneli namazwe.
- Ulawulo lohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali: Ngeingcebiso zoqingqo-mali kunye negunya lomgca wesixhobo seveto, abalawuli basebenzisa ulawulo oluqinileyo kulawulo oluza kuqala lombuso. Eli gunya lomkhosi limele enye yezona zixhobo zibalulekileyo ekuzalisekiseni uludwe lweenkqubo.
- [[UMTHETHO: 0] Impembelelo esesikweni: Ibamba eliphembelela umthetho ngamandla, izicelo zowiso-mthetho, kunye nolawulo lwezopolitiko. Ukuqonda indlela abalawuli abasebenzisana ngayo nezindlu zowiso-mthetho kubalulekile ekuqondeni inkqubo karhulumente.
- Ukulungelelaniswa koburhulumente: Iirhuluneli kufuneka ziqhube ulwalamano norhulumente worhulumente, norhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Ukuphumelela kwazo kuxhomekeke kubuchule bazo bokulungelelanisa la manqanaba ahlukeneyo karhulumente.
- Umxholo othe ngqo: Ukusingqongileyo kwezobupolitika, kuquka ulawulo lwendlu yowiso-mthetho, uluvo lukawonke-wonke, kunye nengqalelo ye-media, ngokuphawulekayo ichaphazela indlela abalawuli abanokusebenzisa ngayo igunya labo. Amagunya obuchule kufuneka aqondwe kwimeko yabo yezobupolitika.
Oovimba bolwazi oluthe vetshe
Abo bafuna ukufunda okungakumbi ngamandla ombane norhulumente wephondo, oovimba abaliqela banikela inkcazelo exabisekileyo:
I- Imanyano yesizwe yamaGatya inika ubuncwane obuninzi kumandla ombane, uqheliselo olungcono, kunye namanyathelo aphambili enkqubo. I-website yabo iquka ulwazi olukwinkqubo eqinileyo, amandla ongxamiseko, nezinye iinkalo zegunya le-gabernalial.
I- Ikhonco yoorhulumente belizwe ipapasha "Incwadi yaMazwe," enika iinkcukacha zelizwe ngomgaqo-lwazi lwamandla ombuso, iziqu, iimfaneleko, nezinye iinkalo zikarhulumente.
Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ngamnye nemithetho inika imithombo enegunya lokuqonda amandla ombuso kumaphondo athile.
Amaziko afundisayo anjenge [[FLT: 0] Iziko le-Eagleton kwiRhuluneli yaseMelika e Rutgers University aqhuba uphando kwiirhuluneli kwaye anika ubuncwane bokufundisa nge-ofisi nangamandla ayo.
Iiwebhsayithi zikarhulumente ziquka ulwazi olumalunga namandla e-injini, inkqubo yokuzinza, nendlela yokusebenzisa i-ofisi yerhuluneli kwimibandela eyahlukeneyo.
Isiphelo
IiRhuluneli zikwisikhundla esikhethekileyo nesinamandla kurhulumente waseMerika, zisebenza njengezilawuli eziyintloko zamagunya azo achaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zolawulo lukarhulumente nobomi babemi. Ukusuka ekuzalisekiseni imithetho nasekulawuleni amaziko karhulumente ukuya ekumiseleni abagwebi nasekunikeni ingxengxezo, iirhuluneli zisebenzisa amandla abumba indalo esemthethweni kwaye achaphazela izigidi zabantu.
Ukuqonda igunya lequmrhu elilawulayo kufuna ukuqaphela omabini amagunya asesikweni anikwa ngumgaqo-siseko nemithetho kunye neerhuluneli ezinempembelelo engacwangciswanga ezisetyenziswayo ngenkokeli yezobupolitika kunye nokucwangcisa. Kukwafuna ukuxabisa iitsheki nolungelelwano olunyanzela amandla ombuso kunye nomahluko okhoyo phakathi kwamazwe angamashumi amahlanu.
Njengoko oorhulumente beqhubeka besenza iindima ezibalulekileyo ekusingatheni imingeni emikhulu yenkqubo, ukusuka kwimpilo yoluntu nakwimfundo ukuya kulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho, kuya kunyuka ukubaluleka kwamandla okuqonda i-gubernerator. Ukuba ngaba ngummi ofuna ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo ekulawuleni kukarhulumente, iinkqubo zolawulo lorhulumente ongoogcisayo, okanye umntu nje onomdla kwindlela urhulumente waseMerika asebenza ngayo, ulwazi lwegunya lolawulo lwe-gaberneric lunika ukuqonda okubalulekileyo kwindlela ekwenziwa ngayo nesetyenziswa ngayo kwimigangatho karhulumente.
Isikhundla serhuluneli siye satshintsha ngokuphawulekayo kwimbali yaseMerika, ukuzuza igunya kunye ngokuqhelekileyo njengoko amagunya enzile urhulumente nabemi bawo bezifuna ukhokelo olunempumelelo ngakumbi. Le ndaleko iyaqhubeka namhlanje, njengoko abalawuli beqhelanisa nocelomngeni olutsha neempikiswano ngomgangatho ofanelekileyo wegunya elilawulayo ziyaqhubeka. Ngokuqonda amagunya asemagunyeni, imida yaloo magunya, nendlela asetyenziswa ngayo, sinokuqwalasela kakuhle ukusetyenziswa kwegunya lolawulo, sigcine iijaji, sibambe ityala, kwaye sibe nenxaxheba enyanisweni yedemokhrasi kumgangatho we-demokhrasi.