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Ukuqonda Umhlaba Osemthethweni Wogcino - lwazi Olufumaneka Kule Ntetho
Uphando lwamanani luye lwaba sisiseko somthetho wanamhlanje, kodwa isiseko somthetho esilawula indlela abameli abafumana ngayo i-data kwi-intanethi sihlala sinzima kwaye sityhila ngokukhawuleza. Isiqinisekiso, sizathu, kunye nolindelo olusengqiqweni lwemfundiso yemfihlo zonke ezidibeneyo ngendlela ehluke ngokuphawulekayo kuxhomekeka ekubeni i-data inguwonke-wonke, i-odola yezomthetho, abaphathi, nabafundi bezobugcisa, ukuqonda le mida ibalulekile ekuphandeni ngokusemthethweni nasekukhuseleni amalungelo omntu ngamnye kwihlabathi elinxulumeneyo.
UHlomelo lwesine loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. lunikela isikhuselo esisisiseko ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwizithuba zamanani kufuna ukuba iinkundla zitolike kwakhona imigaqo emidala ngokwemeko yobugcisa bezi mini. Umbuzo ongundoqo ngowokuba ukufikelela ekuhleni ulwazi olukhoyo kwi-intanethi kubumba "phengululo" phantsi koMphengululo wesine kwaye ukuba yiyiphi inkqubo esemthethweni emele iqalise. Ukuphendula lo mbuzo kufuna ukuvavanywa okucacileyo kwetyala, imigaqo yezomthetho, imigaqo yezomthetho, kunye nokungena kolwazi lwezomthetho kwimicimbi yolwazi kusini nakunyaka wezo manani.
Yintoni Efumaneka Kulwazi Olukunxibelelwano?
Ugcino-lwazi olufikelelekayo lwe-intanethi luquka naluphi na ulwazi lwamanani olunokubonwa, olufikelelweyo, okanye olufunyanisiweyo ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso sokuqinisekisa, iintambo ezihlawulwayo, okanye ezinye iindlela zokufikelela. Oku kuquka okuqulethweyo kubekwe kwiinkcazelo zezentlalo-ntle yonxibelelwano, iingxoxo ze-menu, i-forum ezibonisa iziphumo ze-enjini zokuphengulula, ii-database zikarhulumente ezikhoyo, kunye nolwazi oluqukiweyo kwii-website ezingafuni kubhaliswa. Noko ke, igama elithi "Ukufumaneka kuwonke-wonke" lungakhohlisa. Umxholo obonakalayo kumntu ononxibelelwano lwe-intanethi usanokukwazi ukuthwala izikhuseli zemfihlelo ezizimeleyo ngokuxhomekeke kumo zolwazi ezikhoyo kunye nolundelo olufanelekileyo lomntu olufanelekileyo oluzifake kuyo.
Umahluko obalulekileyo ukho phakathi kweendidi ezahlukeneyo zolwazi olukhoyo. Ulwazi lomntu ngamnye osasaza ngabom ehlabathini ngokuzenzekelayo okanye amagqabaza kwiphepha likawonke-wonke iFacebook kwiphepha(ocrates) ukwakhiwa komthetho okwahlukileyo kunogcino-lwazi olufunyenweyo ngobuchule bokuphengulula obuphambili, ugcino-lwazi, okanye umsebenzi wobugcisa. Ngokufanayo, ulwazi olufikeleleka ekuhleni kodwa lwabelana nabaphulaphuli abalinganiselweyo, olunjengolwahlulo kwibala elivaliyo elisenolwazi nge-injini ekhangela, lufinyeza umgca phakathi koluntu kunye nomntu ozimeleyo. Iinkundla ziqaphele ukuba ufikelelo lobugcisa alusoloko lulingana nofikelelo olusemthethweni lweenjongo zophando ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo.
Uhlaziyo Lwesine Nolindelo Olusengqiqweni Lokuvavanywa Kwabantu Bedwa
Uhlaziyo lwangoku loMphengululo wesi-4 lwemivo lusekelwe kuvavanyo olusengqiqweni lokuhlola imfihlo olumiselwe ku- Katz v. United States' (1967). Phantsi kwesi sakhiwo, uphengululo luyenzeka xa urhulumente egqolozela indawo apho umntu elindele imfihlo elulayo apho ibutho labantu likulungeleyo ukuyiqonda njengesengqiqweni. Kukho isicelo esilula ekuhlaleni: xa ulwazi ludibene nomntu ngamnye kwi-intanethi, umntu akanakugcina ukulindela okungasayi kujongwa ngumthetho. Uluntu lungenakubona ukulindela oko xa ulwazi lunokufumaneka ngabom.
Noko ke, iinguqu xa kufunyanwa izijungqu ezininzi zogcino-lwazi olukhoyo ekuhleni zingatyhila iinkcukacha ezinzulu ngobomi bomntu, unxulumano, kunye nemisebenzi yakhe. Le ngcamango yemongitha, efumene igalelo kwezinye iinkundla zelizwe, icebisa ukuba yonke into efunyenweyo kwiimeko ezininzi zogcino-lwazi lukawonke-wonke ingagqitha umlinganiselo weenxalenye zayo, ukuxhobisa ukhuseleko lweSihlalo sesine esikhoyo naxa amaqhekezalwahlulo e-omntu ngamnye ephakathi kwabantu. Le ngcamango iye yasetyenziswa kwithuba elide lokulandelela noqokelelo oluninzi lwe-GPS lwemillimettes, kwaye inxulumene ngokuqhubekayo nokuxilonga, ukuxilonga, nokuhlalutya okuthe kakhulu kwe-propesenti ezikhoyo.
Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ICarpeent v. United States (208) imela ixesha elichithweyo lokuzimela ngokwamanani. Ngeli xesha, iNkundla yathi ukufunyanwa kwengxelo yembali yeseli-yokwesithathu yesifundo senkqubo yeNtlanganiso kwabangela ukuphengululwa kweSine soLawulo olufuna isiqinisekiso, nangona ezo ngxelo zabanjwe liqela lesithathu. Inkundla yaqonda ngokucacileyo ukuba ugcino-lwazi lweziqumrhu lungatyhila ulwazi lobuqu olunzulu ngobomi bomntu ngamnye, kwaye yala isala isicelo esiqinileyo senkqubo yesithathu-partry-stiki xa ubugcisa busenza kufutshane nolawulo olugqibeleleyo. Ngelixesha eliqhelekileyo [[FLT.FLD] ithetha nge-selmeter-opt, iqwalasela ii-data zayo ezincinane, iqwalasela iimfanelo zokufikelela kwiinkundla ze-data ezithenjiweyo, ingakumbi xa kuqokelelwe ulwazi oluthelwe ulwazi.
Imigaqo Elawulayo Yasemthethweni Nophando Logcino-lwazi Olukwi - Internet
Imigaqo emininzi engundoqo engomthetho ilawula indlela yokusebenza komthetho ofumaneka ngayo kwi-intanethi, kwaye nganye isebenzisana nezifunekayo ze-octive ngendlela ecacileyo. Imfundiso yesithathu yecandelo, ethathwe kwi-United States v. Miller[FLT] [77] kunye Smith] v. Maryland[ [7979]), ibamba ukuba abantu balahlekelwe lithemba elifanelekileyo lemfihlo kulwazi abazityhila ngokuzithandela kwiqela lesithathu. Phantsi kolu hlobo oluthile lwenkonzo ye-intanethi, ugcino-lwazi olunolwazi lwezentlalo-ntle, kunye nezinye iziteshina ze-intanethi zonxibelelwano zinokukhunjululwa ngaphandle kogunyaziso oluneyo olusuka kwiqela lesithathu. [FLT][FFF][5]
UMthetho we-Cread Communications Act (SCA), inxalenye yoMthetho we-Electronic Communications ass access ka-1986, imisela ukhuseleko lwezomthetho lwezonxibelelwano lwe-elektroniki kunye nogcino-lwazi olugciniweyo. I-SCA yenza inkqubo equlathelweyo yokhuseleko: ugcino-lwazi olufumaneka ekuhleni lungafunyanwa ngaphandle kwayo nayiphi na inkqubo esemthethweni; ugcino-lwazi olugcinwe ngumgcini-nkonzo iintsuku ezingaphezu kwe-180 lungafuna i-painpoena engaphantsi kwe-iie-injini; kwaye okuqulathwethwayo kokunxibelelana kwe-data okungavulwanga kwi-elektroniki-mali. Le siseko sifumana i-intanethi yangoku kwaye sigxekwahlulwa njengoxandulo oludala, kodwa siyaqhubeka silawula inkqubo yomthetho ephuma kwiinkampani zezobugcisa.
Iimfuno Ezisisiso Kugcino-lwazi Olukwi - Internet: Ukuwohloka Okuziinkcukacha
Imfundiso Yogcino - lwazi Lwasesidlangalaleni
Phantsi kwemfundiso yogcino-lwazi lukawonke-wonke, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kungaqwalasela, kubonelelwe, kuqokelelwe naluphi na ulwazi olufumaneka ngokukhululekileyo kwi-intanethi ngaphandle kwemfuneko yesiqinisekiso, i-toppoena, okanye umyalelo wenkundla. Le mfundiso ifumana inkxaso kwimbono ecacileyo ecacileyo kwi-imfundiso Coolidge v. New Hampshire[FLT] [1971], evumela abaphathi ukuba bafumane ubungqina obucacileyo ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ukuba bakhona ngokusemthethweni kwindawo. Ukuba "imvume ikho" kuthetha ukufikelela kwimijelo kawonke-wonke apho ilungu loluntu linokufikelela khona. Igosavel-wonke amalungu anokufumana uluntu okanye ukufunda i-mendo e-octivesting kwingqiqo ye-Genethi.
Noko ke, imfundiso yogcino-lwazi lukawonke-wonke inemida. Ukuba abanyanzeli bomthetho basebenzisa ukukhohlisa, ukusetyenziswa kobuchule, okanye basebenzise izixhobo ezingafumanekiyo kuwonke-wonke ukufikelela kugcino-lwazi, uhlaziyo, utshintsho. Umzekelo, ukwenza ingxelo yenkohliso ye-media yezentlalo ukudibanisa ixhoba kunye nokufikelela kobuqu okanye ukusebenzisa isixhobo sokuvala i-password ukuvala ulawulo olusisiseko ngokuqinisekileyo kuyafuna isiqinisekiso. Umahluko ongundoqo kukuba ugcino-lwazi lungolokwenene noluntu ngokubanzi, ithetha ukuba nawuphi na umntu ononxibelelwano oluqhelekileyo lwe-intanethi angalujonga ngokukhululekile, okanye ukuba ugcino-lwazi lufikeleleka ngokuzenzekelayo ngendlela ezithile ezingaqhelekanga ezingafumaneki kubantu ngokubanzi.
Xa Kufuneka Imali Eninzi
Isiqinisekiso esixhaswe yisizathu esinokwenzeka siyafuneka xa abanyanzelisi bomthetho befuna unikezelo lwe data yengingqi engafumanekiyo. Oku kuquka okuqulethwe yimiyalezo yabucala, imiyalezo engqalileyo, ii-ofisi zezentlalo-ntle ezithintelweyo, ii-website ezikhuselweyo ze-password, ii-akhawunti zamafu, ii-imeyile ezifakwa kwibhokisi, kunye nayo nayiphi na i data efuna ukuqinisekiswa okanye ezinye izilawuli zonikezelo. Imeko elindelekileyo ifuna ukuboniswa kwezibakalathisi ezaneleyo ukukhokela umntu onengqondo ukukholelwa ukuba ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho buza kufunyanwa kwindawo apho bukhangelwa, apho kwiimeko zamanani zithetha ityala, isixhobo, okanye indawo yokugcina ulwazi echazwe kwisicelo sesiqinisekiso sesiqinisekiso solwazi.
Ukuvunywa kwenkcazelo yamanani kufuneka kuvumelane nemfuneko ekhethekileyo yoHlaziyo lwesi-5, efuna ukuba isiqinisekiso sichaze ngokuchanekileyo izinto ezimele zibanjiswe. Oku kuyimfuneko ngokukhethekileyo kugcino-lwazi lwamanani kuba isiqinisekiso esibanzi esingalileliyo inani lengqokelela yogcino-lwazi singagunyazisa uphengululo olubanzi lolwazi lobuqu. Iinkundla ziye zafuna imfuneko engakumbi yokuphengulula imigaqo-nkqubo yobugcisa, iintsontela ezingundoqo, okanye ezinye iindlela zokunqanda urhulumente ekungeneni kuhambo lokuloba ngamanani. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka siphawule ityala elikhethekileyo, imigabani ekhethekileyo yogcino-lwazi olufunwayo, kunye nesakhelo sexesha lokuphanda, lonke ixesha lokubonisa oko kuceliwe kwedata kunokwenzeka ukuqula ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho.
Uphando lwe-Digital
Isigqibo esigxininisa ukuba ugcino-lwazi lwendawo yeseli lunika "ifestile edityanisiweyo kubomi bomntu, ityhila hayi kuphela intsebenziswano zakhe zamanani ngokuqonda ukuba imfundiso yesithathu ayinakusebenza ngokuzenzekelayo kuzo zonke iindidi zogcino-lwazi ezibambelwe ziinkampani zobugcisa. Le nkundla igxininisa ukuba ugcino-lwazi lwendawo yeseli lunika iprojekthi "edibanise ubomi bomntu, ityhila kungekuphela kwemibutho yakhe ethile, kodwa ngazo ezikhoyo, ezopolitiko, ezobugcisa, ezobugcisa, ezobugcisa, kunye nezinxulumani ezingokwamathene ngokweenjongo zobuntu ezibonisa ezinye iintlobo ezininzi zolwazi ezibonisa indlela yokuziphatha, kuquka iiprojekthi ze-meta, ii-data, ii-amaqulues, ii-webs protocols, kunye neziququ ezidiweyo zikawonke-o-omati.
Iinkundla ezisezantsi zifake kwi Isalathisi esitsha ukucela imfuneko yokufikelela kugcino-lwazi lwezentlalo-ntle, ingakumbi xa urhulumente efuna ugcino-lwazi lwembali oluza kutyhila imisebenzi yomntu ngamnye kwi-intanethi kunye namaqumrhu akwixesha elide. UMthetho wesiGqeba sesine, njengoko abanye abaphengululi bebiza le siseko senkqubo ekhoyo, bachaza ulwazi lwamanani olungeyonto njengengqokelela yolwazi olwahlukeneyo kodwa njengengxelo ecacileyo nebonisa ngokunzulu yobomi bomntu. Phantsi kwesi siseko, imfuneko yesiqinisekiso singasebenza naxa iidikshinano ze data zifumaneka ekuhleni, ukuba i-aggetraplur ityhila ngaphezu koko umntu atyhile ngokuzithandela.
Ezikhethekileyo Nezingqalanisi Ezikhethekileyo
Iimeko Ezimandundu
Umthetho onyanzelisayo ungafumana ugcino-lwazi lwe-intanethi ngaphandle kwemvume kwiimeko apho iimeko ezichaphazelekayo zikhona kwaye zifumana isiqinisekiso zingekho. Imizekelo iquka ukuthintela ukutshatyalaliswa okukhawulezileyo kobungqina, ukukhusela umntu kwingozi ekhawulezileyo, okanye ukusukela umkrokreli ongabalekiyo. Kumanani, iimeko ezibonisa ukuba kusoloko zivela xa kukho inkolelo esengqiqweni yokuba ukrokrelelweyo uza kubucima okanye abulungise ubungqina bemivo phambi kokuba imvume ifumaneke. Iinkundla zihlolisisa intelekiso ngocoselelo, zifuna urhulumente ukubonisa ukuba iimeko ezifanelekileyo zigqithe kwimfuneko efunekayo kwaye umlinganiselo wokufuna isiqinisekiso sokungabikho kogunyaziso umele ukuba ufikelele kuxakeka.
Umququzeleli
Ukuvuma sisinye isiseko sophendlo olungagunyaziswanga, ukuba imvume inikwa ngokuzithandela, ngobukrelekrele, kunye nomntu onegunya phezu kogcino-lwazi okanye isixhobo. Kumongo we-intanethi, imvume inganikwa ngumgcini-ngxelo, umgcini-tyala, okanye umxhasi wesithathu wenkonzo kwiimeko ezithile ezilinganiselweyo. Noko ke, umlinganiselo wemvume unzima: ukuphendla inxalenye ethile yengxelo ayinweli kwezinye iinxenye, kwaye imvume efunyenwe ngenkohliso ayilunganga. Abameli bomthetho baye bajongana nophando olusemthethweni ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokukhohlisa ukuze bafumane imvume, njengomhlobo okanye umnikezeli wenkonzo ekwazi ukufikelela ulwazi lwangasese.
Imbono Ecacileyo Ngemibandela Yamanani
Imbono ecacileyo ivumela abaphathi ukuba bafumane ubungqina ngaphandle kogunyaziso xa bekwindawo esemthethweni ukububona kunye nobume obubodwa bobungqina bubonakala ngokukhawuleza. Kummandla wamanani, le mfundiso isebenza xa umphathi ebona ngokusemthethweni ugcino-lwazi olufikelelekayo kwaye ebona ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho. Umzekelo, umphathi-mthetho ojonge ijelo-lwazi loluntu uthe wafumana iposi ecacileyo echaza ngokucacileyo umsebenzi ongekho mthethweni angasebenzisa loo nkcazelo ukuxhasa isicelo esifanelekileyo okanye, kwezinye iimeko, ukwenza isenzo esikhawulezileyo. Noko ke, imfundiso ayigunyazisi abaphathi ukuba bakhangele ubungqina obungaphaya koko kubonakalayo, kwaye ayinakusetyenziswa ukuthethelela uphatho lweencwadi zikawonke wonke ngaphandle kokuzingonanziswa konxibelelwano olusemthethweni ngaphandle kwenjongo ye-Expluexpluex.
Iileta zokhuseleko lwesizwe kunye neeNtloko zoLawulo
National Security Letters (NSLS) ezikhutshwe yiFBI zingafuna iinkampani ezithile zobugcisa ukuze zivelise iindidi ezithile zogcino-lwazi ngaphandle kogunyaziso, kuquka ulwazi lomrhumo, iirekhodi zentengiselwano, kunye neminye imida yemetadata. Ii-NSL zigunyaziswe phantsi komthetho we-Electronic Communications Communings Ancy Act kunye neminye imimiselo, kwaye zize namalungiselelo angadibanisekiyo athintela abaphula-lwazi ukuba bangasikhuseli isicelo. Nangona ii-NSLS azinakusetyenziswa ukufumana iziqulatho zonxibelelwano, zimele ukwahluka okubalulekileyo kwimfuneko yokhuseleko lwesizwe ekuphengululweni kokhuseleko. Ngokufanayo, ii-Cemanas ezikhutshwe ngamaziko amaziko karhulumente anyanze ukwenziwa kogcino-data kwi-egosaventi yolawulo nakuphelo, nangona zingeyo nje zimele zingasebenzi kumbandela ongangenisekungalwazi olukuthethwayo kwimeko oluninzi.
Ucelomngeni lobuKhangeli kunye noNxulumaniso loMda oluKhethekileyo
Ugcino-lwazi lwamanani aluyihloneli imida yendawo, nokuphengululwa komthetho we-intanethi kusoloko kubandakanya imibuzo elawulayo. Xa igosa kwelinye ilizwe lifikelela kwiwebhsayithi kawonke-wonke ekwi-seva kwelinye ilizwe okanye kwelinye ilizwe, ukuphengululwa kusenokuthotyelwa kwimithetho yemithetho yemithetho emininzi. ISebe lezobulungisa likhuphe ukhokelo phantsi kwekhompyutha yeCrime kunye neSibonelelo seMali (CIPS) ukuphendula le miba, kodwa umthetho uhlala ungena kwimimandla emininzi. Uphengululo lomda, oluvumela amasiko kunye nabaphathi bomda ukuba bakhangele amaziko ombane kumazibuko e-elektroniki ngaphandle kogunya, luye lwadluliselwa ekuphengululeni izixhobo zekhompyutha kunye neengxelo ze-intanethi ezifumaneka emdeni, ukukhutshwa kobungakanani obuninzi malunga nobungakanani bolu hlobo oluphakathi kolu nyaka lwamanani.
UMthetho weCLOUD ka-2018 wazama ukusombulula ezinye iimfuno zogunyaziso kunye nemithetho yogcino-lwazi yamanye amazwe ngokudala isiseko sonikezelo logcino-lwazi olunqamlezileyo lomda we-data. Phantsi koMthetho we-CLOUD, umthetho wase-U.S. uyakwazi ukufumana isiqinisekiso sogcino-lwazi lwe-elektroniki olugcinwe kwelinye ilizwe ukuba umnikezeli wenkonzo uphantsi kolawulo lwe-U.S. kwaye umthetho uvumela oorhulumente bangaphandle ukuba bangene kwizivumelwano zegunya le-ofisi ne-United States ukuze bafumane unikezelo olufanayo. Le siseko siye saphikisana, nabaxhasi bomthetho-mgaqo-mthetho-mgaqo-mvume wokukhupha imfuneko yokuLamkelo lwesine lokuLamla ngokuvumela oorhulumente bangaphandle ukuba bacele ugcino-lwazi olufuna isiqinisekiso phantsi komthetho we-U.S.
Ukunyanzeliswa Komthetho, Amagcisa, Nabenzi Bomthetho
Kumaziko agunyazisa umthetho, iimfuno ezisemthethweni zokuphengulula ulwazi olufikelelekayo olufumaneka ekuhleni lwe-intanethi olufuna uqeqesho oluqhubekayo kunye nemithetho ecacileyo yokusebenza. Amagosa kufuneka akwazi ukwahlula phakathi kogcino-lwazi loluntu lokwenene olunokufunyanwa ngaphandle kwenkqubela-nkqubo kunye nogcino-lwazi oluzimeleyo olufuna imvume. Iinkqubo ze-arhente kufuneka zichaze ukusetyenziswa kwee-akhawunti ezingaphantsi komthetho, izixhobo ezilahlwa yi-onkcitho, kunye nobuchule bokufumana ulwazi, ukuqaphela ukuba iinkundla zinokusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zeSine sokuHlaziselo soMguqulo lweNyaka Yesine kule misebenzi kunokuqwalasela okulula okuqulethwe nguwonke wonke. I-Accounting mayenze iinkqubo zokuyila iziseko zokukhangela okungagunyazibo, kuquka neemeko ezingekho mthethweni kunye nokuvuma, ukugcina ubungqina ngenxa yokuva okunokwenzeka.
ILUNGISELELE nabalawuli benkqubo kufuneka baqonde imida esemthethweni yokufikelela kukarhulumente kwiinkqubo abazisebenzisayo. Xa abanyanzelisi bomthetho becela ugcino-lwazi ngaphandle kwemvume, abasebenzi bolawulo kufuneka bazi enoba ukuthobelana kuyimfuneko okanye kusemthethweni okanye kugunyaziswa, kwaye kufuneka bayazi imigaqo-nkqubo yenkampani yangasese kunye neemfuno zenkonzo. Iinkampani ezininzi zobugcisa zimisele imithetho esesikweni yokuphendula izicelo zikarhulumente, kuquka ukuchaza ngokucace gcagca kunye nokwaziswa kwabasebenzisi abachaphazelekayo xa bevunyelwa ngumthetho. Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kogcino-lwazi olunokutyhilwa ngokuzithandela ngaphandle kwenkqubo kunye nogcino-lwazi olufuna isiqinisekiso sokwenza izigqibo ezisemthethweni nezinemigaqo enxulumene nokuthobela izicelo zikarhulumente.
Oogqirha abasemthethweni, kuquka amagqwetha olwaphulo-mthetho akhuselayo kunye namagqwetha okhuseleko, kufuneka bakulungele ukuvavanya ukuphanda ulwazi lwe-intanethi xa umthetho uphulule imida. Iintshukumo zokuthomalalisa kufuneka zihlole enoba urhulumente unesiqinisekiso na xa kuyimfuneko, nokuba imvume yayiyinyani ngokwaneleyo ukumisela umlinganiselo wokufuna, kwaye nokuba ngaba nayiphi na enokuthiwe ingaphandle njengemvume okanye iimeko ezichaphazelekayo yayilungile. Ukuchasa ngokuchasa ingcamango yobuchule kunye nokulindela ukuba ubuqu obufanelekileyo kugcino-data lwamanani kunika umhlaba otyebileyo onika iimpikiswano zokwakhankanya ukuba iingxelo zikawonke-wonke zisenokukhuselwa na xa zityhilwa okanye zityhila iinkcukacha ezisemfutshane zobomi bomntu.
Imfundo Nabafundi Bayazi Ukuba Bangabodwa
Kubafundi abafunda ngobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho, ubugcisa bolwazi, okanye ijelo leenkqubo zamajelo manani, imfuneko yokufumana i-data kwi-intanethi iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokufunda ii-minuta. Uqikelelo lokuba yonke into efakwe kwi-intanethi ifumaneka ngokuzenzekelayo kuye nabani na ngaphandle kweziphumo ezisemthethweni aluchananga kwaye luyingozi. Abafundi kufuneka bafunde ukuba ukuthumela okuqulethwe yi-Fom kwi-FLT, akuzinyanzeli zonke izilangazelelo zobuqu, ingakumbi xa i-indawo edityanisiweyo yabekiweyo ithelwe abaphulaphuli-lwazi okanye phantsi kweemeko ezithile. [FLT:] RGR] v [FFF: 3]
Amaziko emfundo kufuneka anike ukhokelo kubafundi malunga nolindelo lwabo lobuqu xa besebenzisa izixhobo kunye neenkqubo zesikolo. Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo kwi-New Jersey v.T.L.O. (85) kufuneka simiselwe ukuba amagosa esikolo aphengulule izinto zabafundi xa benezinto ezithethsileyo, kodwa lo mgangatho awunakukwazi ukufikelela ekufuneni ulwazi lwe-data yelifu elithe labhalwa ngumfundi, ingakumbi xa igcinwe kwiingxelo zesikolo ezifumaneka ngezixhobo zemfundo, izikhuseli zomthetho, izikomfa, kunye nezifunekayo zinokubanceda abafundi benze izigqibo ezifanelekileyo ngemisebenzi yabo kwi-intanethi kwaye baqonde amalungelo abo kwi-Accester.
Ukhokelo Olusebenzisekayo Lokukhusela Indawo Efihlakeleyo
Abantu abafuna ukukhusela ugcino-lwazi lwabo lwamanani olusemthethweni kunye nogcino-lwazi olufuna ukufikelela kwisiqinisekiso okanye eminye imiqathango. Ukusebenzisa amagama akhethekileyo kwi-akhawunti nganye ye-intanethi kunceda ukukhuselwa koMthendeleko weSine Wonikezelo obekelwe ugcino-lwazi emva kwezo qinisekiso. Ukukhetha uqinisekiso ezimbini zemeko zokongeza olunye umaleko osemthethweni kunye nokhuseleko lobugcisa, kuba ukuwuyeka ngaphandle kogunyaziso kungenza ukuphengulula okufuna isiqinisekiso. Ukuba nokwazi ukubhaqa malunga noko kubekwe kusekwe eluntwini nokuqonda imimiselo yemfihlo ye-luntluntlukwano yezentlalo luncedo kunceda ukulawula ufikelelo olusemthethweni lolwazi lobuqu.
Xa besebenzisana nomthetho onyanzelisayo, abantu kufuneka bakhumbule ukuba ukuvuma ukuphendla ii-akhawunti ze-intanethi akufuneki kwaye kungavunywa. Ukuba igosa licela ukubukeza ingxelo yezentlalo-ntle, i-imeyili, okanye ukugcina amafu, libuza enoba imvume ifunyenwe okanye ayivumi na xa ingasetyenziswanga ngokusemthethweni amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Ukushicilela unxibelelwano nokungalichasi igama nenani lebheji legosa elikhoyo kunokuba bubungqina obubalulekileyo ukuba igosa eliqhubeke ngokuphendla ngaphandle kwemvume yokufuna licelw'icilwe kamva. Abasebenzi abasemthethweni bacebisa ngokunganikezeli ii-password okanye ukufikelela kwiingxelo zetyala ngaphandle kwemvume engenziwangacwangciswangacwangciswangacwangciswanga, ngenxa yokuba ukufikelela, umlinganiselo walo naluphi naluphi naluphi na uphentso olulandelayo ungakungavunyelwanga.
Kwimibutho ephatha ugcino-lwazi olunovelwano, ezalisekisa iinkqubo zokwahlula ugcino-lwazi phakathi koluntu, lwangaphakathi, oluyimfihlo, noluthintelweyo lunganika isiseko sokusabela kwizicelo zikarhulumente. Xa uqikelelo lomthetho lucela ugcino-lwazi lokuba umbutho ulumise njengemfihlo okanye oluthintelweyo, intlangano kufuneka ifune isiqinisekiso, i-athopoena, okanye enye inkqubo esemthethweni esemthethweni phambi kokuba ikhuphe ifayile. Ukuba nenkqubo ebhaliweyo kunye nabasebenzi abaqeqeqeshiweyo ukusingatha ezi zicelo kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuphendulwa okuzinziwa ngokuzinzileyo nokusemthethweni nokukhusela umbutho ekubekeni kwetyala loluntu lokufumana i-data yomsebenzisi.