Ukusekwa kunye nendaleko yomthetho kwenza isiseko sedemokhrasi esebenza. Ngeli xesha imimiselo izalwa kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, intsingiselo yayo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo, kunye nokusinda kwayo isoloko ixhomekeke ekucacisweni kwesebe lezahluleli, ingakumbi iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States. Olu nxulumano lwe-symbianticism luqinisekisa ukuba umthetho awuyosiseko esithe ngqo kodwa ululawulo olunamandla, ulungelelanisa inkqubo esabelayo kwinkqubela-phambili yezezobugcisa, inkqubela-nkqubela, kunye nemilinganiselo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha eguquguqukayo. Ukuqonda indlela emiswa ngayo ngokusesikweni ngokwemimiselo yemithetho yezomthetho yezomthetho elawula iMelika.

Ukwenziwa Komthetho Okungathethekiyo: Ukususela KuBill Ukusa Kwimithetho

Inkqubo esesikweni yokwenza umthetho wesizwe idweliswe ngokucokisekileyo kwiGatya I loMgaqo-siseko. Imithetho iqala ubomi bayo xa ivezwe lilungu leBhunga. Kufuneka idlule yomibini iNdlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeQela efanayo phambi kokuba inikwe uMongameli. Olu hambo luzele imiqobo ye-procedtural, kuquka ii-aultss, iingxoxo zomgangatho, kunye nokusebenza okuhlala kukhoyo kwe-nkwi-Ndlue. UMongameli angasayina iBhosango yomthetho, ayivumele ukuba ibe ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino, okanye iveto, ibuyele kwiBhunga apho kufuneka khona izininzi ezimbini kwizindlu zombini.

Le nkqubo ibonakala ilula iphenjelelwa kakhulu yimikhosi yangaphandle. Amaqela angaphandle, imibutho e-advocation, kunye neenkampani ezinamandla zinikela ngamandla ekulungiseni ulwimi lwetyala. Uluvo lukawonke-wonke, ingakumbi xa inyanzeliswe kwimbambano ethile, ingenza umgudu wezobupolitika ofunekayo ukunyanzela umthetho nge-gridrock. Noko ke, nasemva kokuba umthetho ube ngumthetho, uhambo lwawo alupheli. Umthetho uphantsi komthetho olawulayo. Ingqungqungquthela ayinakudlulisa amatyala okufikelela okanye imithetho ebhaliweyo. Ngaphezu koko, nawuphi na umthetho omele uwe ngaphakathi kweBhunga lamandla eCreast Congress Claus, ngokufuthi obekiweyo okanye amagunya agunya agunyazwe phantsi kolawulo lwe-14 lommiselo, oye waba yinqwelo - mafutha enkulu yomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho woluntu.

INkundla Ephakamileyo: Umyili Wezomthetho Nomchasi - mthetho

Umsebenzi oyintloko weNkundla ePhakamileyo kukuchaza umthetho, kodwa amandla awo anwenwela ngaphaya kwengcaciso elula. Ngemfundiso yohlolo lwezomthetho, okokuqala wagxininisa kwityala lephawu Marbury v. Madison (1803) , iNkundla inegunya lokuvakalisa izenzo zeBhunga ezingacacisweyo. Eli gunya lenza iNkundla ibe yindlu yowiso-mthetho echasene noMgaqo-siseko, ngokunempumelelo iphumele imithetho echasene nomthetho womthetho, ifumana intsingiselo echanileyo kunye nomgangatho wemithetho karhulumente xa kuvela ukusetyenziswa kwayo.

Ukucaciswa kwemithetho

Enye yeengxoxo ezizingisileyo ezijikeleze indima yeNkundla ngumahluko phakathi kokutolika ummiselo kunye nokuwubeka ngokunempumelelo kwibhedi. Abaxhasi bombhalo baphikisa ngelithi abagwebi kufuneka baxhomekeke kwintsingiselo ecacileyo yombhalo osemthethweni ngexesha lokubhalwa kwayo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abaxhasi be "Umthetho-siseko Ophilayo" baphikisa ukuba amabinzana abanzi oMgaqo-siseko, anjengenkqubo elungeleleneyo, kunye "nokhuseleko olulinganayo," kufuneka achazwe ngokulula kwimilinganiselo ecacileyo yezomthetho. Le ntandabulumko ikwintliziyo yezigqibo ezininzi ezizigqibileyo, apho iziphumo zetyala zixhomekeke kwintanda-ntanda-bulumko yokugweba.

Umgaqo Wokuqhatha Kwenkwenkwezi

Uzinzo lweNkundla luxhomekeke kakhulu lunedecis, umgaqo osemthethweni wokunamathela kwimo yesiqhelo. Le mfundiso iqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokuxelwa kwangaphambili kumthetho. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele ukuba [ ideciss[[FLT]] ayisomyalelo ongenakusetyenziswa." Xa isalathathi- siseko sifunyaniswe singasebenzi, siqwalaselwanga kakuhle, okanye singqubana kakhulu namaxabiso angundoqo esizwe, iNkuzakulawula. Isigqibo sokulawula ityala lomthetho sisenzo esikhulu sokutshintsha okusemthethweni, njengoko kuboniswa ngutshintsho olusemthethweni olusuka kwiNkuguquko [FTPLT].[5] [5] [5] [5]]

"Sigqiba kwelokuba, kumasimi emfundo kawonke-wonke, imfundiso 'yokwahlukana kodwa elinganayo' ayinandawo. Imfundo eyahlukeneyo ayilingani ngokwemvelo. — IJaji ePhakamileyo uWarren, Brown v. Board of Education

Oko Sikufundayo Kwimiba Engoonobumba: Indlela Imithetho Namalungelo Ahlukahlukene Ngayo

Ezona zifundo zinzulu kwindlela ekwenziwa nokutshintshwa ngayo imithetho zivela ngokuhlola izigqibo zencopho ebalaseleyo. La matyala akayomithetho esemthethweni nje; ayiziziba ezithi zitshintshe ngokwembali ezibonisa ukuxambulisana kwesizwe neenjongo zalo zomGaqo-siseko.

Marbury v. Madison (103): Isiseko soLawulo lwezaphuli-mthetho

Phambi uMarbury, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayiliquluna ityala elibuthathaka ngokunxulumene. IJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall yafumana ithuba elinikezelwe yimbambano yezobupolitika phakathi kolawulo lwama-Adams kunye nolawulo lwe-Jefferson olungenayo lokumisela iNkundla esona sixhobo sinamandla: uhlolo lweNkundla. UWilliam Marbury, ijaji yasebusuku, waye ulukhabekile ugunyaziso lwakhe. Ngelixesha uMarshall wafumanisa ukuba iMarbury inelungelo lokuyalelwa, ekugqibeleni wagqiba kwelokuba iNkungayaleliyo ngenxa yokuba umthetho unikezeli ngenxa yokuba iNkusebenza kweNkundla (uthulo ye-13 yesenzo somthetho ka-Jdiciotary) ngokwayo ngokwayo ayizange ishunyanzwe njengedeli ye-Spresentetiventi, inikwe nguxwebhu olucacileyo lomthetho wokuqala.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): U-Overruling Precedent ukulungisa okuphosakeleyo

Isigqibo seNkundla simalunga neminyaka engama-60, iNkundla inikezele ucalucalulo lohlanga phantsi kwe-"Sahlulo kodwa iyalingana" imfundiso. INAACP, ikhokelwa nguJaji Thurfaill wexesha elizayo, icel ’ umngenisi ngokungajongi kwizakhiwo eziphathekayo kodwa kwimpembelelo yengqondo yabantwana base-Melika. Isebenzisa ubungqina bezenzululwazi yentlalo, iNkuNkundla phantsi koJaji enguWarren yakhupha uluvo oludityatyatyaniso oludityanisiweyo lokuba "Izakhiwo zemfundo azinakeleli. Brown[FLT] ayizange iguqule nje umthetho ongokwasengqondweni lwasemgaqweqweni, ikhokelela kuMandla e-Ovini ka-Oct, i-196464] kunye noMthetho woMthetho womthetho ogunyaziso womthetho othe kwenziwa ngokunzulu.

IUnited States v. Nixon (1974): Akukho Namnye Ongasentla koMthetho

Ngexesha lehlazo leWatergate, uMongameli Richard Nixon wathi unelungelo elipheleleyo lokuvimba iimfihlo zeteyipu kunye namaphepha abhalwe nguLeon Jaworski ongumtshutshisi okhethekileyo. INkundla yajamelana nongquzulwano olungqalileyo phakathi kwesebe eliphetheyo kunye nenkqubo yokugweba. Kwisigqibo esingu-8-0, iNkundla yabamba ukuba nangona i-ofisi ephezulu inelungelo lokukhusela umkhosi, ulawulo lwezobuzwe, okanye ukhuseleko lwesizwe oluchukumisekileyo, aluphelelanga. Ukubekwa kwelungelo kukaMongameli kungenakuziphazamisa iimfuno ezithile zenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho ekulondolozeni ubungqina obubo. Isigqibo esinyanzelekelweyo singuNixon, esatyhila ukuba athathe inxaxheba kwigqubuso-so, esikhokelela ngqo ekuphumeleni kwakhe. [FLD.] United States.[FFFF]

Intambo--ebh (eye-1903) ne-Dobbs v. Jackson Amabhinqa akwimpilo (202): Umjikelo woTshintsho lomthetho

Imfundiso ecacileyo yamalungelo okuqhomfa eMelika inikela isifundo esicacileyo ngendlela imfundiso esemthethweni enokusekwa, icociswe ngayo, kwaye ekugqibeleni iphendulwe. Roe v. Wade wamkela ilungelo elisemthethweni lokukhupha isisu phantsi kwe-Sect Procession Clause ye 14 Dementement, ukuseka ulwakhiwo olulungeleleneyo lokulungelelanisa amalungelo omfazi ngokuchasene nempilo nokhuseleko lobomi. [[FLT:] [FLT:] [2] [iiiindlela] yayingumthetho welizwe, nangona yatshintshwa [FLT:] i-'ult. . . .Ceasevlsev]

Noko ke, utshintsho kuqalo lweNkundla ukutyhubela inkqubo yokutyunjwa lwakhokelela kutshintsho oluphawulekayo. kuMadobs v. Jackson Amabhinqa 'Asempilweni, iNkundla ilawula . Inguqu yalawula [[FLT:] i-Roe[ kunye [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] , ibambe indlela iNkunga ngayo ukuqhomfa okunga siso somgaqo-siseko wemithetho ekhuselekileyo. Isigqibo sokukhupha isisu sibuyisela ummiselo kumazwe, okuphumela ekuguqulweni kwemeko esemthethweni esemthethweni. [FLT]] Imeko yeNkundla] ibonakalisa indlela engundoqo yomthetho osemthethweni, nengasayinwa ngayo kwimithetho yezomthetho yezomthetho, kodwa ekwayayiyo ekwayamkelekileyo.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Ukwandisa amaLungelo aPhakelele

Umlo wokulingana komtshato ubonisa indlela ukucaciswa komgaqo-siseko okunokukhula ngayo ukuze kuqwalaselwe amalungelo amatsha. Kangangamashumi eminyaka, izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo zavunywa ilungelo lokutshata. Icebo elingokwasemthethweni eliphuhliswa kwiinkundla zesizwe kunye neenkundla zezibheno zephondo, lakha uluvo lwamaLawnce v. Texas [2003], elathi labetha imithetho yesodoma. [oberge b] v. Hodges, Justice Kennedy wabhala uluvo oluninzi lokuba ilungelo lokutshata liyilungelo elingundoqo kwinkululeko yomntu, kwaye izibi ezimeleneex zimele le Nkqubo elungele ukuKhuselwa kobucala ne-Clausscle. Ingumediast elungele ukusetyenziswa kwengu - 14 yemithetho elawula umtshato, inguququququalisayo, ingulo olusebenzayo, ingulo oluthe ukuvuthayo lomthetho womtshato,

Ukusuka Kwisigqibo Ukusa Kwinyaniso: Ukusetyenziswa Kwezigqibo Zokugweba

Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo asiyomilingo; kufuneka siphunyezwe. Inkundla ixhomekeke kwamanye amasebe karhulumente kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi ukunikela ubomi bayo. Xa iNkundla iwisa umthetho, kuxhomekeke kwiNkqutyana ukugqiba enoba iyawudlulisela kusini na umthetho omtsha ohambelana noluvo lweNkundla. Umzekelo, emva kokuba iNkundla ibethelele iinxalenye eziphambili ze-Voting Rights Act Shelby County v. Khonsor, Congress akuzange kukwazi ukudlulisa indlela entsha yokuvota, ngokunelisa ngokunempumelelo amalungelo okuvota kulo lonke ilizwe.

Isebe eliphetheyo likwadlala indima enzima. Abameli basebenza ngokuqinisekisa izindululo zeNkundla. Imbali ibonisa ukuba oku akusoloko kunikwa. uMongameli Andrew Jackson udumile (nangona kunokwenzeka ukuba akaphefumlelwanga) ucatshulwe njengothi sigqibo seJaji enguMongameli Marshall ku Warcster v. Georgia [1832] [umthetho ngokwawo], "uJohn Marshall wenze isigqibo sakhe; ngoku mvumele ukuba asinyanzelele." Oku kubalase umlinganiselo opheleleyo wamandla ejajini: inkundla ayinawo umkhosi. Igunya layo lixhomekeke ekulungelweni kwayo nokuvuma kwamanye amasebe ukuthobela. Xa oku kuphulwa, umthetho ngokwawo uyaphikiswa.

Imicimbi Yanamhlanje Nekamva Lomthetho

INkundla ePhakamileyo iyaqhubeka isembindini wezona mpikiswano zomthetho zelizwe. Amatyala angoku ahlola imida yamalungelo emipu phantsi koMphetho wesiBili (] iNew York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen), umgaqo-siseko wokuvuma inyathelo ekholejini ( Izikhombo ze-pirgings v. , namandla amaziko olawulo lwamagunya okuchaza imithetho abayamkela ([FLT:] Light Entectivess.Enteright envect [FF] vFFF:5]] [FFF]]

Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa abagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaba yeyezobupolitika ngokunzulu, ibonakalisa ukuqonda ukuba ukwenziwa kweNkundla kuchaphazela ngqo umgaqo-siseko womthetho waseMelika. Ukuguqulwa ukusuka kuninzi olungu-6-3 olungaguqukiyo ukuya kuninzi lwangoku olusi 6-3 oluthe tyekethisbe sele lukhokelele kwiinguqu ezinkulu ekuqhomfeni, kumalungelo empuphu, kunye nenkululeko yonqulo. Isifundo esingundoqo sisithi "ukwenza nokutshintsha" umthetho yinkqubo eqhubekayo. Ayivalelwa kwiiholo zonyulo zonke, zonke iingxelo zekomiti, kwaye ityala ngalinye linika imvume yetyala.

Isiphelo: Incoko Ehlala Ihleli Yolawulo - melo

Inkqubo yokwenza nokutshintsha umthetho yingxoxo engapheliyo phakathi kwabantu, abameli babo abanyuliweyo, kunye nejaji. Amatyala eNkundla ePhakamileyo yelizwe asingomagama asezantsi kuphela kwiincwadi zembali; abonisa iingongoma eziziinguqu ezichaza amalungelo, inkululeko, kunye neembopheleleko zommi ngamnye. Brown v. , [[FLT:]], [[FLT]], [iiibhuthi], [ii-United States] v. Nixon, [[FLT]], [iiiiiwile], [iiindlela], [iindawo epheleleyo], [iiindawo epheleleyo, [FLT] [FLT] [inqa] , yaye ingenakuze ibonise nyaniswe ngokomthetho othekileyo wobuGenesombululo, intsingiselo yendlela ehlulo, ehlulweyo, epheleleyo, esetyenziswayo, esetyenziswayo, ekufunekayokuqhubeke