Ukwakhiwa Komthetho Onyanzeliswe EMerika

I-United States iqhuba enye yezona zixhobo zintsonkothileyo nezilungelelanisiweyo zokugcinwa komthetho ehlabathini. Ngokungafaniyo namazwe aneqela elinye, elimanyeneyo lamapolisa, i-U.S. asasaza amandla obupolisa kumazwe, kumazwe, kumazwe, kumazwe, nakumaziko asekuhlaleni, nakumaqulunqile. Esi sakhiwo sisekelwe kurhulumente, sicetyelwe ukumisela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla amapolisa ngenjongo yokuqinisekisa ukuba amapolisa athengwa ngokubanzi. Ukuqonda indlela ezi maleko ezinxibelelana ngayo ziyimfuneko ekuqondeni indlela imithetho esetyenziswa ngayo.

Imicimbi yomanyano: Ilityalo-mthetho noKhuseleko lweSizwe

Amaziko agunyazisa umthetho omanyano asebenza phantsi kwegunya likarhulumente wase-U.S. kunye nemithetho karhulumente. Ulawulo lwawo lugubungela izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinqamleza iintambo zikarhulumente, lubandakanya impahla yorhulumente, okanye luphembelela ukhuseleko lwesizwe. Olona lungiselelo luphambili lwamaqumrhu alawulayo luyiFLT:0] Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), ebamba ubuphengulule obungalwi ne-computercrice, ulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lwamalungelo abantu.

Ezinye iziqu zequmrhu lezwe elilawulayo ziquka uLawulo loMmandla [[FFLT:1], olujolise kwixhoba lokurhweba ngemipu, kunye ne-[FLT] Bureau of Alcohol, iFoxidas ne Explosives (ATFF) [[FLT:]], elawula imipu yemipu exhobisayo nehlola ukhuseleko. [[FLT] [FLT]], u-U. Inkonzo yentsiba-thelo, eyaziwa ngokweenkcukacha zokukhusela, kwanophando lwezemali. Ngokulandela ukudalwa [FL:6] [FFF] kunye noMmandla ogqithisongezoMmandla oMmandla] [F] [5] [5]

Ngokufuthi amasebe asebenza ngomanyano asoloko enamaqela akhethekileyo, asuka kumaqela abathinjwa okuhlangula ukuze aqhubele phambili ii - resoratoris, yaye ngokufuthi asebenzisana norhulumente namaqabane asekuhlaleni ngemikhosi edibanisa imisebenzi.

Inkqutyana yeQumrhu leRhulumente: Ukuvala umsantsa

Amagosa omthetho onyanzelisa urhulumente wesizwe asebenza kumgangatho karhulumente kwaye jikelele anemiqathango naphi na kwiphondo lawo. Kukho imizekelo emibini engundoqo: imodeli yeStatement Police yemodeli yeState, enegunya elipheleleyo lamapolisa kuquka uphando lolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nemodeli ye-[FLT] Ephezulu Patrol, egxininisa ngokuyintloko kukhuseleko lwendlela nokunyanzeliswa kwemijelo-mthetho kwiindlela zikarhulumente.

Urhulumente omninzi uyasebenza i- State Bureau of Investigation (SBI), esebenza ngokufanayo kwiFBI yomgangatho karhulumente. I-SB inceda amasebe asekuhlaleni ngokuphanda okuntsonkothileyo, ulawulo lweelabhula-zincwadi zikarhulumente, kwaye igcine iingxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezisembindini. Amasebe karhulumente ajongene noovimba abasebenzi abajongene noovimba abasebenzi abaphezulu abangenawo amasebe asekuhlaleni aqinileyo.

Ipolisa Lasekuhlaleni: Umgca Ongaphambili

Ukugcinwa komthetho wasekuhlaleni kungumsebenzi omkhulu wobupolisa eMerika. Ngamasebe angaphezu kwe-15 000, amasebe kamasipala amapolisa kunye namaphondo eeofisi zabaphathi-mikhosi aqesha malunga nama-60% amagosa afungelweyo elizwe.

[[FLT: 0] ISebe lamaPolisa laseDolobheni linoxanduva lokunyanzeliswa komthetho kwimida kamasipala. Baphatha yonke into ukusuka ekumekweni kwezithuthi nakwizikhalazo zengxolo ukuya ekubulaleni nasekubulaleni kwe-SWAT. I-Sheriffiffirs's [ ikhethekile kuba ikhonza lonke ingingqi, kuquka namazwe angadityaniswanga. Amagosa asemthethweni anyuliweyo, ukongeza umaleko wokuphendula kobutyala bezobupolitika.

Ukubonakala nokufumaneka kwamapolisa asekuhlaleni kuwenza abe yindawo yokuqala yokunxibelelana nabemi. Le ndima ibeka imbopheleleko enkulu kubo yokuthembana nobulungisa obungokwesithethe.

Injongo Ekhethekileyo Nemibandela Yezizwe

Ngaphezu kolawulo lwesizwe, urhulumente, kunye nolwasekuhlaleni, amasebe amaninzi akhethekileyo anyanzelisa imithetho ngokwemeko ezithile. Amapolisa e-CAmpus kwiiyunivesithi, amaPolisa[[[FLT:] kumaPolice] kumaKlomelo kwizikolo], [[FLT:]] onke amagunya omthetho achaziweyo kwilizwe okanye kwimimandla yawo.

Umthetho onyanzelisayo usebenza kumangingqi oMda wamaMelika akwi-ovential. Amapolisa esizwe anegunya kumalungu esizwe kumazwe esizwe, nangona imibandela yegunya namagunya karhulumente nezwe inokuba nzima. Urhulumente wesizwe unegunya eliphambili kulwaphulo-mthetho olukhulu kwiimeko ezininzi, ngokufuthi elikhokelela kwizithuba ezilawulayo.

Imisebenzi: Indlela Ingxamiseko Egcina Ngayo Umthetho

Nangona imisebenzi ekhethekileyo yahluka ngohlobo lweziko, zonke iziko lomthetho zokwandiswa komthetho zinemisebenzi engundoqo. Le misebenzi yenziwa isiseko esisebenzayo senkqubo yokulawula

Ukuqhatha Kolwaphulo - mthetho

Ubukho obubonakalayo babaphathi abafakelwe iiyunifomu buyeyona ndlela endala nesisiseko yokunyanzelisa umthetho. UPatrols, nokuba ngemoto, ngenyawo, ngebhayisekile, okanye ngehashe, ujolise ekuthinteni ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokunyusa umngcipheko ocingelwayo woloyiko. Kansas City Preventive Patrol Uvavanyo [[[FLT:]] oluphambili [[FLT]], oluthi lugxininiswe kwimimandla emincinane apho ulwaphulo-mthetho lugqugqize khona.

Uphando Lwezaphuli - mthetho Neenkqubo Zobugqwirha

Xa abasebenzi belifa lemveli bengaphumeleli ukuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho, amasebe atshintshela kwindlela yokuphanda. Inkqubo yophando ibandakanya ukukhusela ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukuqokelela ubungqina obuphathekayo, ukudliwana amaxhoba namangqina, nokufanisa abakrokrelekileyo. Unyuko lwe-asensics luye lwawuguqula lo msebenzi. Ngoku abaxhasi be-Intelligencea bafumana ulwazi kwiicell phone, kwiikhompyutha, kumagumbi okugcina amafu, kwana neemoto.

Izifundo zenzululwazi ye-Fensic, eziquka uhlalutyo lweDNA, i-colletics, i-tyhefu, kunye nokufakwa kweminwe, zilawulwa zii-labbhu zolwaphulo-mthetho okanye amaziko karhulumente aphakathi. IZiko lesizwe leJaji (NJ) limisela imilinganiselo yophando ye-arhentestion ukuqinisekisa ubungqina obugcinwe enkundleni.

Ukubanjwa, Ukuzibamba Nokuxambuliswa Ngokusemthethweni

Ukugcinwa komthetho kunegunya elikhethekileyo lokuhlutha abantu inkululeko yabo ngokubamba. Eli gunya lilawulwa ngokungqongqo ngumthetho wezomgaqo-siseko. UMthetho-nkqubo Wesine ukhusela abemi ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni. Amagosa kufuneka afumane isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwimvo elindelekileyo, okanye isenzo phantsi kwembono ecacileyo (umz., phantsi kweemeko ezizimeleyo, imvume, imbono ecacileyo).

Umzekelo wophawu olubalulekileyo Terry v. Ohio wamisela umgangatho osemthethweni we "misa kunye ne frisk," uvumela abaphathi ukuba babambe umntu kancinci ngokusekelwe ekukrokreleni okufanelekileyo. Ulungiso lwesihlanu, oluqiniswe imanda v. Arizona, ifuna abaphathi ukuba bazise ukukrokraza kwamalungelo abo ukuba bangathuli nokuba negqwetha elikhoyo ngexesha lokuncinwa kwegunya. Ezi zicwangciso zomthetho zisembindini kuqeqesho lwabaphathi nemisebenzi yemihla ngemihla.

Ukuphendula ngexesha likaxakeka nolungelelwano lukawonke-wonke

Amaziko okunyanzelisa umthetho asoloko engabantu bokuqala abaphendula kwiimeko zongxamiseko ezininzi, ukusuka kwiintlekele zemvelo kunye nohlaselo lwabanqolobi ukuya kwiziganeko ezisebenzayo zodubulo-mpuluko kunye nokuphazamiseka kwabemi. Ukugcina ucwangco lukawonke-wonke ngexesha lemibhiyozo, iintlanganiso, kunye neziganeko ezikhulu kufuna ucwangciso locoselelo, ubuchule bokulawula isihlwele, kwaye, ngamanye amaxesha, ukulungelelaniswa kweempendulo ezininzi. Posse Comitus Act Umkhosi we-U.S.

Iindlela zale mihla kunye nobuchule obujikelezayo

Ukugada umthetho okuthe kwaphela nokuthatha inxaxheba kuxhomekeke kuhlalutyo oluntsonkothileyo logcino-lwazi, ubugcisa obuphucukileyo, kunye namaqabane oluntu.

Ipolitiki yogcino-lwazi-eDimension kunye neNkxaso-ejoliswe kubuntlola

Ukufika kwe [[FLT: 0] I-Algorith ukuxela apho ulwaphulo-mthetho lunokwenzeka khona, ukuvumela abalawuli basasaze oovimba bolwaphulo-mthetho ngokufaka amanani aphambili kwimimandla yabo. Namhlanje, amaqumrhu asebenzisa ukwenziwa kwemithetho-algoriths ukuxela kwangaphambili apho ulwaphulo-mthetho lunokwenzeka, ukuvumela abalawuli ukuba bavule oovimba bezinto ngokuqhubekayo. Ngexa kuthandabuzaniswa kwemiqathango engaphantsi kogcino-lwazi, ezi zixhobo zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwisebe elikhulu.

I-Pixel-Lectelce-Pice igxininisa ekuhlanganiseni nasekuhlalutyeni ulwazi olumalunga neenkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho nezisongelo. Le ndlela ibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo ekulweni nobuphekula nokulwa ulwaphulo-mthetho olucwangcisiweyo. Amaziko e-Fusion, asetyenziswa liququ namaqumrhu ahlangeneyo norhulumente kunye namaqumrhu, asebenza njengemibutho yokwabelana ngobukrelekrele.

Inkqubo zobugcisa kunye nezokunyuka

Ubuxhakaxhaka buye baba luphawu oluchazayo lokugcinwa komthetho kwangoku. Ilayisensi ezenzekelayo ye-Plate Plate (ALPR) ivavanya amawaka eepleyiti ngeeyure, isalatha-majoni ukuba afumane izithuthi ezibiweyo okanye afune ukukrokreleka. [ [iiiikhamera ze-Bodyn (iii-BWC) iye yaba zizixhobo eziqhelekileyo, ukwandisa ukukhanya nokunika ubungqina obubalulekileyo. [[FLT:]] GUNSGUNS ezifuthayo ukufumanisa indawo yombane, sebenzisa izimvolomo zokukhanyisa indawo yombane, ukuthatha i-enzeka ka-transfer.

[[UMTL:0] I-Drones [UMGANGA] iya isetyenziswa kakhulu ukuqwalasela uthelekelelo lwenqwelo-moya, ukwakhiwa kwakhona kwengozi, kunye nenkxaso yamaqhinga. I-Expronic Frontial Foundation (EFF)[FL:3] kunye namanye amaqela enkululeko yoluntu ajonge ezi zixhobo zobugcisa, aphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo malunga nemfihlolo kunye nokukwazi ukuqwalasela ubuninzi.

Ipolisa eliQumrhu neNkxaso

Intanda-bulumko ye-[QUT:0] iNkcubeko eQumrhu (i-COP) igxininisa umanyano lokwakha phakathi kwamapolisa kunye noluntu abalukhonzayo. Amagosa anikwe ingingqi ezithile akhuthazwa ukuba abandakanyeke kwingxaki kunye nokwakha ukuthembana, kunokuba aphendule nje kuphela kwiminxeba. Office of Communication Policision Services (Oficity) ibonelela kunye noqeqesho lokuxhasa ezi nyathelo.

[[NTLA:0] I-Problem-Oreentation Policiation (POP) licebo elinxulumeneyo elijolise ekuchazeni iziphumo ezizizo zeengxaki zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphindaphindiweyo nasekuveliseni izicombululo ezilungisekayo, ngokufuthi ezibandakanya amaqabane ngaphandle komthetho (umz., ukunyanzelisa ikhowudi yesixeko, iinkonzo zoluntu).

Ulwandiso lokungenelela kunye nemikhosi yomsebenzi

Akukho mbutho unye onokulawula zonke izisongelo zale mihla kuphela. Imikhosi yobuGrogrisi bokuBucukubhede (JTFS]), ekhokelwa yiFBI, ubuncwane bequmrhu obuvela kurhulumente, kurhulumente, kunye namasebe asekuhlaleni ukuphanda ngobugrogrisi. I-Inversity Drugtracking Preaces [HIDTA] iinkqubo zokulungelelanisa imigudu yokunyanzela yeziyobisi ngaphaya kwemidangatho. Le misebenzi ibalulekile ekupheliseni ulwaphulo-mthetho ezijongeni imida yasekuhlaleni.

Ucelomngeni Olumandundu Olujamelene Nomthetho Wenkulungwane Yama - 21

Ukugcinwa komthetho kuzaliswe ziingxaki ezintsonkothileyo ezivavanya amandla nokufaneleka kwamaziko kulo lonke elo lizwe.

Ingxaki Yokukholosa Nomthetho

Iziganeko eziphezulu ezibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwamapolisa kuphazamisa ulwalamano phakathi komthetho onyanzeliswayo kunye noluntu abalusebenzayo. Ukubhikica kwiZiko lophando lwe-Pew [[FLT: 1] kubonisa ukwahlulwa okubalulekileyo kobuhlanga nokwezobupolitika ekuthembekeni koluntu kwi-politiki. Ukwakha kwakhona kufuna ukuzimisela okuqhubekayo kokusesikweni, ukubonakala, nokuphendula.

Ukusetyenziswa komkhosi nokuphendula

Umgangatho osemthethweni wokusebenzisa amandla, omiselwe ku Graham v. Connor, uvavanya amandla ukusuka kumbono "wegosa elinobuchule kulo mboniso. Lo mgangatho unika isibanzi esibalulekileyo kodwa ukwakhokelele kwimpikiswano. Amaqumrhu amaninzi ngoku ayalela uqeqesho lobuchule [ kwaye asebenzise imigaqo esebenzayo ukungenelela [[ imigaqo, efuna abaphathi-mikhosi ukuba banqande amandla agqithisileyo abo. Imimiselo egunyaziswayo, enyanzelwa yi-US, enyanzelelwa yi-Umthetho yezobulungisa, enamandla isetyenziswa kwinkqubo ye-SCYPSCPROG.

Ugcino-lwazi lwezibonelelo kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

Amasebe amaninzi asebenza phantsi kwemiqathango enzima. Uqingqo-mali kufuneka lugubungele abasebenzi, uqeqesho, izixhobo, kunye nobugcisa. Ubizo lokuba "bahlawulise amapolisa" ngabathile abaxhasi baye badala impikiswano enzulu yokuba ngaba inkxaso-mali ifanele isekelwe kwiinkonzo zentlalo. Ngokuchasene noko, amasebe amaninzi azama ukuhlawula iikhamera zomzimba, ukuqeqesha umgangatho, nokuhlawula umrhumo, ukuphembelela nokuquququzelela.

Ukuphumelela Nokubambelela Kurhwebo Lomsebenzi Olunamandla

Abameli abaninzi ngaphaya kwe-U.S. bajongene nobunzima obukhulu kunye neengxaki zokungazinziyo . Imbono kawonke-wonke engalunganga, ifuna iiyure zokusebenza, kunye nomngcipheko womsebenzi ukwenze kwaba nzima ukutsala abathathi-nxaxheba abafanelekayo. Amasebe anyusa imida yobudala, anika iibhonasi, kunye neenkqubo zesicelo zokuzalisa ii-mntlukwano. Imvume yomphathi kunye neenkqubo zempilo yengqondo ziqwalaselwa ngokunzulu njengezinto ezibalulekileyo.

Ityala Nobungqina Bamanani

Izaphuli-mthetho ziya zixhaphaka kakhulu ekusebenziseni kwazo ubugcisa. ICybercrime, kuquka iintlaselo zentlawulelo, ukuqhatha nge-intanethi, ubusela ngamagama abantwana, ibangela ucelomngeni olukhulu. Amasebe amaninzi asekuhlaleni akalufumani uqeqesho olukhethekileyo kunye nezixhobo ezifunekayo ukuphanda ngobuchule bolwaphulo-mthetho. Ingxaki "ephumayo emnyama", apho ukukhuphela ulwazi luthintela ekufumaneni ii-arekhodi, iyaqhubeka ibangela ukungavisisani phakathi kweemfuno zomthetho namalungelo obuqu.

Iindlela Zexesha Elizayo: IXesha Elilandelayo LoMthetho Onyanzelwayo

Ukugcinwa komthetho kukwimeko eqhubekayo yendaleko, eqhutywa lubugcisa obutsha, ucelomngeni olungokwasemthethweni nokutshintsha kwemilinganiselo yentlalo.

Ubuntlola obenziweyo kunye nobuchule obuzenzekelayo

I-AI ilungele ukuguqula ukwenziwa komsebenzi wobupolisa. Ukubhalwa kwengxelo yezobunyani bolwimi, kunye nobugcisa bokwazi ubuso sele busetyenziswa. I-Al enamandla okubulala i-alytics ingahlola ngobuninzi obukhulu be-data ukuchonga iipateni zolwaphulo-mthetho. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwe-Al kuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo yendlela yokuziphatha neyomthetho ngokuphathelele ikhethe kunye nenkululeko yasekuhlaleni. Ukuphuhlisa ngokucacileyo isiseko solawulo lwe-Al kwi-ai ekuba polisi kuya kuba ngumba ochazayo weshumi leminyaka elizayo.

Ezinye iimodeli zokusabela

Kukho umfutho okhulayo wokususa ityala lonxulumano lwamapolisa olungelulo olunogonyamelo. Inkqubo ye-CAHOOTS e-Eugene, Oregon, ithumela iingcali zempilo yengqondo kunye namapolisa endaweni yamaxele-xanduva. Izixeko ezifana ne-Albuquerque kunye neDenver ziqhuba amaqela anyanzelisa iinqwelo-moya. Ezimodeli zizimisele ukunikezela iimpendulo ezifanelekileyo kwiingxaki zempilo yengqondo, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwezixhobo, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho oluncinane, zikhulula abaphathi-mikhosi abavunyiweyo ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo.

Ukubonisa ngaphaya okunyusiweyo kunye nolawulo

Imfuneko yokuphendula imigaqo-nkqubo iza kuqhubeka iqhuba utshintsho. Iibhodi zohlolo lwecamera yexesha lokwenene, iibhodi zohlolo ezizimeleyo zoluntu ezinamandla angaphantsi kwepesenti, kunye nomgangatho wombuso wokusetyenziswa kogcino-lwazi lomkhosi ziya zixhaphaka kakhulu. Isalathisi solawulo loXweso-Masipala sithumela amagosa agxothelwa ukuziphatha okubi agxothelwa ukusiwa kwamanye amasebe. Ukhuselo oluqinileyo , olukhusela abaphathi kwimibango yamakhaya, ukwanda kwemingeni esemthethweni neyomthetho.

Uqeqesho Olukhethekileyo Nemfundo Engoogcisa

Ukuntsonkotha kwamapolisa anamhlanje kufuna ukuba abantu abafunde kakhulu nabasebenza ngokuphandle. ICrisinteration (CT) kubaphathi abaphendula kwiimeko zempilo yengqondo iya kuba yeyona nto ifunekayo kumaphondo amaninzi. Uqeqesho ekupheliseni uphakamiso, ucoselelo lwempikiswano, kunye nocalucalulo olucacileyo ngoku lusezantsi kwiizifundo ezininzi. Kukho ukhuthazo lwemfuno zemfundo ephezulu kunye nophuhliso oluqhubekayo lobugcisa ukunyusa umsebenzi njengendawo epheleleyo.

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelana Okulula

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho eUnited States asilolungiselelo lomthetho elinamandla nobunzulu kodwa lunentsebenziswano olukhulu, oludibeneyo lwamasebe asebenza kuwo onke amaqondo orhulumente. La masebe anembopheleleko enkulu yokumisa imithetho ngexesha elinye ekhusela amalungelo abantu kunye nenkululeko. Iindlela kunye nocelomngeni olucacisiweyo apha lubonisa ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho ngumgudu onamandla nonzulu woluntu. Njengoko ubugcisa buhambela phambili kunye namathemba abantu, amaqumrhu asebenza ngokugcina uxolo kufuneka luhambelane nengqibelelo, ubulumko, kunye nokuzinikela okuqinileyo kumthetho. Ikamva lokhuseleko lukawonke wonke lixhomekeke ekufumaneni ulungelelwano olunempumelelo phakathi kokhuseleko, ukuphendula, nokuthembanakwabantu.