Ukwazisa: Ukulungelelana Phakathi Kwezinto Ezininzi Nezasese

Iikhamera zomzimba kunye nokuhlola ividiyo kuye kwaba zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo kumsebenzi wokusebenza kwale mihla womthetho, zinika indlela yokunxibelelana, ukuqokelela, nokukhuthaza ukuphendula. Noko ke, ukuthunyelwa kwazo kuphakamisa imibuzo ecacileyo engokwasemthethweni xa kufuneka imvume. IsiHlaliso sesine kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States sikhusela abantu ekuphandeni ngokungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhwalekeni, kwaye olu khuselo ludlulela ekusetyenzisweni kobugcisa bokushicilela. Ukuqonda iimfuno zezibonelelo zequmrhu lequ zomzimba kunye nokuhlola kwevidiyo kubalulekile kubasemagunye amapolisa, iingcali zomthetho, kunye nabemi ngokufanayo. Eli nqaku linikela uhlalutyo olulula lwemilinganiselo esemthethweni, ngaphandle, kunye neziphumo ezilawula ukusetyenziswa kwezi zixhobo zokuhlola.

Isiseko SoMthetho Wesine Wokulungiswa

UHlomelo lwesine luyindawo ekhuselekileyo ekukhuseleni imfihlo eUnited States. Iyalela ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufumane isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka phambi kokuqhuba ukuphendla okanye ukuxhuzula, ngaphandle kokuba kusetyenziswe imfuneko ekhethekileyo. INkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ibambelele ekubeni imfuneko yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukungenelela kwimicimbi yangasese kubukezwe ngumaji wabucala. Katz v. United States[FLT] [1967], iNkubonele ukuba “uvavanyo olunengqiqo lokuzithemba lokungafihliweyo” oluvavanyanisa enoba umntu ngamnye ulindele ukuba umfihlolo lwemfihlo olulungiselelwe ukuba luqwalaselwe ukuba lungqinengqiqo. Olu vavanyo lusembindixesha lokuqondana.

Phantsi I-Katz, isiqinisekiso siyafuneka ngokuqhelekileyo xa unyanzeliso lomthetho lungena kwindawo okanye umsebenzi apho umntu elindele ukuba yedwa. Oku kuquka ngaphakathi kwekhaya, kwi-ofisi yabucala, okanye ngexesha lencoko yabucala. Ngokwahlukileyo, imisebenzi eqhutywa kuwonke wonke okanye kwimbonakalo ecacileyo ayiqhubeli lulangazelelo olunye, ivumela amapolisa ukuba abhale ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Noko ke, ukwanda kweekhamera kunye neenkqubo zokuhlola ividiyo ezisisigxina zififile ezi zikhokelela kucelomngeni olutsha olusemthethweni.

Iimfuno Ezisisrango Zekhamera Yomzimba

Iikhamera zomzimba ezinxitywa ngamagosa amapolisa zenzelwe ukushicilela amavavava eemeko zasendle. Ngenxa yokuba amagosa asoloko esebenza kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke, iipaki, okanye ukwakha iindawo zokufihla intloko-ngozi (iimeko zokungafihliwe) zidla ngokuncipha. Ngenxa yoko, akuyomfuneko ukuba kubekho imiyalelo yokuba ikhamera ibanjiswe ngexesha lokulinda okanye ukumiswa kweenqwelo-mafutha kwiindawo zikawonke wonke. Inkundla ePhakathiswa isoloko igqiba kwelokuba abantu abanalo ukulindela ukuba izinto zabo zobuqu koko bakubhencayo, nokuba bathe balungela ingqalelo yamapolisa.

Isithuba sikawonke-wonke soviwo. Interpretections zabucala

Icalculus iyatshintsha xa abaphathi bengena kwimpahla yabo yangasese. Ukuba igosa lingena ekhaya okanye kwishishini ngemvume yomnini okanye phantsi kweemeko ezingaqhelekanga, ikhamera yecamera yesiqu ingavunyelwa ngaphandle kwemvume. Noko ke, ukuba umthetho uzimisele ukusebenzisa iikhamera zomzimba ukusebenzisa i-scheme ebhaliweyo ngaphakathi kwindlu yangasese okanye kwiindawo apho kulindeleke ukuba intetho ibe yimfihlo/efana negumbi lokulala okanye i-ofisi yegqwetha. Xa kuyimfuneko ityala le-ogqhinga. Umba we-[FLT: 0] United States v. Jones[FL:] [20] [20] u-20] uveza ukuba kusetyenziswe icebo kwiprojekthi yeprojekthi okanye i-drud kummandla okhuselwe kwi-Genelderststion. [FFON] [2]

Ngaphezu koko, amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho ethile elawula indlela yokusetyenziswa kwekhamera. Ngokomzekelo, amanye amatyala afuna ukuba amagosa azise abantu xa kubhalwa ukuba ushicilelo lukho kwindawo apho kulindeleke ukuba kubekho imfihlo. Amanye ayalela ukuba iikhamera zomzimba zisetyenziswe kuphela ngexesha loqhagamshelwano oluthile. Iinkqubo kufuneka zihambele phambili kwezi mfuneko zihlukeneyo zomthetho-siseko.

Yenza Iqela lenjongo ethile

Ukuvuma kunikela umahluko oqhelekileyo kwimfuneko yemvume. Ukuba umntu uyavuma ukuba kubhalwe phantsi, ukusetyenziswa kwekhamera yecamera kudla ngokusetyenziswa nangoko kungekho mvume. Kodwa ke, imvume kufuneka ibe yeyokuzithandela, ixelelwe, kwaye icace. Abaphathi-mikhosi bangacebisa ngokulula umkrokrele okanye ubungqina bokuba bayabhalwa, kwaye intsebenziswano eqhubekayo ingenza imvume ecacileyo. Iinkundla zivavanya ukugqibeka kweemeko ukufumanisa ukuba umntu onolwazelelelo uziva ekhululekile ukuba angalandula na. Abaphathi-xwebhu bangavuma xa kunokwenzeka ukuba baphephe imisebenzi yokunyanzela.

Enye indlela ecacileyo: Iikhamera zomzimba zisoloko zibekwe ukuba zibhalwe ngexesha lotshintsho, kodwa ukuvuselelwa ngokukhethayo kungaphakamisa imiba. Ukuba igosa lijika ngabom ikhamera yomzimba phambi kokungena kwindawo yabucala ukuze liphephe imfuneko efunekayo, loo nto ingathathwa njengengavumelekanga. Amanye amasebe anemigaqo efuna iikhamera ezihlala kuyo ngexesha lawo onke amavandla anxulumene nomthetho, ngaphandle kokuba kukho isizathu esithile esiyimfihlo sokuvala.

Iimfuno Zokulwa Ngevidiyo

Ukhangelo lwevidiyo, ingakumbi xa iqhutywa ngeekhamera ezisigxina okanye izixhobo ezigqumayo, idla ngokuthatha uMphetho wesine woMgaqo-nkqubo ngqo kuneekhamera zomzimba. Ukuzimisela kokuba isiqinisekiso sifuneka na kwiimeko ezimbini: indawo yokhangelo kunye nendlela esebenza ngayo ikhamera. Ikhamera ye-Overt kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke . Ezifana neekona zesitrato, iipaki, okanye izakhiwo zikarhulumente zifuna isiqinisekiso kuba abantu abanathemba lokuba abantu banokuba banokuba bakwindawo yobuqu. Kodwa ke, ukugada, ukuhlola ixesha elide, okanye ukuthatha iikhamera ezithatha umsebenzi ezizantsibani zabucala zifuna isiqinisekiso.

Isandi esingaphezulu

Iikhamera ezigqunyiweyo, ezifihliweyo kwimbonakalo kwaye ezisetyenziswa ukuqwalasela imisebenzi kwimpahla yabucala, phantse zisoloko zifuna isiqinisekiso esixhaswe yisizathu esinokwenzeka. United States v. Cuevas-Sanchez (1987), iNjingalwazi yesihlanu ibambelele kwelokuba ukufakwa kukarhulumente kwekhamera efihliweyo kwindawo yokuhlala yabucala kufakwe “ephendla” phantsi kweMfumezo wesi-C5, ngaloo ndlela ifuna isiqinisekiso. Ngokufanayo, ukusetyenziswa kwepalmma ebhaliweyo isakhiwo esingasemva okanye indawo yabucala kungathathwa njengokukhangela ukuba ukhangelo luyaqhubeka kwaye luphazamisa umntu.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iikhamera ezingaphezulu ezibonakala ngokucacileyo kwaye zibhale kuphela oko umntu anokukubona kwindawo kawonke-wonke ngokuqhelekileyo kuvumelekile ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Umzekelo, ikhamera exhonywe kwisibonda esikhanyisayo esibhalwe ecaleni esibonisa ukuba indlela ayingqubani noMphetho-mda wesine. Umbuzo ongundoqo kukuba ubuchule bokuhlola bubonisa ukuba ulwazi olungenakufumaneka ngokuqwalasela okusemthethweni kwindawo kawonke-wonke.

Imfundiso nezobugcisa zesithathu

Imfundiso yesithathu ithetha ukuba abantu abanalo ulindelo olusengqiqweni lobucala kulwazi olwabelwe abanye ngokuzithandela. Le mfundiso iye yasetyenziselwa ukuthatha ividiyo ebhalwe ziikhamera zokhuseleko zabucala ezifunyenwe kamva ngomthetho ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Umzekelo, ukuba ikhamera yommelwane ithatha ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho, amapolisa anokufumana loo nyawo ngaphandle kwemvume kuba ummelwane ungumcuphi okhululekileyo ekuguquleni irekhodi. Noko ke, ukuba urhulumente usebenzisa ikhamera yommelwane njengesixhobo sakhe sokuhlola i-ekhothabo ngokuqhubekayo okanye ngokucela ukuba afake i-songenoSoftware eqhubekayo okanye ngokufaka ezinye izixhobo zekhompyutha ezisetyenziswayo, ngokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zevidiyo ezithe krafikisiweyo, ngokusetyenziswa kwezinye izixhobo zekhompyutha, ngokubonelela phambili kunyakathotho lwezolwazi. Inkundla yezokusebenza kwezenzululwazi. [FLD.0] Centreeter v.[5]

Abahlukileyo Kwimfuneko Engummangaliso

Kwanaxa ukhangelo lufuna isiqinisekiso, iindidi eziliqela ezimiselwe kakuhle zivumela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kuqhubeke ngaphandle komnye. Ezi zimvo zicacile kwaye kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngocoselelo ukuphepha ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko.

Iimeko Ezimandundu

Iimeko ezichaphazelekayo zivumela ukuba uphando olungenasiqinisekiso xa kukho imfuneko ekhawulezileyo yokukhusela ingozi, ukuphepha, okanye ukutshatyalaliswa kobungqina. Umzekelo, ukuba umphathi ubona ukrokrelo lubalekela kwisakhiwo, ukusebenzisa ikhamera yomzimba ukurekhoda ukusukela nokungena okulandelayo kusenokusemthethweni ngaphandle kwemvume. Ngokufanayo, ukuba abaphendula ngexesha likaxakeka babizwa kungxamiseko ngaphakathi ekhaya, nayiphi na ividiyo ebanjwe yikhamera yesiqu ngexesha lokuhlangula isoloko ingenakusetyenziswa. Kodwa, ukuchasana nokungeniswa koncedo akukuthetheleli oko kujongiweyo emva kokuba kuphelile.

Umququzeleli

Njengoko kuphawulwe ngaphambili, imvume ingayiphelisa imfuneko yesiqinisekiso. Ukuvuma kungachazwa (ibhalbha okanye ibhalwe) okanye kuboniswe ngehambo. Kumongo wokhangelo lwevidiyo, umnini-mpahla angavumela amapolisa ukuba afake ikhamera kwimpahla yawo. Okanye, umkrokreli ovumayo ukuthetha namagosa kwisithuthi samapolisa esinemvume epheleleyo yokuba ikhamera ibhalwe phantsi. I-CPF kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba imvume ayinyanzelwanga nokuba umgangatho wemvume uqondwe ngokucacileyo.

Imbono Ecacileyo

Imfundiso ecacileyo ivumela abaphathi ukuba bafumane ubungqina ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ukuba bubonakala ngoko nangoko njengobugqwetha kwaye umphathi ukho ngokusemthethweni. Le mfundiso isebenza ekujongweni kwevidiyo kwakhona: ukuba ikhamera ibamba umsebenzi ongekho mthethweni kwimboniselo ecacileyo . Ngokufana neziyobisi ezenzeka kwisitrato sikawonke-wonke. Intambo isenokungasetyenziswa nangaphandle kwemvume. Noko, ukuba ikhamera isetyenziswa ukwandisa iindawo ezingabonwanga ngokucacileyo ngokwendawo elula, kungafuneka isiqinisekiso.

Imithetho ekhethekileyo kaRhulumente kunye neengcaciso zogwebo

Ngeli xesha uHlaziyo lwesi-C5 lunika isiseko somthetho, amarhulumente ngamanye aye amisela imimiselo eyongezelelekileyo enyanzelisa iimfuno ezifanelekileyo zekhamera yesiqu kunye nokujongwa kwevidiyo. Ngokomzekelo, amaphondo amaninzi afuna ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho kufumane imvume phambi kokuba kusebenze iikhamera zesiqu ngaphakathi kwindlu yabucala, nokuba umphathi ukho ngokusemthethweni. Amanye anemithetho “eyintsebenziswano ezimbini” yokushicilela isandi, echaphazela ukuthatha ikhamera ebamba incoko. Kumazwe anjengoIllinoisnois, i-Eavedming Act ifuna imvume yawo onke amaqela ekubhaleni iingxoxo zabucala, nangona utshintsho lwakutshanje luba lubambile ngaphandle komthetho wokuqinisekisa.

Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zelizwe zikwanendima ekwanokutolika ukhuseleko lwemfihlo phantsi komgaqo-siseko karhulumente. Amanye amaphondo, anjengeWashington neMassachusetts, aye achaza umgaqo-siseko wamazwe wawo ukulungiselela ukhuseleko olungaphezulu lwemfihlo kunoMmiselo-Mgaqo-nkqubo wesine. Amagosa omthetho amele aziqaphele iimfuno zorhulumente nowamagunya ukuze aphephe ukuba netyala kwabemi kunye nocinezelo olucacileyo.

Iziphazamiso Zokunyanzelwa Komthetho Namalungelo Ayimfihlo

Unxulumano phakathi kweemfuno zogunyazo kunye nobugcisa bokuhlola luneziphumo ezinzulu zomsebenzi wamapolisa kunye nenkululeko yabemi. Kumthetho onyanzelekileyo, ukuyiqonda le mithetho kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubungqina obuqokelelwe ngeekhamera zomzimba kunye nokuhlola ividiyo bunokusetyenziswa enkundleni. Ukusilela ukufumana isiqinisekiso xa kufuneka kungaphumela ekucinezelweni kobungqina obuchaphazelekayo kwaye kusenokukhokelela ekumangalelweni ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko.

Ubungqina Obungachananga

Iinkundla zisebenzisa umthetho wokuzikhulula ukuze zicinezele ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokuchasene noMphetho-mvandedwa wesine. Oku kuthetha ukuba nayiphi na ikhamera okanye isantya soonophelo lwevidiyo esibanjiwe ngaphandle kogunyaziso xa omnye efunwayo uza kungabikho ekuvavanyeni. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba ukujonga kwasekuqaleni bekungekho mthethweni, nabuphi na ubungqina obuthatyathwe kuloo nyawo (njengobungqina okanye ubungqina obusemzimbeni obubekwe njengesiphumo) bungakhutshwa phantsi “kwesiqhamo somthi onetyhefu". Ngoko amagosa onyanzelela umthetho kufuneka aqeqeshe kwiimeko ezichaphazekileyo.

Ukuthenjwa Kubantu Bonke Nokuziphendulela

Ukufumana imvume efanelekileyo yokuhlola kungakhuthaza ukuthembana kwabantu. Xa abemi bebona ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kuhlonela ukuzimela kwabantu kwaye kulandela iinkqubo ezisemthethweni, basengozini yokusebenzisana nokujonga isebe njengelifanelekileyo. Ngokuchaseneyo, izihlandlo zokuhlola okungaqinisekiyo kamva kusenokuphelisa ukuthembana kunye nokuvuleka kwentlantsi. Ukusetyenziswa kweekhamera zomzimba kuye kwakhuthazwa njengesixhobo sokubonisa ukukhanya, kodwa oko kuncedakala ukuba ukurekhomba kwenziwa ngokwaphula amalungelo ayimfihlo.

Izenzo ezilunge kakhulu zoMthetho onyanzeliswayo

Ukuze kusetyenziswe umgaqo-nkqubo ontsonkothileyo, abameli basemthethweni bafanele bamkele iinkqubo ezinamandla ezithetha ezi mimandla ilandelayo:

  • [[NTL:0] Ukuqeqesha amathemba ayimfihlo: amagosa kufuneka aqeqeshwe ukuqaphela iimeko apho umntu elindele ukuba yedwa ngokufanelekileyo (ecaleni kwekhaya, kwigumbi lesibhedlele, okanye ngexesha lencoko eyimfihlo) kwaye ayalelwe ukufumana imvume okanye imvume phambi kokushicilela kwezo meko.
  • Esezantsi i Procediress ze Kamera zomzimba: i-Policies kufuneka ichaze xa iikhamera kufuneka zivulwe, xa zinokuvalwa ngenxa yezizathu zobucala (umz., ukuthetha nexhoba lempatho yesini), nendlela yokubhala.
  • [[NTL:0] Imithetho yokuziphatha elungileyo yeSigxina soMkhosi oPhakamileyo: Phambi kokuba ufake ikhamera egqumayo okanye umqhubi wexesha elide wevidiyo yokuhlola izinto zabucala, isiqinisekiso kufuneka sifunyanwe ngaphandle kokuba umahluko uyasebenza. Iinkonzo kufuneka zifune ukhokelo olusemthethweni xa zilungiselela ubugcisa obutsha bokuhlola.
  • [[NTLA: 0] Ukungangeni komthetho kunye nokufumana i-Pixel Policies: Kwanokuba ividiyo ifunyenwe ngokusemthethweni ngaphandle kwemvume, ukufumaneka nokusetyenziswa kusenokunyusa inkxalabo zabucala ezilandelayo. Ukulinganisela ukufikelela kwintambo kwaye kuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwiinjongo ezisemthethweni zokuthobela umthetho kunganciphisa ulwamkelo kwityala.
  • [[Uphicotho-zincwadi oluthe rhoqo kunye nolawulo: uhlolo lwangaphakathi lwekhamera yomzimba kunye nokusetyenziswa kophando lwenyawo lunganceda ukuchaza okokuba kungaphulwa kwaye kuqinisekise ukuthobelana nemfuno yegunya.

Ngokuzibhokoxa zisenza ezi zinto zilungileyo, abameli banokunciphisa iingozi ezingokwasemthethweni ngoxa bebalaselisa iingenelo zobugcisa bokuhlola.

Isiphelo

Iimfuno eziqinileyo zokusetyenziswa kwekhamera yesiqu senqanawa kunye nokujongwa kweevidiyo zisekelwe ekukhuseleni okungekho mthethweni koMphetho-mvandeni wesi-45. Ngoxa ubugcisa butshintsha, umgaqo ongundoqo uhleli: ukugcinwa komthetho kufuneka uhlonele ukulindela komntu okufanelekileyo kobumfihlo. Iikhamera zomzimba ezikwizithuba zikawonke-wonke azifuni siqinisekiso, kodwa inkathalo ekhethekileyo iyafuneka xa kushicilelwe iirekhodi okanye xa kusetyenziswa intsebenziswano eyimfihlo. Ukuhlola ividiyo, ngokukodwa ukugqunywa okanye ukujongwa okuqhubekayo, kudla ngokuyimfuneko ukuba umntu afumane isiqinisekiso, ngokokuba ngokomthetho, ngokokuba kukho imigaqo engakumbi echazwe kakuhle. Imithetho yorhulumente isenokudibanisa imiquluko engakumbi yokukhusela, ukuqeqesha okucacileyo nemigaqo ecacileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ukusebenzisa ezi zixhobo zinamandla kusemthethweni kusemthethweni kwaye kwamkele ekuqhubekeni, njengoko ukufundiswa kolwazi olusemthethweni lwezinziwonga lwezigwebo.

Ukuphinda ufunde kwisiseko somthetho esixutyushwayo, qwalasela ukuqwalasela isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo nj. United States, ifuthe le e-Karpate v. United States[[FLT]] kwimfihlo yamanani, kunye neSebe leJaji lezeSihlalo [FLT:]] inika ulwaneliseko lwendlela yecamera [.