ISicwangciso esingokwasemthethweni sokuNgena ngeMbali YoMgaqo-nkqubo wesine

UHlaliso lwesine loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. lukhusela abemi ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni, lufuna ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufumane isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka phambi kokuba kungene okanye kuphengululwe impahla yabucala. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko iqonda ukuba iimeko ezithile zongxamiseko . Zaziwa njengeemeko [ , `i-i-i-asenokuvumela ukungena ngaphandle komthetho xa ukulibazisa ubomi, ukubeka engozini ukonakalisa, okanye ukuvumela ukukrokreqwa ukubaleka. Ezi zinto zimxinene zimxinwa kwaye zitolikwa ekulondolozeni ukuzikhusela okungundoqo koHlaziweyo koMphetho lwesine.

Iimeko zengozi zivela kuxinezeleko olukhoyo phakathi kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye obuqu kunye nomdla onyanzelisayo karhulumente kukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Iinkundla zihlola ityala ngalinye ngokubuza enoba, phantsi kokuphelela kweemeko, igosa linokholo olusengqiqweni lokuba isenzo esikhawulezileyo siyimfuneko. Lo mgangatho uthintela amagosa ekusebenziseni iingozi njengezizathu zokuphengulula ngaphandle kokwamkelwa kwengxelo kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba oku kuhlala kulinganiselwe kwiingxaki zokwenene.

Indlela emiselweyo yokungena ngaphandle kwemfazwe kwingxamiseko

INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yazichaza kakuhle iindidi ezintathu eziphambili zeemeko ezibangela ukuba kungene ngaphandle kwemvume yokungena kwimpahla yabucala:

1. Ingozi Enzulu Ebomini

Ukuba amagosa anenkolelo esengqiqweni yokuba umntu ongaphakathi kwikhaya usengozini ekhawulezileyo yokwenzakala okunzulu emzimbeni okanye ukufa, angangena ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Oku kuquka ukusabela kwiingxelo zokudutyulwa, iziganeko zogonyamelo lwasekhaya apho umntu ehlaselwa, okanye iingozi zempilo apho kuyimfuneko ukungena ukuze kunikezelwe uncedo. Isitshixo sikukuba isisongelo kufuneka sibe esingumnqamlezo [; intelekelelo okanye iingozi zexesha elizayo azikuthetheleli oko kuchasene nolo.

2. Ubungozi Bentshabalalo Okanye Bokususwa Kobungqina

Xa amagosa enokuba nosizathu esilindelekileyo sokukholelwa ukuba ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho buza kutshatyalaliswa okanye bususwe ngaphambi kokuba afumane isiqinisekiso, asenokungena ngaphandle komnye. Oku kudla ngokuvela kwiimeko zeziyobisi apho amagosa eva izandi zokugudisa izindlu zangasese okanye iglasi, okanye nakweyiphi na imeko apho umkrokreni ekwaziyo ukubakho kwamapolisa kwaye esenokutshabalalisa ukuvingceka. Noko ke, urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba ukulibazisa ukungena ukuze afumane imvume kusenokuphumela ekulahlekelweni bubungqina.

3. Ukusukela Ngobundlobongela

Ukuba amagosa akwiphulo elitsha lomntu orhanelwayo owenze ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu kwaye okrokrelekayo ungena kwindlu yabucala, amagosa asenokulandela ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Usukelo kufuneka luqhubekeke kwaye luqaliswe ngaphambi kokuba ingeniso erhanelwayo ingene. Isizathu sikukuba inqwelo-moya yomkrokreli angene ekhaya inganikezeli ngokuzenzekelayo indawo ekhuselekileyo yokuba angabikho. Iinkundla zifuna ukuba ityala eliphantsi libe yityala okanye ityala elinogonyamelo ukuthethelela ukungena kwemoto.

Uphawu lwetyala eliphezulu leNkundla luchaza iziphumo zeMpahla

Izigqibo eziphambili eziliqela ziye zaguqula indlela yokuqonda ezikhoyo kule mihla ezinokungeyomfuneko kwiimeko zongxamiseko. Ezi meko zinika isiseko soqeqesho lomthetho kunye nohlolo lokugweba.

Brigham City v. Stuart (2006)

Kule meko, amapolisa asabela kwiqela elikhulu avile ukungxola nokulwa ngaphakathi ekhayeni. Ngefestile, aphawula ukuba ulutsha luhlaselwa ngumntu omdala. Amagosa angena ngaphandle kwemvume aza abamba umntu omdala ukuba ahlasele. INkundla Ephakamileyo yavumelana ukuba ungeniswa ngokusemthethweni phantsi koncedo longxamiseko kuba amagosa ayenenkolelo esengqiqweni yokuba umntu othile ngaphakathi ufuna uncedo olukhawulezileyo ukukhusela umonakalo ombi kakhulu. Le meko ibonisa ukuba [[[FLT: 0]] uphando loncedo lwemfundiso yesandla ayifuni mphathi-majoni ukuba aqiniseke ukuba aqiniseke ukuba imeko ikho.

[[UMTL: 0] Kencocky v. King (2011)

Amapolisa alandela umrhwebi weziyobisi orhanelwayo kwisakhiwo esinezindlu, enuka umyadi, kwaye enkqonkqoza emnyango wefrethi. Beva izandi ezingqinelanayo nobungqina obutshayo, ngoko banyanzela ukungena bafumane iziyobisi. INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba iimeko ezinxaxhiweyo zithethelela ukungena okungena mvume kuba amagosa awazenzelanga nto ngokuziquqela kwihambo eya kubangela ukuba umntu onengqondo atshabalalise ubungqina. Eli tyala limisela umlinganiselo obalulekileyo: amapolisa awanakwenza uxakeka ukuphuma kweso sigunyazo] ukubo.

[[UMTL: 0] Mincey v. Arizona (1978)

INkundla yathetha ngomda wophando longxamiseko wokukhangela uthetho kwindlu yomrhwebi weziyobisi. Ngelixesha amagosa enokuthi angene ukuze akhusele indawo aze ancede abangxwelerhekileyo, akakwazi ukuqhuba uphendlo olucacileyo ngaphandle kogunyaziso xa uxakeka luphelile. Eli tyala lamisela umgaqo wokuba iimeko ezinxaxhiweyo zilu zexeshanaxeshana kwaye zilinganiselwe [; xa ungxamiseko luphelile, abaphathi-majoni kufuneka bafumane isiqinisekiso salo naluphi na uphendlo lwezakhiwo.

City of Tulsa v. Russell [2021] – A Isicelo saNgoku

Kwityala lakutshanje, elingaziwa kakuhle, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yaxhasa ukungena okungena okungenayo okungenayo ngemvume xa abaphathi bephendula iingxelo zokudutyulwa kwemilo kufuphi nekhaya baza bakholelwa ukuba umntu othile ongaphakathi ungenzakala. INkundla yaphinda yaphindaphinda ukuba umahluko wongxamiseko usekelwe ku [] olulula [[FLT] izenzo zabaphathi, hayi iintshukumisa zabo. Nokuba amagosa ayezimisele ukuphengulula ulwaphulo-mthetho, ubukho bongxamiseko benyani buthethelela ukungena.

Ukufundwa okungakumbi kwezi meko, bona [[FLT: 0] isishwankathelo se Brigham v. Stuart, [[[FLT:]] i-'Oyez] ushwankathelo lwe [FLT] Krugs. King[FLT]], noHluhlolo lolwazi lomthetho lwezixeko [[FLT:][FLT][FL:]]

Imigaqo Esisiseko Esekelwe Kumthetho Wetyala

kwezi zigqibo, kuvela imigaqo eliqela esisiseko ekhokelayo kwizenzo zokwandiswa komthetho nohlalutyo olugwebayo:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ungxamiseko kufuneka lube lolukhawulezileyo nolubalulekileyo. okanye iingozi eziqikelelekayo azihlangabezeli umgangatho. Amagosa kufuneka achaze iinkcukacha ezicacileyo, ezinokusetyenziswa ezixhasa ukukholelwa kwabo ukuba inyathelo elikhawulezileyo liyimfuneko.
  • Abasebenzi kufuneka benze ngendlela esengqiqweni phantsi kweemeko. Uvavanyo lunenjongo: yintoni enokwenziwa ngumphathi onobuchule, onolwazi noqeqesho olufanayo, kule meko? Injongo yegosa ayisebenzi.
  • Umda wokukhangela ulinganiselwe kuxakeka. Xa ungaphakathi, abaphathi bangathatha iintshukumo ezifunekayo ukuphendula uxakeka ````ukukhangela abantu abalimeleyo'''' okanye ukukhusela utshaba lobungqina. Uphendlo olucacileyo ngaphandle kwemvume aluvunyelwanga ukuba ucalucalulo olutsha lusebenze.
  • Prolice akanakwenza impumelelo ngehambo yabo engenangqiqo. Umzekelo, ukuba abaphathi-mikhosi bankqonkqoza kwaye babhengeze ngendlela enokuthi ibangele umntu onolwazelelelo ukuba atshabalalise ubungqina, okokuba ubuchule bokuvelisa bungenakuyithethelela into engenaziqinisekiso.
  • Amagosa aluncedo kuxwebhu. kufuneka abhale phantsi ngokucokisekileyo uluvo lwabo, ixesha, kunye nezizathu zokukholelwa kungxamiseko olukhoyo, njengoko le ngxelo ibalulekile nakweyiphi na ingxaki eyalandelayo engokwasemthethweni.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo Zokunyanzelwa Komthetho

Amagosa namagosa amapolisa, ukuqonda le migaqo yomthetho kubalulekile ekuqhubeni uphando olusemthethweni ngexesha longxamiseko. Iinkqubo zoqeqesho zifanele zigxininise oku kulandelayo:

Ukuvavanywa Okufanelekileyo Kwesoyikiso Esingeyongozi

Amagosa kufuneka aqeqeshelwe ukwahlula phakathi kweengozi zokwenene nemisebenzi eqhelekileyo yokukrokra. Ngokomzekelo, ukuva isithonga esinye esivela kwindawo ekude kungadala ukukholelwa okusengqiqweni kwengozi ekufuphi, kodwa ukuva ukungxola nokuqhekeza iglasi kwindlu yommelwane kunokwenzeka. Isebe kufuneka lisebenzise uqeqesho olusekelwe kwimifanekiso kwisigwebo samagosa akwindawo ekwanti.

Uxwebhu kunye nokuKhuphela

Emva kokungena okungena ngokungena mvume, abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka babhale ingxelo eneenkcukacha ezichaza iinkcukacha ezixhasa inkolelo yabo yokunganyaniseki. Oku kuquka ixesha lemini, izandi ezijongiweyo, iingxelo ezivela kumangqina, kunye naluphi na ulwazi oluvakalayo. Iinkundla ziza kuhlolisisa le ngxelo ukufumanisa ukuba ungeniswa kwayo kufanelekile. Ukungaphumeleli uxwebhu kungakhokelela ekucinezeleni ubungqina.

Ukusikel ’ Imida Injongo Yokufuna

Xa bengaphakathi, abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka bavale uphando lwabo kwiindawo apho ungxamiseko lunokufuneka khona. Umzekelo, ukuba bangenele ukunceda ixhoba elidubulayo, bangakhangela ii-outs nezinye izithuba apho ixhoba lingaba lizimele khona kodwa abamele bavule idrowa okanye bakhangele iziyobisi ngaphandle kokuba kukho unobangela ozimeleyo. Isiqinisekiso esilandelayo siyafuneka kuphengululo olubanzi.

Ikhamera yomzimba nenyawo lwecamera eqhawukayo

Ubugcisa bezi mini bunika ingxelo enenjongo yoko kwaphawulwa nakwenziwa ngamagosa. Amasebe kufuneka axhobise amagosa ajikelezayo ngeekhamera zesiqu kwaye aqinisekise ukuba avuselelwa xa ephendula kwiimeko ezimandundu.

Ukunyanzeliswa Kwabemi Nenkululeko Yamakhaya

Kubantu abanomhlaba, ubukho bezinto ezingekho ngqiqweni ezingekho ngqiqweni buthetha ukuba amagosa azimeleyo endlu.

  • Amaphepha angenangxaki asemthethweni kuphela kwiimeko ezimaxongo zokwenene. Ukuba amapolisa angena ngaphandle kwemvume kwaye akukho ngxaki, ukungena kusenokungavumelani nemithetho, kwaye nabuphina ubungqina obufunyenweyo bungacinezelwa enkundleni.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Unelungelo lokucela amagosa ukuba ahambe xa uxakeka uconjululwe. Ukuba amapolisa asala emva kokuba isisongelo sigqibile, ungakwazi ukuvavanya ubukho bawo obuqhubekayo njengophendlo olungaqiqiqiyo.
  • Ukuvumela ukungena kwaxakeka okusemthethweni kungakhokelela kongezelelweyo. Ukuba abaphathi banesiseko esifanelekileyo sokungena, bephazamisana nabo (kwanokuba ukholelwa ukuba ukungena akuvumelekanga) kungaphumela ekumangaleleni okanye ekuthinteleni ukubanjwa. Indlela efanelekileyo kukuthobela kwaye kamva icel ’ umngeni ukungena ngentshukumo esemthethweni.
  • Imithetho yesizwe inganikezela ngokhuseleko olongezelelweyo. Eminye imimiselo inika ukhuseleko olubanzi lwemfihlo kunoMgaqo-nkqubo wesine. Umzekelo, amazwana ambalwa afuna isiqinisekiso sokungeniswa kwiimeko zogonyamelo zasekhaya ngaphandle kokuba kukho umonakalo onzulu. Abahlali kufuneka babuze igqwetha ngemithetho ethile karhulumente wabo.

Indima yeeNkundla zikaRhulumente NeeNguqululo Kwimfundiso Yengozi

Ngoxa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. imisela imigaqo yesiseko yeSihlaziyo sesine, iinkundla zeli lizwe zinokuchaza umgaqo-siseko wazo ukulungiselela ukhuseleko olungakumbi. Ngenxa yoko, umthetho wokungena ngongxamiseko olungenasiqinisekiso ungahluka kakhulu kwiimeko zolawulo. Ngokomzekelo:

  • Amanye amaphondo aye amkela umsebenzi “wokunyamekela amajoni” njengokwahlukana okungakumbi, evumela amagosa ukuba angene kwikhaya ukuze ajonge intlalo-ntle yomntu nangaphandle kongxamiseko oluthile, ukuba kukho izizathu ezivakalayo zokukholelwa ukuba uncedo luyafuneka.
  • Amanye amazwe amisela unyanzelo olungqongqo olufunekayo loncedo olungxamisekileyo, olufuna ukuba abaphathi babe nobungqina bokwenzakala okunzulu emzimbeni phambi kokungena.
  • Kwezinye iindawo, “ukusukela i-out" okungaqhelekanga kusebenza kuphela kwityala, ngoxa ezinye zikwalathisa kwimpazamo ukuba kukho ingozi yokubaleka.

Umthetho onyanzelisayo kunye nomthetho osemthethweni kufuneka uqhelane nomthetho okhethekileyo wetyala kwimo yabo. Ingqungquthela yesizwe yomthetho wesizwe inika uqwalaliso oluluncedo lomgangatho karhulumente.

Ukulungelelanisa Ukhuseleko Loluntu Namalungelo Emfihlo

Imfuneko yogunyaziso lisiseko senkululeko yomgaqo-siseko, kodwa asinto igqibeleleyo. Kwizinto zongxamiseko, ibutho labantu kufuneka lilinganisele ixabiso lesenzo samapolisa esikhawulezileyo nxamnye nomngcipheko wokungena ngokuzingca. Iinkundla ziye zazama ukubetha olu lungelelwano ngokufuna amagosa ukuba abe nenkolelo esengqiqweni esengqiqweni[[[FLT: 1] yemeko yongxamiseko. Lo mgangatho uthambe ngokwaneleyo ukuvumela ukugcinwa komthetho osebenzayo kwiingxaki kodwa unqande ukusetyenziswa kakubi.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kulo mlinganiselo ngumgaqo wokuba urhulumente uthwale umthwalo wokungqina iimeko ezizizo. Enkundleni, abatshutshisi kufuneka banikele ubungqina bokuba izenzo zamagosa zazisengqiqweni yaye ezinye izinto ezingephi zazikho. Ukuba urhulumente uye wangaphumeleli, umthetho wokuzikhetha ungasebenza, ucinezela nabuphi na ubungqina obufunyenweyo ngenxa yokungena ngaphandle komthetho-mthetho.

Ukhokelo olusebenzisekayo lwamagosa asentsimini

Ukunciphisa umngcipheko osemthethweni, abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka balandele ezi ndlela zilungileyo xa beqwalasela ukungena okungagunyaziswanga:

  1. Ukunqumama uqwalasele: Ngaphambi kokungena, buza: “Ngaba kukho isisongelo sobomi okanye ukhuseleko lwangoko? Ingaba ubungqina buza kutshabalala? Ingaba ndisukela umntu onyanzelekileyo?" Ukuba impendulo i-hayi, fumana isiqinisekiso.
  2. [[FLT: 0] Iqokobhe logcino: Ukuba kuyenzeka, khusela indawo kwaye ulinde abaphathi bongezelelo ukunikezela ngongeniso olukhuselekileyo nolunobungqina obuninzi.
  3. [[UMTL: 0] Izaziso ze-Verbal: Ivakalisa ubukho bakho kunye nenjongo yakho yokungena, ngaphandle kokuba ukwenjenjalo kunganyusa ingozi okanye kubangele utshaba lobungqina.
  4. Ungeno olululo oluyimfuneko: Ngena kuphela kumgama owaneleyo ukunikeza ingqwalaselo yoxakeko. Musa ukukhangela amagumbi angadibaniyo noxakeka.
  5. [[FLT: 0] Isiqinisekiso sophando olubhekele phaya: Xa uxakeka lusombululwe, iyeka ukukhangela de kufike isiqinisekiso. Ukuba ufumana isikhonkwane esingekho mthethweni kwimboniselo ecacileyo ngexesha lempendulo yongxamiseko, ungasibamba, kodwa ungabandakanyeki kuphelo jikelele.

Isiphelo

Iimfuno ezinxinwayo zokungena nokuphengulula izinto zobuqu kwiimeko zongxamiseko zilawulwa liqumrhu eliphuhlisiweyo eliphucukileyo lomthetho wesi-C5 Amendment. Iimeko ezichanekileyo zivumela amagosa ukuba asebenze ngokukhawuleza ukusindisa ubomi, athintele ukutshatyalaliswa, aphishekele ukukhohlakalwa kobungqina, kodwa kuphela xa izibakala zithethelela isenzo esikhawulezileyo. Ngokuqonda imigaqo, ukufunda kwiimeko zeziganeko zendalo, nokubhala phantsi ngokomthetho izenzo zawo kungaxhasa zonke zokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye namalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Iintlabami, ngokunjalo, ziyangenelwa ekwazini ukuba imfihlelo yabo ikhuselwe kwizinto ezingenakuthintelwa ngaphandle kwemeko ezenzekenyani. Njengoko iinkundla ziqhubeka ziconga uqeqesho oluqhubekayo nohlazisoluvo olusemthethweni luyimfuneko kuwo onke amalungu abandakanye nezo akhoyo.

Kwizibonelelo ezongezelelekileyo, jonga kwiSebe leJava leJavani lokuSebenza loMgwebo e-U.S. malunga nokukhangela kunye nokuxhuzula kunye nengcaciso yeMelika Bar Association yeemeko ezithe tye [.