Isiseko Sobulungisa: Indlela Efanelekileyo Ebumba Ngayo Isigwebo Sezaphuli - mthetho ZaseMerika

Imigaqo embalwa edityaniswe ngokunzulu kwilaphu lemithetho yesigwebo yaseMelika njengesiqinisekiso senkqubo efanelekileyo. La malungelo, abekwe kumGaqo-siseko, asebenza njengelitye lenkqubo esemthethweni elungiselelwe ukuphatha wonke umntu ngokusesikweni nangesidima, ukususela kwixesha lokubanjwa ngokuvavanywa nangesigwebo. Ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo, inkqubo yokugweba izakuba yingozi ekubeni lisixhobo samandla obuqu kunokuba ibe yinkqubo yokulungisa okungakhethi. Ukuqonda indlela la malungelo asebenza ngayo, kunye nocelomngeni ajongene nalo, kwaye lubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela yokwenyaniso yokusesikweni eUnited States.

Ukuqonda Inkqubela Elindelekileyo: Imbali Nemithetho

Imodeli le dinga lamandulo aliyonkqubo yale mihla. Iingcambu zalo zibuyela emva kwiMagna Carta ka-1215, eyathi akukho mntu okhululekileyo onokuthi abanjwe okanye avalelwe entolongweni "ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye ngomthetho welizwe. Idinga lamandulo laguquka kangangeenkulungwane, lifikelela kwisiphelo soMgaqo-siseko wesihlanu noweshumi elinesine. Kwinkqubo yawo, kufuneka ukuba urhulumente ahlonele onke amalungelo asemthethweni omntu ngaphambi kokuba abanyise ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla.

Ukuqhelisela inkqubo efanelekileyo, kufuneka abantu bafumane isaziso esaneleyo sezohlwayo, ithuba elinentsingiselo lokuviwa, kunye nesigqibo esinikezelwa yinkundla engakhethi-calucalulo. INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-United States igxininise ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba "imfuneko esisiseko yenkqubo efanelekileyo lithuba lokuviwa ngexesha elifanelekileyo nangendlela enentsingiselo." Lo mgaqo usebenza kwisigaba ngasinye sezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukusuka ekumisweni komthetho ngokufaka isibheno kunye nokukhulula.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko

IsiHlaliso seNtlanganiso sesihlanu sichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba akukho mntu oya kuba "ephelelweyo kubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho". Ekuqaleni, lo mqathango wasebenza kuphela kurhulumente wesizwe. Emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, uLawulo lwe-14th Demende oluya kwandelisa ukhuseleko olufanayo kwizenzo zorhulumente. Ngemfundiso ye yokwahlula i-[FLD], iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo isebenzise ngokuthe ngcembe amalungiselelo amaninzi eBhilini yamaLungelo, kunye nalawo akhusela abamangalelwayo (*) kunye nooomthetho abagwebi abakhusela abagwebi (ukuthetha ukuba bathathe i-Clausce. Ilizwe linceda ukukhuselwa komthetho wohlobo olufanelekileyo. [[FLT]] i-HUrdav [FFFOLT] [1] [1]] [184] kunye no-FFFLT]

Amamilinganiselo emibini enkqubo elindelekileyo: Okubonakalayo nokusezantsi

Inkqubo elindelekileyo idla ngokwahlulwa ngokweendidi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kodwa ezinxulumeneyo: inkqubo efunekayo kunye nenkqubo encinci efunekayo. Nganye yenza indima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni amalungelo abantu kwinkqubo yogwebo lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Inkqubo eQhelekileyo

Inkqubo efunekayo yentsingiselo ibhekiselele kwi ii-modys kunye procedies urhulumente kufuneka alandele xa efuna ukuhlutha umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Kumongo wesigebengu, oku kuqinisekisa ukuba abamangalelwa banikwe inkqubo elungileyo nelungeleleneyo yomthetho. Ukhuseleko olungundoqo lwe-procded luquka:

  • Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala ngokukhawuleza nangoluntu liqulunqwa liqumrhu labachopheli-tyala elingakhethiyo (ISindululo-Ngqo:
  • Ilungelo lokuxelelwa ngendalo nonobangela wetyala
  • Ilungelo lokujongana namangqina
  • Ilungelo lokunyanzeliswa komsebenzi wokufumana amangqina alungileyo
  • Ilungelo lokumela umelo olusemthethweni--a elungileyo emiselwe ngokulungileyo abamangalelwa besizwe Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
  • Ilungelo lokuchongwa phambi kokucinywa okanye

Ezi ziqalelo ziqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu ugwetywayo ngaphandle kwethuba elipheleleyo nelifanelekileyo lokuzikhusela. INkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ibambelele kwinkqubo efunekayo yemithetho ebhaliweyo ifuna ukuba urhulumente angalandeli nje kuphela imithetho yakhe kodwa anikezele neenkqubo ezisesikweni ezicacileyo. Umzekelo, kwi Brady v. Maryland [1963], iNkundla iwise umthetho wokuba abatshutshisi mababhenele ubungqina bokuzithethelela ngokusesikweni.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo

Ngelixesha inkqubo efunekayo enxulumene norhulumente ithe gqolo. Le mfundiso ithintela urhulumente ekumiseleni imithetho engokwasemthethweni okanye ecinezelayo ephazamisa inkululeko. Kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, umongo wendlela efunekayo ukhusela iintlobo ezithile zehambo ekungeneleni kwendlela karhulumente, kwanokuba imigaqo efanelekileyo iyalandelwa. Le mfundiso ithintela urhulumente ekumiseleni imithetho engekho semthethweni okanye ecinezelayo echaphazelekayo. Kwinkqubo yetyala, i-substantive systentivement imilinganiselo yokuziphatha enokungaqhelaniswa neqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ayingqubanisi iingcamango ezisisiseko zokusesikweni. Imizekelo yamalungelo akhuselwa phantsi kwenkqubo ephantsi kwendlela ephantsi kwenqanawa iquka:

  • Ilungelo lokuzilawula kunye nelungelo lobuqu (umz., [[FLT: 0] Griswold v.Connecticut[[FL:1], 1965])
  • Ilungelo lokutshata nokukhulisa abantwana ngendlela ubani ayibona ifanelekile
  • Ilungelo lokulwala unyango
  • Ukukhuselwa kwimithetho e "iphosa isazela" yenkundla

Inkqubo efunekayo ephambili idla ngokuphikiswa ngenxa yokuba kufuneka abagwebi bachaze ulwimi olubanzi lomGaqo-siseko. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo isebenzise ukubetha imithetho ephazamisa ihambo yolwaphulo-mthetho (umz., ] Lawrence v. Texas[FLT], 2003]) okanye efaka isohlwayo esigqithisileyo okanye esingalinganiyo.

Impembelelo Kubulungisa Bezaphuli - mthetho: Inqaba Eneentlobo Ezininzi

Iziphumo ezisebenzisekayo zamalungelo afanelekileyo enkqubo zininzi kwaye zichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zenkqubo yobulungisa. Ukususela ekuphandweni ukuya ekuboshweni, la malungelo asebenza njengendlela yokuhlola igunya likarhulumente kunye nokhuselo nxamnye nokungekho sikweni.

Ukukhuselwa Kwiinkolelo Eziphosakeleyo

Enye yezona minikelo zinzulu zenkqubo efunekayo yindima yayo ekuthinteleni abantu abamsulwa ukuba bagwetywe. Imfuneko yokuqinisekisa ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni kumthetho waseMelika, “‘ ibeka umthwalo ngokusisigxina engxengxeni. Abameli banelungelo lokunikela ubungqina bokugwetywa ngokungenatyala, ukuvavanya ukuthembeka kwamangqina, kwaye bagxininisa ukuba ityala labo limiselwe phambi koontanga babo. Iproject , intlangano yesizwe enikezelwe ukubeka ityala ngokungenatyala, ibhalise i-mvume yokugweba, ibhale ngaphezu kwama-35 e-DNAFOS eUnited States ukususela ngoko 1989. Iimeko zokuqala zangcoliswe [[FLD] [FFF] [FLT] [FFFFD]] [3] ukungaphumeleli kobugrogrini]

Ukhuseleko olongezelelekileyo luquka ilungelo lokuvavanya ngokukhawuleza, okuthintela ukuvalelwa okungagqibekanga phambi kokufunyaniselwa, nelungelo lokuphumelela ekuncedeni ngesiluleko. Phantsi komgangatho obekwe ku Stickland v. Washington [19984], abamangalelwa bangacel ’ umngeni iinkolelo ukuba amagqwetha abo anika umelo olungelulo olufanelekileyo lokuba isiphumo sokuvavanywa singathembeka. Le mithetho igxininisa umgaqo wokuba inkqubo esemthethweni mayimisele ubuchule obusemgqweqweni.

Imikhwa Efanelekileyo Yokugweba

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ikwadlulela kwinqanaba lokugweba. Umthetho wesiHlaliso weNkqutyana yeNtloko osetyenziswa kwiimeko ezinenkohlakalo nezingaqhelekanga, osetyenziswa kwiimeko nge-Active Proces Claus, uqinisekisa ukuba izivakalisi zilungelelaniswa nolwaphulo-mthetho. INkundla ePhakamileyo ibethelele izigwebo ezinyanzelisa ubomi ngaphandle kokukhupha isigwebo solutsha (Miller v. Alabama, 2012) kwaye ibambelele kwimiqathango leyo kufuneka iqwalasele iimeko zomenzi wobubi. Isitshixo somgaqo-jikelo siquka:

  • Ilungelo lokubakho xa kugwetywa nokuthetha ngokwalo (ukutyunjwa)
  • Ilungelo lokuhlola nokucel ’ umngeni imigaqo yokugweba esetyenziswa ngabagwebi
  • Ilungelo lokufaka isivakalisi esigqitha kumda wemithetho okanye lisekelwe kulwazi olungachananga
  • Ukukhusela ekugwebeni ngempindezelo emva kwesibheno esinempumelelo

Iziguqulo zakutshanje ezifana [[FT:0] Inyathelo lokuqala (2018) libonakalisa umgudu oqhubekayo ukwenza ukugwetywa kungabi nakwahluka, ukunciphisa ubuncinane obuyimfuneko kwizenzo ezithile zeziyobisi kwaye uvumele ukusebenza okusebenzayo koMthetho weFair Sevending. Inkqubo elindelekileyo iqinisekisa ukuba ezi nguqu ziphunyezwe kakuhle kwaye abamangalelwa banikwe ithuba lokungenelwa kutshintsho kumthetho.

Impembelelo Kwizenzo Zokunyanzelisa Umthetho

Amalungelo afanelekileyo anyanzelisa ngokuthe ngqo indlela amagosa agunyazisa ngayo uphando, ukubanjwa, nokuncinwa. UHlaziyo lwesine, oluququzelelwe ngokuchasene namaphondo nge-Adrect Programme ye-14th Reformation Claus, lufuna ukuba ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula kube nokusengqiqweni kwaye okuxhaswe yimvume ekhutshwe ngokunokwenzeka. Umthetho wokuzikhulula, omiselwe [[FLT:]] Mapp v. Ohio [1961], uyalela ukusetyenziswa kobungqina obufunyenwe ngokuchasene nala malungelo. Lo mthetho usebenza njengomthetho onamandla ngokuchasene nokuziphatha okubi kwamapolisa, uqinisekisa ukuba ukutyotywa komthetho-mthetho-siseko akuhlawulwa kwinkundla.

Ngexesha lokuncinwa kwabaphathi, ityala eliphawulayo le imanda v. Arizona (1966] lifuna amagosa ukuba azise abakrokrele ngamalungelo abo ukuba bangathethi nokuba negqwetha elikhoyo. Ukungaphumeleli ukunikela ezi zilumkiso kunganikezela nayiphi na ingxelo elandelayo engacacanga. Ezi zikhuseliyo zikhusela kwiindlela zokuvavanya ezinokuvelisa ukuvunywa kobuxoki, kunye nonobangela ophambili wokukhokelwa ngokuphosakeleyo.

Inkqubela-phambili yakutshanje ivavanye imida efunekayo kulwazi oluvelayo lomthetho wobungcali bomthetho. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yagqiba kwelokuba ukuqhobosha isixhobo seGPS kwisithuthi kukwenza uphendlo phantsi koMphetho-wesine ( United States v. Jones, 2012) kwaye ukufumana ugcino-lwazi lweseli lwendawo oluvela kwi-injini erhanelwayo kusoloko kufuna isiqinisekiso ([[ Carpenter v. United States, 2018],. Izigqizo zibonakalisa umgudu oqhubekayo wokuziqhelanisa inkqubela yenkqubo yokhuseleko oluqhelekileyo kwiminyaka yoluvo.

Ukuhlala Kunzima Kumalungelo Afaneleke

Nangona isiseko sibalulekile, inkqubo efunekayo ijongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo esebenzayo. Ukungalingani kwenkqubo, ukunqanda oovimba, kunye nokutshintsha kobugcisa, zonke zisongela ukuphelisa isithembiso sokuphatha umntu ngamnye ngokufanelekileyo.

Ukulingana Kwenkqubo

Intsingiselo yokungakhethi buso isoloko idityaniswe lumahluko osekelwe kuhlanga, ubuhlanga, kunye nemeko yentlalo. Uphando lubonisa rhoqo ukuba abantu abamnyama nababhila-bhabhayo badla ngokumiswa, bahlolwe, babanjwa, bagwetyelwe amabinzana amade kunalawo amhlophe ngenxa yehambo efanayo. Imfazwe yeziyobisi, ngokukodwa, ivelise amaqondo angenakulinganiswa athe abagxeki baphikise ukukhusela okulingana kwenkqubo efunekayo. Abaxhasi abasekelwe kwizinto ezifanelekileyo bayakwazi ukuhlasela inkqubo: abamangalelwa abangakwazi ukuchitha iinyanga ezininzi ekuvalweni, abanokuba banyanzele ukwamkela izibongozo kwanokuba zimsulwa. Abaxhasi benkqubo kawonke basoloko besenza into engekho mthethweni, beshiya abagcinezeliselwe ngaphandle kohlobo olusebenzayo olufunekayo. [FLT][0][5] [FFFFF] kunye neNTS]

Ukuhambela phambili kobugcisa

Utshintsho olukhawulezileyo lwezobugcisa luphakamisa ucelomngeni olukhethekileyo kwinkqubo efunekayo. Amaziko okuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isebenza ngokuqhubekayo axhomekeke kwii-algorithm zokonga, ukuqwalaselwa kobuso, kunye nezixhobo zokuhlola intabalala. Ezi zixhobo zobugcisa zinokusebenza ngokubonakala kancinci kwaye zivelise iziphumo ezigqwethekileyo okanye ezingalunganga. Umzekelo, ukuchana kwembonakalo yobuso ephosakeleyo kusenokukhokelela ekuvalweni okuphosakeleyo ngaphandle kokufuna ukumangalelwa. Ukuqokelelwa kolwazi lobuqu nokuthengiswa kwenkcazelo yobuqu kusoloko kwenzeka ngaphandle kolwalathiso lomthetho, ukuphakamisa imibuzo enzulu malunga neSine Amenduleji. Umthetho nenkundla zitsala ukulungele ukumelana nolungele ukuthintelwa kolwaphulo-mthetho nokugcinwa kwemigaqo esebenzayo. Ukusetyenziswa kobuchule ekugwetyeniseni nokuvavanywa kobungozi kunyusa inkxaso, njengoko abakhongoneli bengenakukwazi ukuyiqonda okanye ukuvavanywa kwenkululeko kwabo.

Impikiswano zaNgoku: INkqubo eQhelekileyo kwiMida

Amalungelo enkqubo adla ngokuphikiswa kakhulu kwimida yenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. I-odoli yabemi ivumela ukunyanzelwa komthetho ukuba kuphathwe impahla erhanelwa ukuba inxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho, ngokufuthi phambi kokugwetywa (okanye phambi kokungahlawuli naziphi na iityala. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba oku kusingela phantsi intelekelelo yokungabi natyala entloko, kunyanzelisa abanini bezinto ukungqina ukuba izinto zabo azinxulunyaniswanga nomsebenzi ongekho mthethweni. Ngokunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango yezo mithetho yezo nkonzo, ngoxa indalo inokuba neziphumo zokuvalelwa nokungahlawulwa okukhulu kwenkululeko. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele ukuba ukungalungisi kwemi kunelungelo lokukhusela iprojelo, kodwa umlinganiselo waloo malungelo ahlala ekhutshwa kakhulu. Ngokunjalo, ukuphathwa kwabantu ngezo ezo zifo zengqondo kwinkqubo yokulawula kwezo zezomthetho kunyusa ukukhuphisana nokukhuphisana kweminyaniswa kwemiba.

Isiphelo: Ukukhusela Iliwa Lokusesikweni

Amalungelo afanelekileyo amiselwe inkqubo ahlala engundoqo wobulungisa baseMerika. Baqinisekisa ukuba abantu abanyanzelekanga ukuba babanjiwe ngokungekho mthethweni, iimvavanyo ezingekho ngqiqweni, okanye isohlwayo esingathethekiyo. Ukusuka kwi-paseji yeNkundla Ephakamileyo ukuya kwizenzo zamihla le zamagosa kunye nabatshutshisi, la malungelo abumba zonke iingxoxo phakathi kwesizwe kunye nabamangalelwa. Kodwa idinga lenkqubo efunekayo asiko ukuzibulala ngokwabo. Kufuneka umgudu oqhubekayo `ukusukela kubagweba, abenzi bomthetho, abameli, abameli, kunye nabemi abanolwazi oluphezulu (*) ukulinda ukukhukulindwa yimfumba yemi, ukuqhatha, kunye nokuphembeleka kwezobupolitika. Njengoko ibutho labantu lisenza intelekelelo ephezulu kwizinto ezintsha ngoxa lingaze lilahlekelwe kukubona umgaqo obalulekileyo wobulungisa ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente wabo, okanye umgaqo wobugodume ngokuqinileyo, okanye ngokuxhasa kwemithetho yalo.