Ukuqonda Inkqubo Yezobulungisa Yezaphuli - mthetho: Ukusuka Kwimiqathango Ukuya Kwimigwebo

Indlela yetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho ukusuka kwityala lokuqala ukuya kwisigqibo sokugqibela luhambo olucwangcisiweyo noludla ngokuba lude kwinkqubo yomthetho. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukulungelelanisa amalungelo ommangalelwa nemfuneko yokhuseleko nobulungisa. Ngoxa iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zinokuhluka ngokwamatyala, isiseko somthetho jikelele sihlala sihambelana kwiinkqubo eziqhelekileyo, kuquka ezo zaseUnited States. Ukuqonda iqonga ngalinye linengxaki kwiingcali zomthetho, abafundi, kunye naye nabani na onokuba sebenzisana nenkqubo yokusesikweni. Eli nqaku lilungiselela indlela ebanzi yokuhamba ngokwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuchaza injongo kunye necandelo ngalinye.

Ukuqalisa Kwetyala Lezaphuli - mthetho

Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho aliqali kwinkundla yenkundla, liqala ngokutyholwa ngokwaphulwa komthetho nokuphendula kwamagosa omthetho nabatshutshisi.

Ukunikela ingxelo Nophando

Le nkqubo iqala xa ulwaphulo-mthetho luxelwa kumthetho okanye xa amapolisa ebona ukuba umsebenzi ungekho mthethweni.

  • Ubungqina obubonakalayo obufana ne-DNA, iminwe, okanye iirekhodi zamanani.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amangqina ajongwayo namaxhoba ukuqinisekisa oko kwenzekeyo.
  • Ukuphawula amaxwebhu njengeerekhodi zemali, iilogs zemfonomfono, okanye uphando lwenyawo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Isiqinisekiso sokukhangela ukusuka kumgwebi xa kufuneka ukukhangela ipropati yabucala.

Xa kusenziwa uphando, umthetho kufuneka uhlonele ukukhusela okusemthethweni, ingakumbi uMthetho-siseko owenzelwe ukuphengulula okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula. Ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni bungapheliswa kamva kwimeko.

Ukubanjwa Namalungelo EMiranda

Ukuba amapolisa avelisa isizathu esilindelekileyo sokuba umntu othile enze ulwaphulo-mthetho, angenza ukubanjwa. Ukubanjwa kubandakanya ukuthatha ukrokreleko olusebenzayo. Kweli nqaku, uLawulo lweNkqutyana lwasekunene nxamnye nolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nolulo lomntu othile [ uSinyuso-mthetho [lungamandla] olulungileyo] ukuba lusebenze. [[FLT:] ] Isilumkiso esidumileyo [[ kufuneka sinikwe phambi kokuncinwa kwetyala: abakrokrelekrelelwayo] kufuneka baxelwe ngasekunene kwabo ukuba bangathuli, ukuba nantoni na ethi isetyenziswe ngokuchasene nabo, kwaye banganikwangasayinwa, nanganikwa nanga zingcebiso ezithi kwinkundla zokuncinanisa.

Ukujija Kwetyala

Emva kokuba libanjwe, ityala lisiya eofisini yomtshutshisi. Umtshutshisi uhlola ubungqina obuqokelelwe ngamapolisa kwaye ugqiba ukuba afake iifayile zetyala. Esi sigqibo asizenzekelayo; abatshutshisi baneemvume eziphangaleleyo kwaye bangalandula ukumangalelwa ukuba ubungqina bubuthathaka, ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luncinci, okanye ukuba kukho imithetho. Ukuba kukho izizathu ezibekwa ityala. Ukuba ityala libekwa kwixwebhu elibizwa ngokuba yi- i-information[ [ngezenzo ezinzima] (kuba ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzima) okanye ukugweba [[FLT:] okukhulu] ngetyala elikhulu ngenxa yetyala lenkundla yesizwe namazwe athile. Ijajinga elikhulu liyiqela linguqummeli beli beva ubungqina bentsile kwimfihlo yaye ukuba kukho umba.

Inkqubela-phambili yangaphambili

Xa kuthe kwabekwa izityholo, eli tyala lingena kwimo ebalulekileyo yangaphambi kwetyala apho kuconjululwa khona imiba engokwasemthethweni, kuphikwa ubungqina, yaye amatheko alungiselela ukuvavanywa kwetyala.

Imbonakalo yokuqala noLungiselelo

Imbonakalo yokuqala yenkundla yommangalelwa yi- ulungelelaniso. Ummangalelwa usiwa phambi komgwebi, uxelelwe ngezityholo, aze acelwe ukungena esibongozo: enetyala, kungekhona ityala, okanye ungenamkhuphiswano. Kweli nqanaba, ijaji ikwanobheyile yebheyile kwaye iqinisekisa ummangalelwa ukuba umelwe licebiso. Ukuba ummangalelwa akanako ukunikwa igqwetha, inkundla iza kumisela umkhuseli kawonke-wonke. Icebo lokusebenza kuwo onke amacandelo abalulekileyo e-cription ukusuka kweli nqaku phambili.

Ukuziva Ungakwazi Ukuziva

Emva kokuba bebanjiwe, abamangalelwa abaninzi banelungelo lokufumana ukukhululwa kwetyala, ngokufuthi baphantsi kweemeko. ukuva okungagqibekiyo kugqiba ukuba ummangalelwa uza kukhululwa na kwityala eliza kubekwa phambili. Iimeko zithathwa njengezobukhali bolwaphulo-mthetho, umngcipheko wokubhabhabha, ingozi kuluntu, kunye namaqhina kwindawo. ISindululo seSihlalo soMphengululo sithintela ibhetri egqithisileyo. Kwezinye iimeko, abamangalelwa bayakhululwa kwimiqathango yabo; kwezinye, ibheyile yemali okanye umanyano lungafuneka. Ukuba ummangalelwa ucingelwa ukuba uyingozi okanye usengozini yokubhabha, bangabanjwa ngaphandle kwebhetri.

Izindlebe Zangaphambili Nezigcawu Ezikhulu

Ukumangalelwa ngetyala elibi, ukuva okunetyala [[FLT: 0] kusoloko kubanjwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho ubungqina obaneleyo bokuqhubeka etyalani. Umtshutshisi unikela ubungqina, kwaye ukhuseleko lungadibana ne-examine. Ukuba ijaji ifumana isizathu esilindelekileyo, ityala libotshelelwe ukuvavanywa. Kwimithetho esebenzisa iijaji ezinkulu endaweni (ikakhulu urhulumente), ityala ngokwalo limela ukuvalwa kokuqala.

Umbuzo

Ukufunyaniswa yinkqubo apho amacala omabini etshintshisana ngobungqina kunye nolwazi malunga netyala. Umtshutshisi kufuneka atyhile [[FLT: 0] ubungqina bobugxwayiselo (ugcino-lwazi olunokunceda ummangalelwa, kunye noluhlu lwamangqina, iingxelo zamapolisa, kunye neembono zobuchule. Ukuzikhusela kungafuna ukutyhila ubungqina obuthile, obufana namangqina okanye izikhuselo eziphazamisileyo. Ukuvavanywa kuthintelwa kukungalindelangazeliswa nokukhuthaza okusesikweni.

Intshukumo zangaphambili

Phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, amagqwetha athatha iintshukumo zefayile ukusombulula imiba engokwasemthethweni. Iintshukumo eziqhelekileyo zangaphambi kwetyala ziquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Umbutho wokucinezela ubungqina – uphikisa ngelithi ubungqina bufunyenwe ngokwaphulwa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko.
  • [[FLT: 0] ukukhupha izityholo – ukuba kukho isiphene esisemthethweni (umz., ubungqina obunganele, ukunqongophala kolawulo, ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo ovavanyo akhawulezileyo).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukutshintsha indawo – ukuba usasazo lwangaphambili lwenza ukuvavanywa kobulungisa kube yingozi kwindawo yokuqala.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Umbutho kwi-limine[FT:1] – ukukhupha okanye ukuvuma ubungqina obukhethekileyo okanye ubungqina phambi kokuvavanywa.

Ezi ndlebe zinokulitshintsha ngokuphawulekayo ityala yaye maxa wambi zikhokelela ekubeni ligxothwe okanye licinywe ubungqina obuyintloko.

Ukwandiswa kwebhari yeplanga

Uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho (ngaphezulu kwama-90% kwimimandla emininzi) asombululwa nge- ukuthelekisa . Le yingxoxo phakathi komtshutshisi nokhuseleko apho ummangalelwa avuma ukumangalelwa ngetyala lokutshintshana ngetyala elincitshisiweyo, isigwebo esilula, okanye ukugxothwa kwezinye izinto. I-Plea igcina ubuncwane bomthetho kwaye inika ubungqina obuqinisekileyo, kodwa ikwaphakamisa inkxalabo ngenyanzelo kunye nokurhoxiswa kwamalungelo okuvavanywa. Ijaji kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba isibongozo sinolwazi yaye siyamkela ngokuzithandela.

Ukuvavanywa Kwetyala

Ukuba akukho sifungo sifikelelweyo, ityala liqhubekela kwityala. Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lelona qondo libonakalayo nelisesikweni, apho urhulumente kufuneka alingqine ngokungaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni ityala lakhe phambi komntu ofumana isibakala sobundilele.

Ukhetho

Kwiimeko apho ityala labachopheli-tyala lifunwa (naxa kukho amatyala amakhulu liyilungelo elingokwasemthethweni phantsi koMphetho-mvandedwa weSithandathu), ijaji ikhethwa ngenkqubo ebizwa [[FLT: 0]] ihlazeka kakhulu. Abagwebi abalindele ukuchotshelwa bayabuzwa ngabagwebi nangamagqwetha ukutyhila nayiphi na ikhethe okanye ukungakwazi ukungakhethi. Icala ngalinye lingacela umngeni kunomphumo wetyala (ongagqibekanga) lize lisebenzise inani elilinganiselwe leengxaki zokususa abacholi ngaphandle kokuchaza isizathu, nangona ezi zinzima zingenakusekelwa kwi-linye i-jaji okanye ubufana. Ijaji yokugqibela idla ngokuba namalungu ali-12 kwimeko ezimanduku, nangona ii-jumbs ezincinane zisetyenziswa kwezinye iindawo nangenxa yemiqobo.

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Xa inkundla yabachopheli-tyala ithe yafunga, ityala liqala ngamazwi okuvula. Umtshutshisi uqala ngokuchaza ubungqina alindele ukubunikela kunye nengcamango yetyala. Ingqwalaselo isenokunikela ingxelo yayo yokuqala okanye igcine de kube kamva. Iingxelo zokuvula azibobungqina kodwa ziyindlela yokunceda abachopheli-tyala baqonde intsingiselo yoko baya kukuva.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Imeko ichaza ityala layo eliyintloko, ukubiza amangqina nokuzisa imiboniso. Umthwalo wetyala bubungqina obungathandabuzekiyo; owona mgangatho uphezulu kumthetho. Iinkalo ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Umvavanyo odityanisiweyo wamangqina eqela elaliwabiza.
  • [[UMTL: 0] i-Crors-uvavanyo lilungu eliphikisayo ukuvavanya ukuthembeka, ukutyhila ukungavumelani, okanye ukukhupha izalathiso ezilungileyo.
  • Izinto eziphakanyiswe ngamagqwetha xa ubungqina buphula imithetho (isithonga, ukusetyenziswa, ilungelo, njl.njl.).
  • Icala kunye nomva wemnqamlezo xa kufuneka.

Emva kokuba ityala liphumile, ingqwalaselo ingathatha isigqibo esingqalileyo (umgwebo wokungafihliwa) ukuba ubungqina borhulumente abenziwa ngokusemthethweni. Ukuba akavunywanga, ukhuseleko luchaza imeko yalo, enokuthi iquke ukubiza amangqina, ukunikela ubungqina obubodwa okanye obuziphetheyo, okanye ummangalelwa ongqina (ummangalelwa uneSinyuso sesihlanu ekunene angangqini). Ukhuseleko alufuni ukungqina ukuba akanatyala; kufuneka luphakamise amathandabuzo asengqiqweni.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Emva kokuba kunikelwe bonke ubungqina, kwicala ngalinye linikela impikiswano yokuqukumbela. umtshutshisi uthi ubungqina bungqina ukuba unetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza; ingxengxezo ibonisa ukuba amathandabuzo asengqiqweni ahlala ekho. Ukuvala impikiswano yeli thuba li lokugqibela lokucenga abachopheli - tyala. Umtshutshisi udla ngokuthetha kuqala aze emva kokuzithethelela aphinde athethe.

Imiyalelo ye Jury

Phambi kokuba iqhinga licebise, ijaji iyalela abachopheli-tyala ngomthetho osebenzayo. Le miyalelo igubungela iziqalelo zolwaphulo-mthetho, umthwalo wobungqina, ingcaciso yokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni, nendlela yokuvavanya ubungqina. Amagqwetha adla ngokucebisa imiyalelo kwaye asenokungavumelani nayo. Imiyalelo iqatha kuba abachopheli-tyala kufuneka basebenzise umthetho njengoko unikwe ngumgwebi.

Isigqibo

Abachopheli bejaji barhoxa ngabom ngasese. Bakhetha umveleli wangaphambili baze baxubushe ubungqina. Bangacela ukuphinda baphinde bahlole imiqondiso okanye bafumane ubungqina obungafundwa. Izicelo zinokuthatha iiyure ngeeveki. Abachopheli-jaji kufuneka bafikelele isigqibo esingqinelanayo kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho anzulu (nangona amanye amazwe avumela izigqibo ezingamiselwanga ngokusemthethweni kwiimeko ezingenzima). Ukuba abachopheli-mthetho abanokuvuma (abagwebi abaxhotyisiweyo), ijaji bangavakalisa ukumiswa kwetyala, yaye abamangaleli banokulilungisa kwakhona ityala. Izigwebo ezinokwenzeka zezo:

  • [[FLT: 0] ukulungela--- – umbuso uphumelele umthwalo wawo.
  • ungenatyala[------ mbuso awuphumelelanga ukungqina ukuba unetyala; oku kugwetywa kugqibele kwaye akunakubhenela kwityala ngenxa yengozi ephindwe kabini.
  • Izigqibo ezikhethekileyo (rere) apho abachopheli betyala baphendula khona imibuzo ecacileyo eyinyaniso.

Ukuba isigqibo sinetyala, icandelo elilandelayo liyagwetywa, nangona lingasoloko lifika ngokukhawuleza.

Ukugweba

Emva kwesigqibo esinetyala, ijaji imisela umhla wokugwetywa. Ijaji iqwalasela uludwe olusemthethweni lolwaphulo-mthetho, ulawulo lorhulumente okanye urhulumente logwebo, ingxelo yophando lwangaphambi kwemvume, iingxelo zesiphumo sexhoba, kunye neempikiswano ezisuka kumacala omabini. Iinketho zokugweba ziquka ukuvalelwa (intolongo okanye intolongo), ukuvavanywa, intengo, intlawulo, inkonzo yoluntu, okanye umdibaniso. Ezinye imikhosi zinemiqathango esemthethweni. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuthetha kwisigwebo (ukugwetywa) nokubhenela isigwebo ukuba asikho mthethweni okanye asikho ngqiqweqwele.

Iinketho zeposi- ezikhoyo

Ukuqukunjelwa kwetyala nesigwebo akupheli mfuneko yokuba ityala liphele. Ummangalelwa angafuna amayeza asemva kovavanyo, kwaye kwezinye iimeko ezinqabileyo, urhulumente angafuna uhlolo.

Izibheno

Ummangalelwa ogwetyiweyo unelungelo lokubhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo okanye kwisigwebo. Izibheno azinatyala lakuphinda liquluthwe; zijolise ingqalelo kwiimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni ezenzeka ebudeni betyala, njengokuvunywa kwetyala okungafanelekanga, imiyalelo yabachopheli-tyala ephosakeleyo, imiyalelo yokugweba, ukungaphathi-mthetho, okanye uncedo olungasebenziyo lwesiluleko. Inkundla yekomiti ihlola ingxelo yetyala kwaye igqiba ukuba iimpazamo zetyala azinabungozi okanye zibekekrubala. Ukuba inkundla isenokuliguqula ityala, umyalelo omtsha, okanye ilungisa isigwebo. Ityala ngokuqhelekileyo alinakudlulisela isigqibo esinetyala ngenxa yokungabekwa siso solwaphulo-mthetho ngokuphindwe kabini, kodwa linokubhenela kwisigwebo esithile sangaphambi okanye isigwebo esiphakathi. Inkundla ephakamileyo iU.

ISicwangciso-Sihlomelo seNtloko

Ngapha koko, abamangalelwa bangafuna isikhuseli-sombululo sobukhokho-bucala ngokuhamba ngentshukumo kwinkundla yamatyala okanye iizicelo ze corpus izibongozo zenkundla yesizwe. Ezi zilwamkelo ziphakamisa ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko okungachazwanga ngokupheleleyo ekulingweni okanye ekubheneleni, njengokufunyanwa kobungqina obukhoyo, ubumsulwa bokwenyaniso, okanye uncedo olungasebenziyo lwesiluleko. Habeas corpus yisivikelo esibalulekileyo, kodwa kulinganiselwe yimithetho ye-proclicratic nemithetho emiselwe imimiselo.

Isalathisi soMsebenzi weNkqubo

Ukuba ummangalelwa ugwetyelwe ukuvalelwa entolongweni, basenokufanelekela iparate emva kokusebenza inxalenye yesigwebo, kuxhomekeke kwigunya lombuso. IParole ngukukhululwa kwemiqathango elawulwa ngabaphathi bemiqathango. Ukungatho-phantsi kwemiqathango yesigwebo kungaphumela ekuphindeni kwe-incarceration. Abo bagwetyelwe [[FLT:]] ukugwetywa [ endaweni yentolongo, basebenza isigwebo sabo kwingingqi ephantsi kolawulo, ngokokungamela iimeko ezifana nokuvavanywa kweziyobisi, umva wexesha, okanye izibophelelo zomsebenzi. Ulwaphulo-mthetho lungakhokelela ekuvalweni kwe-RGPGUTY kunye nokuvalelwe.

Isiphelo

Indlela yetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho ukusuka ekufakeni izityholo ukuya kwisigqibo sokugqibela yinkqubo entsonkothileyo, enee-stein ezininzi eyenzelwe ukuxhasa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko ngeli xesha kumiswa kobumsulwa. Iqonga ngalinye. "Uphando, ukubanjwa, intshukumo yangaphambi kovavanyo, ukuvavanywa, kunye nokuhlola kwasemva kwetyala" ifaka umsebenzi obalulekileyo kwinkqubo yezomthetho. Ukuqonda ezi zinyuko kubalulekile kumntu obandakanye nofunda inkqubo yezobulungisa. Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jongana nobuncwane obusuka ku [[FLT: 0].S. Iinkundla zenkundla[, iNQUP], iBar [FLT][FLT][FLT], kunye nenkqubo yobulungisa obusebenzayo.[FLT]