Ukwazisa: Ukulungelelanisa Ingqibelelo Yophangelo Namalungelo Abasebenzi

Ubusela basemsebenzini kunye nokuziphatha okubi kwabasebenzi kungayisongela isiseko esisezantsi sentlangano, ukuphelisa ukuthembana, kwaye kubangele amatyala asemthethweni. Xa abaqeshi okanye abanyanzeli bomthetho beqalisa uphando, kufuneka basebenzise uludwe oluntsonkothileyo lwemfuno engokwasemthethweni--nemfuneko esemthethweni phakathi kwabo. Ukuqonda kanye xa kufuneka imvume, indlela yokufumana enye, kwaye oko kungahambi kakuhle kujongwa nabani na ophandayo, okanye umkhokeli-mthetho. Eli nqaku linikela isikhokelo esibanzi, sokwenza uphando olusemthethweni ukuqinisekisa iimfuno zemali emsebenzini nokuphanda okungekho mthethweni, ukuvala isiseko esisemthethweni, ubungqina bobucala, uqikelelo, imvume, kunye neziphumo ezinzulu zokungabikho kwe-ekholie-R.

Ukuqonda Isiseko Sasemthethweni Sabo Baza Kulwa

UHlomelo lwesine loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. lukhusela abantu ekuphandeni nasekuxhuzuleni okungekho ngqiqweni. Ngoxa utshintsho lusebenza ngqo kubadlali bakarhulumente, imigaqo yayo ibumba uphando oluninzi emsebenzini ngenxa yokuba amagosa omthetho asoloko ebandakanyekile. Isiqinisekiso singumyalelo wenkundla ogunyazisa ukuphengululwa okanye ukuphangwa. Ukuze sisebenze, kufuneka sisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo, esixhaswa ngumchasi-antidat, sichaze indawo nezinto ezithile, kwaye sikhutshwe ngumphathi-mthetho ongathathi cala.

Kummandla wabucala, abaqeshi abafunwa ngokomgaqo-siseko ukufumana isiqinisekiso phambi kwepropati yenkampani ephendlayo. Noko ke, xa ukunyanzelisa umthetho kuthabatha inxaxheba kuphengululo--/okanye xa umqeshi esebenza njengommeli karhulumente-ne IsiHlaziyo soMmiselo-mthetho. Lo mahluko ubalulekile. Umzekelo, ukuba umphathi wamapolisa ucela umphathi ukuba aphengulule idesikamzim wenkampani ebiweyo, ukuphendla kungathathwa njengesenzo sikarhulumente kwaye kufuna isiqinisekiso ngaphandle kokuba kusetyenziswe imvume.

Kunini Xa Kufuneka Imfuneko Yophando Emsebenzini?

Abaqeshi bamacandelo azimeleyo

Abaqeshi bakarhulumente (abaqeshi, oorhulumente, nabameli basekuhlaleni) babotshelelwe ngqo yiSihlaziyo sesine. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uphando lomqeshi wehlelo likawonke-wonke ukuze afumane ubungqina obubonisa ukunganyaniseki lusoloko lufuna isiqinisekiso ngaphandle kokuba sibekwe kwindawo echaphazelekayo eqwalaselweyo, njengemvume, iimeko ezichaphazelekayo, okanye ukuphengulula okuqhutyelwa injongo yomsebenzi engeyo enxulumene (umz., ngokweenxaxhiwo). Ngokwahlukileyo koko, abaqeshinawa-mthetho ababodwa badla ngokungathobeki kuMphengululo wesi-C5 xa beqhuba uphando lwangaphakathi. Noko ke, imeko iguquka ngokuphawulekayo ukuba ukunyanzelwa komthetho kuyabanda.

Ukunyanzeliswa koMthetho kunye neTheory

Ukuba amapolisa okanye amaqumrhu karhulumente acela, akhuthaza, okanye akhutheleyo ekufuneni umqeshi wabucala, ukuphengululi kungathathwa njengesenzo sikarhulumente. Iinkundla zihlola iqondo lokubandakanyeka kukarhulumente: upolisa wafumana nje ubungqina ngokuzithandela, okanye walathisa ngexesha, umkhatho, kunye nendlela yokukhangela? Lo mzekelo womva ubangela ukuba kufuneke. Umzekelo, ku-United States v. Walther (9: Cir. 1986), inkundla yathi xa umphathi wokhuseleko wenqwelo-moya ephengulula ipake ipake ipakethe isikhwa esicacileyo sesicelo se-DEA, uphando olufunekayo kurhulumente.

Ukulindela Ukuba Ndibe Sexesheni Emsebenzini

Imfuneko yogunyaziso ixhomekeke ekubeni umqeshwa “ulindele ngokusengqiqweni ukungabikho komntu emgangathweni” kummandla okanye umba ophengululweyo. INkundla Ephakamileyo yaziwa 'O’Connor v. Ortega (1987) ukuba abaqeshwa banelungelo lokufumana imfihlo kwii-ofisi zabo, kwiidesika, nakumaqumrhu efayile. Noko ke, elo themba linokwehliswa ngemigaqo yabaqeshi, ngeendawo zokusebenza ezahlukeneyo, okanye uhlobo lomsebenzi. Iinkundla ziqwalasela oothunywa abanje:

  • Nokuba ngaba isithuba sokusebenza sisodwa okanye sabelwana ngaso na.
  • nokuba umqeshi ubhengeze iinkqubo zokuhlola.
  • Nokuba ngaba umqeshwa unolawulo olupheleleyo (umz. idesika etshixiweyo okanye isitshixo sobuqu).
  • Izithethe zoshishino nemisebenzi yomsebenzi (umz., i-arhente yebhanki ayinandawo yangasese kwidrowa yemali).

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuba ukulindela ukuba umntu angabi nanto ayibonayo, kufuneka isiqinisekiso phambi kokuba abanyanzeli bomthetho benze uphando. Ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso, nabuphina ubungqina obukhoyo bungacinywa kwisaphuli-mthetho esiqhubekekayo.

Iimfuneko Eziyintloko Zokufumana Ummeli Ongqongqo

Xa isiqinisekiso siyimfuneko, abaphengululi kufuneka banelise izinto eziliqela ezibukhali. Ukungaphumeleli nakuyiphi na umntu kunganikezela isiqinisekiso esingekho semthethweni kunye nobungqina obuphumele iziphumo ezingenakusetyenziswa.

Unobangela Ofanelekileyo

Ubangela ocacileyo ukho xa isimbuku seemeko zinokuthi zikhokelele umntu osengqiqweni ukuba akholelwe ukuba ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukuziphatha okubi bubekwe kwindawo eza kukhangelwa. Kwindawo yomsebenzi, oku kusenokuquka ubusela bokuhlola obubonisa umqeshwa ethatha izinto, iingxelo zokunikela ubungqina, okanye ukungangqinelani kwiingxelo zoludwe. Okubalulekileyo, isizathu esinokwenzeka kufuneka sibe sitsha ulwazi olunentsingiselo

IAffidavit

Abaphandi kufuneka balungiselele i-affidavit efungelweyo echaza izibakala ezimele ziseke unobangela. I-affidavit kufuneka iphelele, iquka imihla, amagama, uhlalutyo olukhethekileyo, nendlela ulwazi olufunyenwe ngayo. Iingxelo zentengiselwano (“Sikholelwa ukuba umqeshwa wabasebenzi uyeba”) azinelanga. I-affiant kufuneka ichaze isiseko saloo nkolelo. Abaxhasi bangamagosa omthetho aqhelekileyo, kodwa abenzi bobucala banganikezela ngolwazi oluyila isiseko se-affidavit phantsi kwemfundiso yolwazi "yokuqokelela".

Okuziinkozo

Imvume kufuneka ichaze ngokungqalileyo indawo eza kuphengululwa kwaye izinto zithatyathwe. Isiqinisekiso esigunyazisa ukuphengululwa kwesakhiwo sonke se-ofisi “ukungqina ubusela” kungaphaya kobubanzi. Endaweni yoko, imvume kufuneka ichaze, umzekelo,“idesika, ikhatheminali, kunye nenqaba yekhompyutha e-Ofisi 215,” kunye noluhlu lwezinto ezifana no-“cash bhalisa ii-ligi eziphumayo ukusuka kuJuni 1-15, i-iPhone 12 enenani elilandelelanayo XYZZ, kunye nawo nawaphi na amaxwebhu anxulumene nokuphendula i-#4.245.” Oku kuthintela uhambo lokuloba nokukhusela izinto ezingadibani.

Ukuvunywa

Imaji yobundilele nengathathi cala ihlola i-affidavit. Ukuba ijaji ifumana unobangela olindelekileyo kwaye isiqinisekiso sifanelekile, basayine. Abangenisi kufuneka baphumeze isiqinisekiso ngaphakathi kwixesha elimiselwe ngumthetho (okanye iintsuku ezilishumi kwiimeko zikarhulumente, kodwa zimfutshane kwezinye iindawo) kwaye phakathi kweeyure ezikhankanyiweyo (ngokukakhulu 6 a.m. ukuya kwe 10 p.) ngaphandle kokuba uphendlo lwexesha lugunyaziwe.

Abahlukileyo Kwimfuneko Engummangaliso

Iindidi eziliqela zinokukuvumela ukuphengululwa okungekho semthethweni okumiselwe ngumthetho kwindawo yomsebenzi:

  • i-': imvume yokuzithandela evela kumntu onegunya kummandla (umz., umqeshwa okanye umphathi onegunya elifanayo).
  • Iimeko ezicacileyo: ingozi ekhawulezileyo yobungqina bomonakalo, ukusinda, okanye ukwenzakala kwabanye.
  • Imbono ecacileyo [[FLT: 1]: Igosa elikhoyo ngokusemthethweni libona ukungalawuleki okanye ubungqina bubonakalayo.
  • Ubalo lwendawo olufuna uxande : iinkqubo zomgangatho wento engagqunywanga.
  • Imfuno ezikhethekileyo : Ukukhangela iinjongo zokunyanzelisa ezingezomthetho, ezifana nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko emsebenzini (umz., uvavanyo lweziyobisi kwimisebenzi enxulumene nokhuseleko).

Noko ke, ezi zimvo zithathwa kancinci, kwaye abaphengululi kufuneka bafumane isiqinisekiso naninina xa kunokwenzeka ukuphepha imingeni engokwasemthethweni.

Ukulindela Ukuba Uwedwa Namalungelo Abasebenzi: Umthetho Oyintloko

O’Connor v. Ortega (1987)

Kweli tyala libalulekileyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi abasebenzi basekuhlaleni balindele ukuba abasebenzi babe nesizathu esifanelekileyo sokuzifihla kwi-ofisi zabo nakwiedesika. Noko ke, iNkundla yaqonda ukuba ukuphengululwa okunxulumene nomsebenzi ngabalawuli abanxibelelana neenjongo ezingezozo ezenjongo (umz., ukuphinda bafumane ifayile efunekayo) okanye ukunganyaniseki okunxulumene nomsebenzi kusenokuba sengqiqweni ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ukuba uphengululo lufanelekile ekumisweni kwalo kwaye lusengqiqweni. Ityala libonisa ukuba imfuneko yesiqinisekiso asipheleli ekusebenzeni abaqeshi bakawonke wonke ngaphandle kokusebenza ngomthetho.

City of Ontario v. Quon (2010)

Eli tyala lithetha ngemfihlo kunxibelelwano lwezibonelelo ze-elektroniki. Isebe lamapolisa lahlola imiyalezo yeposi yobuqu yegosa elithunyelwe kwikhasi likarhulumente. Inkundla yaqikelela (ngaphandle kokugqiba) ukuba igosa lalinolindelo olufanelekileyo lwemfihlo, kodwa lafumana uphendlo olusengqiqweni ngenxa yokuba laliqhutywa yinjongo esemthethweni enxulumene nomsebenzi (ukuxilonga) kwaye lalingangeni kakhulu. Quon ubonakalisa ukuba naxa kukho ulangazelelo lwemfihlo, umqondiso awunakufuneka ufuneko lwangaphakathi lwe-e-ofisi yorhulumente olunolwazi olunolwanolwazelelelo.""

United States v. Ziegler (9th Cir. 2007)

Kule meko, umqeshi wathetha ngomqeshi ukuba aphengulule ikhompyutha yomqeshi wakhe. Umqeshi ngokuzithandela wavumela abasebenzi beFBI ukuba bakhangele ikhompyutha yaseofisini. Inkundla yathi ngenxa yokuba umqeshi wayenegunya eliqhelekileyo kwikhompyutha (eyindawo yenkampani), ukulindela umqeshwa ukuba afumane imfihlo akuchananga ngokusengqiqweni, yaye ukuphanda akukhange kungqubani neSindululo seSine. Eli tyala lisoloko licatshulwa ukuxhasa icebiso lokuba abaqeshi bobucala bayavuma ukupheliswa kwenkampani ngezixhobo ezisetyenziswa yinkampani.

Ukuqwalasela Ngokukhethekileyo Ubungqina Bamanani

Uphando lwasemsebenzini lubandakanya iikhompyutha, iifowuni, abancedisi be-imeyili, kunye nokugcinwa kwamafu. Ubungqina bamanani buphakamisa iinkupho ezikhethekileyo zogunyaziso.

Izixhobo ezizezakho

Kwizixhobo zenkampani ezisetyenziswayo, abaqeshi banelungelo lokufikelela kugcino-lwazi, ingakumbi ukuba umqeshi unenkqubo ecacileyo echaza ukuba akukho mfihlo ilindelekileyo kwaye isixhobo siphantsi kokugadwa. Ukuba umgcini-mthetho ufuna ukukhangela isixhobo senkampani ekhutshwayo, umqeshi angavuma ukuba umqeshi akanalo ilungelo elipheleleyo lokuba yimfihlo. Noko ke, ukuba isixhobo singesobuqu (BYOD), umqeshwa usenokuba ugcina ulindele ukuba ungabi nanto yanto, kwaye imvume iyimfuneko ukuba umqeshwa ungayisebenzisi ingakumbi.

Umthetho woNxibelelwano olondoloziweyo (SCA)

ISCA (18 U.S.C. 76 2701-2712) ithintela ungenelelo lukarhulumente kuthungelwano lwezibonelelo ze-elektroniki. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukunyanzelisa umthetho kufuneka isiqinisekiso sokunyanzela umnikezeli (njengenkonzo ye-imeyili okanye isebe lomqeshi) ukuchaza iziqulatho zonxibelelwano ezigcinwe iintsuku ezili-180 okanye ngaphantsi. Kwimiyalezo emidala egcinwe, i-papena okanye umyalelo wenkundla ungenela kwezinye iziphaluka. Abaxhasi bemali mabaqaphele ezi mfuneko zingenani.

Ugcino lwamafu nogcino-lwazi lwesithathu

Ukuba umqeshwa usebenzisa inkampani egcina amafu (umz., iGoogle Cofal, Microsoft 365), umqeshi angakwazi ukufikelela ugcino-lwazi ngolawulo lwayo. Noko ke, ukuba umthetho ucela ugcino-lwazi ngqo kumgcini-lwazi welifu, umnikezi uzakufuna isiqinisekiso okanye ulwazi lwecala elisebenzayo elisezantsi. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo Carbatent v. United States [2088]) ukwandisa iimfuno zesiqinisekiso kwiintlobo ezithile ze-data (indawo zeqela lolwazi) kwaye iinkundla ezisezantsi zihamba ngenkqubo yayo ye-data yamafu.

Indima Yemvume Nemithetho Yenkampani

Ukuvuma yenye yezona ndlela ziqhelekileyo zokutyeshela imfuneko ekuphandweni emsebenzini. Kodwa imvume imele ibe yeyokuzithandela, engqalileyo, ize inikelwe ngumntu onegunya lokwenene okanye elicacileyo.

I-Express v. Ivunywe

Imvume yokuvakalisa intetho iyenzeka xa umqeshwa evuma inkqubo yokuphendla okanye evuma ngamazwi. Imvume yokuphengululwa ingafunyanwa kwizenzo okanye kwimisebenzi yomsebenzi womqeshwa. Umzekelo, umqhubi ohambisayo osebenzisa ilori yenkampani kwaye uyazi ukuba i-GPS isenokuthathwa njengengqinela ukuchongwa kwendawo. Kodwa ke, iinkundla zilumkile ukucela imvume, ingakumbi ukuphengulula kakhulu.

Umthetho Obhaliweyo Nokwaziwa

Okungcono kukubonakalisa inkqubo ecacileyo, ebhaliweyo ethi: (1) ichaza ukuba impahla yenkampani (kuquka iidesika, iirockers, iikhompyutha, kunye nee-elektroniki) ifanele iphengululwe nangaliphi na ixesha; (2) yazisa abaqeshwa ukuba abangazilindelanga izinto zobuqu kwezo ndawo; (3) ichaza ukuba izixhobo zobuqu ezisetyenziswa emsebenzini zisenokuhlolwa; kwaye (4) ifuna abasebenzi ukuba batyikitye ukuvuma. Le migaqo inciphisa ubuchule bokufuna izinto ezifunwa ngumntu ngamnye kwaye yenza kube lula ngabaqeshi ukuvuma ukukhangela abasebenzi.

Isivumelwano secandelo lesithathu

Kwiimeko ezininzi, umphathi okanye umlawuli weIT angavuma ukuphengulula indawo okanye isixhobo ukuba banegunya elinye. Umzekelo, ukuba umqeshwa uhlala kwidesika nomntu asebenza naye, mhlawumbi uyavuma ukukhangela idesika. Noko ke, xa kusetyenziswa ikhatheminali etshixiweyo esetyenziswa ngumqeshi kuphela, imvume yomqeshi isenokuba ayanele. Iinkundla zilinganisa ukutyhubela kweemeko.

Iziphumo Zokungabikho Kwemvume

Ukungabambelela kwimilinganiselo efunekayo kunokuba nemiphumo etshabalalisayo xa kuphandwa.

Ukuchazwa Kobungqina

Ukuba ubungqina bufunyenwe ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso apho ubani wayefunwa khona, umthetho owenziwe ngaphandle komthetho usoloko usetyenziswa kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kunokutshabalalisa ubusela okanye ityala lokuziphatha okubi. Lo mthetho usebenza kungekuphela nje kubungqina obuphambili kodwa ‘ nakwisiqhamo somthi onetyhefu.'---nebuphi na ubungqina obuvela kwezinye izinto obuvulwe ngenxa yokuphendla okungekho mthethweni.

Uluntu

Abaqeshwa bakarhulumente basenokumangalela abaqeshi bakarhulumente okanye amagosa agunyazisa umthetho ngenxa yomonakalo owenziwa phantsi kwama-42 e-U.S.C. 1983 ngenxa yokwaphula amalungelo abo eSindululo sesine. Abaqeshi abangabomsithoba abasebenza kwikomfa namagosa karhulumente basenokujamelana neengxelo zomrhumo. Ngaphezu koko, abasebenzi basenokuzisa izibhengezo ezithenjiswayo (umz., ukuhlaselwa kwemicimbi yecala, ukupheliswa okuphosakeleyo) ezisekelwe ekufuneni okungafanelekanga.

Ukugwetywa Kwezaphuli - mthetho

Kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, abantu abaphanda ngokungekho mthethweni ngokuphandle basenokumangalelwa ngokubekwa izityholo phantsi kwemithetho karhulumente ekwalela ukujongwa okungekho mthethweni, ukungenelela kwiikhompyutha okanye ukuziphatha okubi okusemthethweni.

Isidima Nengozi Yemali

Kwanokuba akukho kumangalelwa kuphumelelayo, ukucinga ngophando olungekho mthethweni kunokulonakalisa igama lomqeshi, kutshabalalise isimilo somntu oqeshwayo, kuze kubangele ukuba kufuneke imali eninzi.

Izenzo Ezibalaseleyo Zophando Olusemthethweni Emsebenzini

Ukuze uphephe imigibe esemthethweni ngoxa usaphanda ngokunempumelelo ubusela okanye ukuziphatha okubi, landela la manyathelo asebenzisekayo:

  1. [[UMTL: 0] Imigaqo-nkqubo ecacileyo: Ukufakela nokunxibelelana nenkqubo yokuphendla nokuhlola okubanzi. Fumana ingqinisekiso ebhaliweyo evela kubo bonke abasebenzi. Uhlolo kunye nokuhlaziya inkqubo yokubonakalisa utshintsho kubugcisa nomthetho.
  2. Icebo lomthetho kwangoko: Phambi kokuphendla, ingakumbi okubandakanya ukugcinwa komthetho, igqwetha linobuphicotho lwesicwangciso. Icebiso linokukunceda uqwalasele ukuba imvume iyafuneka okanye ukuba umahluko uyasebenza.
  3. Uxwebhu lonke : Gcina iingxelo ezinenkcukacha zokuziphatha okubi, uvumo lwenkqubo, kunye nemvume. Ukuba imvume inikwe, tyikitya ifomu yemvume echaza umlinganiselo wokukhangela.
  4. [[FLT: 0] Ukukhangela kwimfuno yeshishini : Ungabandakanye ekulobeni okungakhangelwanga. Icacisa ngokucacileyo injongo yokuphendla kwaye uyivalele kwimimandla apho ubungqina bungafumaneka khona.
  5. Ukubeka indima zangaphakathi kunye nomthetho wokugcinwa komthetho : Ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kubandakanyekile, kuxele ngokucacileyo uphando lwabucala lomqeshi ozimeleyo kwizenzo zikarhulumente. Kuphephe ukuba namagosa ngqo ngexesha okanye umgangatho wokuphengulula ngaphakathi.
  6. [[NTL: 0] Isiqinisekiso xa uthandabuza : Ikhondo elikhuselekileyo lesenzo xa ukugcinwa komthetho kufuneka uphengululo kwindawo yabucala okanye isixhobo sobuqu kukufumana isiqinisekiso. Nokuba kuthatha ixesha elongeziweyo, isiqinisekiso sikhusela ukungafezeki kobungqina kunye neengcebiso zabaphandi kwityala.
  7. Izikolo zabaphengululi: Abasebenzi be-HR, abasebenzi bokhuseleko, kunye nabaphathi kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho oluthe rhoqo ngokukhangela nokuxhuzula imithetho, ukulindela ukuba umntu abe wedwa, kunye neenkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokulondoloza ubungqina.

Isiphelo

Iimfuno ezifanelekileyo zezophando lwasemthethweni emsebenzini kwizinto ezifunwayo, kwimisebenzi yobusela kunye nokuziphatha okubi kwabasebenzi. Enoba ungumqeshi wabucala, umbutho karhulumente, okanye igosa lomthetho, ukuqonda xa isiqinisekiso siyimfuneko, kwaye indlela yokufumana i-arhente enye efanelekileyo efunekayo ekulondolozeni ubungqina, ekuhloneleni amalungelo abasebenzi, kwaye ekuphepheni ukuvunywa ngokusemthethweni. Ukudibana kwamadinga, ulwazi lwamanani, imvume, kunye noMphengululo weSine kufuna ucwangciso nokhokelo olusemthethweni. Ngokuthobela imigaqo echazwe kweli nqaku, abaphengululi banokuqhuba imigaqo epheleleyo, ukuphengulula ngokusemthethweni, ukuphengulula okungagunyaziswayo ukuphengulula nakuyiphi nayiphi nayiphi na into.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga kwiSebe leJaji le-U.S. Icebo Lezibonelelo kwiMisebenzi zeMali ePhakamileyo , i-Cornell Legin Information Confective , kunye noluvo lweNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi-'[FLT:] OO’Connor v. Orga. Kwakhona qwalasela umbano oluthi oluthi lwazinzileyo [FLT] [FLT]] [FLT] [F]