ISiseko Sasemthethweni Sabasebenzi Bemfazwe Abangumnqophisi

Imithetho elawula imithetho esemthethweni efunekayo kumatyala abantwana isekelwe kukhuseleko loMphetho-mvana wesi-45 wokuphanda nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni, njengoko kusetyenziswa kubantwana abancinane ngeSicwangciso soLawulo lweMsebenzi we-145. Ngoxa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ibisoloko iqonda ukuba abantwana banamalungelo omgaqo-siseko, imilinganiselo echanileyo yemithetho egunyazisa amatyala abantwana iye yavela ngokudibanisa imithetho, imimiselo yesizwe, nemithetho yenkundla. Ukuqonda le migaqo esemthethweni ibalulekile kumagosa omthetho, amagqwetha, abagwebi, kunye neentsapho ngokufanayo, ngenxa yokuba izibopho ezikwimeko zolutsha zisoloko zingabandakanye inkululeko ekhawulezi ziphumo kodwa kwakhona ezinde zomntu oselula ngengxelo kunye nezomphumo yexesha elizayo.

Umgaqo ongundoqo wemfuneko efunekayo ngumgaqo wokuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufumane ugunyaziso oluphezulu phambi kokuba ungenelele ulawulo lomntwana kwimicimbi yobucala okanye ekuthabatheni umntu okanye kwimpahla yakhe. Oku kuyimfuneko kusebenza njengovavanyo kwimigaqo yamapolisa kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zenziwe yimantyi engathathi cala-calucalucalulo esekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo. Noko ke, inkqubo yokulawula imigaqo yobutsha iye yasebenza ngokwembali ngendlela engacwangciswanga kakuhle nakumgangatho ophezulu, nto leyo ekhokelela kwingxoxo eqhubekayo malunga nokuba imilinganiselo efanayo imele isetyenziswe na. Imithetho emininzi iye yamkela imithetho ekhethekileyo okanye imimiselo ethetha ngeemeko ezithile zabantwana, njengendima yabazali, ukumanyana, ukuvumelana kwemvume, kunye nokuzimo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo esikolweni.

Imfuneko Yesizathu Esifanelekileyo

Unobangela ofanelekileyo kukusetyenziswa kwaso nasiphi na isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni, nokuba kumntu omdala okanye kulutsha. Kwimeko zabantwana, umgangatho uhlala ufana: ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufuneka kunike izibakala kunye neemeko eziya kukhokelela umntu osengqiqweni ekukholelweni ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenziwa kwaye ulutsha lubandakanyekile. Lo mgangatho awungomthwalo ophezulu.

Ngokomzekelo, ukuba amapolisa afumana ingxelo yobungqina obuthembekileyo bomntu othile okwishumi elivisayo obebenayo ukuba imoto ethile yabelwa kwaye ngoku izimele kwindlu ethile, ingxelo ebhalwe ngokuxhasa iinkcukacha---asethi mhlawumbi ibone isizathu sokufumana isiqinisekiso sokubanjwa komntwana okanye sokufuna indawo. Kodwa ukuba ubungqina bubodwa bububungqina obungenagama obungachazwanga ukuba inyanisile, isicelo sogunyaziso siyakwa. Lo mgaqo unjalo uyasebenza kubo bonke abantwana nabadala, kodwa maxa wambi iinkundla zihlola izicelo ezithi zisemngciphekweni xa amalungelo omntwana exhotyiswe ngolwaphulo-mthetho angenawo umdlalo okanye xa ulutsha lungakhange lufumane ngxelo.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba isizathu esilindelekileyo kufuneka sichazwe kulutsha ngalunye. Ukukrokreleka okuqhelekileyo ngeqela okanye indawo akwanelanga. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze umntu ukuba abanjiswe okanye indawo efuna ukuphengululwa ngokuchanekileyo ukunqanda ukuhlaselwa okungalawulekiyo. Kwimeko zolutsha, olu phawu ludla ngokufuna ukuchazwa ngokuchanileyo, njengegama lomntwana, idilesi, okanye inkcazelo ephathekayo, kunye nengxelo ecacileyo yolwaphulo-mthetho oluphandwayo.

Ukuxhasa Ubungqina Bentsebenziswano

Ukuze amagosa omthetho afumane isiqinisekiso, kufuneka anikele ubungqina obuxhasayo kumgwebi okanye kumagqwetha, ngokwendlela ekwakukhonjiswa ngayo isifungo. Obu bungqina bungaquka uluvo lwawo, iingxelo ezivela kumaxhoba okanye amangqina, ubungqina obubonakalayo obufana neDNA okanye iminwe, iingxelo ezifana nokuya esikolweni okanye ii-data zecell phone, kunye neembono zolutsha. Kwimiba yabantwana, iinkundla zinikela ingqalelo esondeleyo kumthombo kunye nokuthembeka kobungqina ngenxa yokuba abantwana banokuba basengozini yokunyanzelwa okanye banokuqikelelwa. Ukuba ubungqina buquka inkcazelo enikelwa ngabancinane ngokwabo, elo lizwe limele liqinisekise ukuba loo mazwi afunyaniswe ngokuvisisana noo-Mirmandra kunye nayo nayiphi nayiphi naleyo imithetho yesizwe engokwabantu abaselula.

Ngokomzekelo, ukuba u15Âar remadold uyavuma ukuba uqhekezo lwamapolisa lungangeni kudliwano-ndlebe nomzali yaye akawafundi amalungelo awo, okokuba ukuvuma izono kusenokungamkeleki enkundleni kwaye akunakusetyenziswa njengesiseko sesiqinisekiso. Ngokufanayo, ubungqina obufunyenweyo ekuphengululweni kwefowuni yomntwana kufuneka buxhaswe ngokunokwenzeka ngesizathu sokuba umnxeba uqulethe ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho. Iinkundla ziqaphele ngokungakumbi ukuba izixhobo ze-micimbi ziqulethe intlukwano ezininzi zolwazi lobuqu, kwaye izicelo ezigunyazisa izicelo kufuneka zihlangabezane neemfuno ezingqongqo zohlobo lwe-data olufunwayo.

Enye inkalo enzima kukuxinaniswa kwelungelo lokugcina umntwana nokuqinisekisa ubungqina obuphathekayo, ingakumbi xa bubandakanya izinto ezifana neziyobisi okanye izixhobo. Ngenxa yokuba ukungalawuleki kolutsha kudla ngokubandakanya ukubuyiselwa kobomi kunokuba isohlwayo, nabuphi na ubugwenxa obusetyenziswayo ekuthetheleleni isiqinisekiso bungakhokelela ekucinezelweni nasekugxothweni kwetyala. Amagqwetha okhuselo asoloko ethanda ukucela isiqinisekiso sokufumana ii-affidavits zokungaqiniseki ngokwaneleyo okanye ukuphatha iziphenduva ezilahlekisayo.

Uqwalaselo Olukhethekileyo Kumatyala Amancinane

Inkqubo yokugweba yabantwana isebenza phantsi kwentanda-bulumko eyahlukileyo ekhokelayo kunenkqubo yabantu abadala, igxininisa ekuvuselweni, ekukhuselweni, nakwiingenelo ezintle zomntwana. Lo mahluko uchaphazela ukusetyenziswa kweemfuno zogunyaziso. Iinkundla zisenokuqwalasela ubudala bomntwana, amandla engqondo, kunye nobukho babazali okanye abagcini-lwazi xa behlola ukuphengulula okusemthethweni nokuxhuzula. Ngaphezu koko, amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imimiselo ebangela ukukhuselwa komntwana, njengokufuna imvume yokufumana umntwana ngaphambi kokuthatha imvume yokufumana ilungelo lokugcina ityala (njengokuvalwa okanye ukubaleka), okanye ukuvalela ukusetyenziswa kobungqina obufunyenwe ngokukhangela esikolweni.

Iinkundla zomanyano, kuquka iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. igxininise ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba abantwana bahluke ngokwemigaqo-siseko kubantu abadala ukwenzela uHlaziyo lwesine. New Jersey v. T.L.O.[[FLL:1]] (85), iNkundla yagxininisa ukuba amagosa esikolo afuna ukukrokrazwa kuphela okusengqiqweni / "ukufuna isiqinisekiso /hnqikaho] somntwana kwimicimbi yesikolo.

Imfuneko Yokungasivumeli Ukuba Silwe Kwiimeko Ezininzi

Umthetho umele ufumane isiqinisekiso phambi kokuba unyanzelise umntwana ekhaya okanye uphande igumbi lokuhlala, inqwelo-mafutha okanye izixhobo ze-elektroniki. UMthetho wesine Wokwenziwa kwemida usebenza ngamandla apheleleyo kwabancinane, kwaye umthetho okhutshwe yijaji engathathi-nxaxheba uqinisekisa ukuba isigqibo sisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo kunokuba igosa lifumane ingqiqo. Oku kuyimfuneko kukhusela imicimbi yobuqu kunye nezilangazelelo zenkululeko zolutsha nentsapho yabo. Ngokuqhelisa, imikhosi emininzi iphatha ukubanjwa kwabantwana ngokufanayo isiqinisekiso sokubanjwa kwabadala, ngamanyathelo afanayo: ukusetyenziswa, ukubukezwa kwejaji, kunye nejaji, kwaye ikhuphiwe kwisizathu esifanelekileyo.

Imvume yokuphengulula, inkqubo i-alogous. Ukuba amapolisa afuna ukuphengulula igumbi lokulala lomntwana ekhaya, kufuneka afumane isiqinisekiso ngaphandle kokuba omnye wemisebenzi engaziwayo. Isibakala sokuba umzali angavuma ngamaxesha onke akwanele, (iikhonkthi ziyayihlola imvume yomzali ukuba unegunya lokuvuma na yaye enoba imvume yakhe ifanele ukuba ilungile kusini na. Kwiimeko ezininzi, imvume yomzali ifanelekile, kodwa ukuba umntwana umdala ngokwaneleyo ukuba alindele ukuba abe yedwa kwigumbi labo, ukukwazi komzali ukuvuma kwakhe kusenokulinganiselwa. Ezi zizathu zifuna ukuba umthetho uqikelelwe kakuhle kusini na kusini na emnqamlezo ngokomthetho wentsapho kunye nomthetho womthetho.

Abahlukileyo Kwimfuneko Engummangaliso

Njengalo lonke uHlalulo lwesi-4, imfuneko efunekayo kwiimeko zolutsha ixhomekeke kwiimeko ezingafaniyo. Amagosa asenokuqhubeka ngaphandle kwemvume phantsi kweemeko ezithile ezithe zaqwalaselwa ziinkundla. Ukuqonda ezi zimkhethe kubalulekile koogqirha kuba basoloko becelwa kwiimeko zolutsha.

  • [[FLT: 0] Imvume esemthethweni: Ukuvuma ngokuzithandela ukuphendla okunikelwa ngumntwana okanye ngumntu onegunya eliqhelekileyo kwisakhiwo (njengomzali okanye umgcini) kungaphelisa imfuneko yemvume. Noko ke, imvume kufuneka inikwe ngokukhululekileyo kwaye ingabi yimiphumo yokunyanzelwa. Abaselula, iinkundla zihlolisisa ngokusondeleyo enoba abantwana bawaqonda amalungelo abo nokuba baziva benyanzelwa bubukho bamapolisa. Kwamanye amazwe, umzali akanakuvuma ukukhangela indawo yabucala (njengedipowa etshixiweyo) ukuba izinto ezincinci zichaza kakuhle.
  • Ukuphengulula Ukubanjwa Okungagunyaziswanga: Xa umntwana ebanjwa ngokusemthethweni, abaphathi-majoni bangakhangela umntu omntwana kunye nendawo ekhawulezileyo yezixhobo okanye ubungqina. Oku kukhetha kuyafana nakubantu abadala, kodwa iinkundla zibeke umda kwindawo ekulawuleni okukhawulezileyo. Ukuphengulula ingxowa okanye umnxeba wolutsha ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba ubanjiwe kungafuna isiqinisekiso ukuba isixhobo asifumaneki ngokukhawuleza.
  • Iimeko eziqikelelwayo: Ukuba kukho isisongelo esikhawulezileyo kukhuseleko okanye umngcipheko oza kutshatyalaliswa phambi kokuba isiqinisekiso sifumaneke, abaphathi-mikhosi bangasebenza ngaphandle kwemvume. Umzekelo, ukuba amapolisa avile ulutsha olusongela ukukhupha iziyobisi kwindlu yangasese, bangangena kwikhaya ngaphandle kwemvume yokunqanda utshabalaliso lobungqina. Ngokunjalo, ukuba umntwana ukholelwa ukuba usengozini ekhawulezileyo (umz., isisongelo sokuzibulala), ungena okungena okungena okungena komthetho kufanelekile.
  • Imbono ePlain Trinity: Ukuba igosa likho ngokusemthethweni kwindawo ethile kwaye libona ukungeniswa kwemali okanye ubungqina kwimboniselo ecacileyo, akuyomfuneko ukuba kufunyanwe obu bungqina. Le mfundiso isebenza kumatyala aselula, kodwa ubukho bokuqala begosa bumele buvunyelwe (umz., ngexesha lokuphendla okanye xa kusenziwa omnye uxwebhu).
  • I-Terry Stops kunye ne Frisks: ukrokrano olusengqiqweni lokuba umntwana ubandakanyekile kumsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye uxhobile uvumela ukumisa okufutshane kophando kunye nokugada okusikelwe umda kwezixhobo. Oku kukhetha akuvumeli ukuphengulula okupheleleyo, kodwa linyathelo lokuqala eliqhelekileyo kwiimeko ezininzi zolutsha, ingakumbi kwiindawo eziphezulu.
  • Ezifunekayo ezikhethekileyo Ukukhangela: Kwimeko ezithile ezifana nezikolo okanye uvavanyo, ukuphengulula kungaqhutywa ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ukuba zigwetyelwe “intswelo ekhethekileyo” ngaphandle komthetho oqhelekileyo, njengokugcina ukhuseleko esikolweni okanye ukunyanzelisa iimeko zokuvavanya. Umzekelo, igosa elilungisa ityala lingaphendla ikhaya lolutsha ngaphandle kwemvume ukuba umntwana ukwityala lovavanyo lolutsha kwaye ukukhangela kunxulumene ngokufanelekileyo neenjongo zolawulo.

Ezi zimkhethe azinasiphelo. Iinkundla ziye zalumkisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba zingasetyenziswa ngokuphandle ukuze zijongeke phantsi umsebenzi wokukhusela ofunekayo, ingakumbi kubantwana. Uphengululo olungenasiqinisekiso olusekelwe kwimvume okanye kwimvume okanye ukugqwethwa kufuneka lubhalwe phantsi luphinde lugwetyelwe ngezibakala ezithile; kungenjalo, ubungqina bungacinywa xa kuchotshelwa.

Imeko engokwembali Nezinto Ezingundoqo

Ukuxabisa ngokupheleleyo indlela esemthethweni yangoku, kuyanceda ukuqwalasela indlela eziye zaveliswa ngayo iimfuno zomthetho zolutsha ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Inkqubo yenkundla yanamhlanje yabantwana iqala ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, xa abaguquli befuna ukuphatha amatyala aselula ngokwahlukileyo kubantu abadala, bebhekisa kwimo yokubuyiselwa kunokuba bohlwaye. Kwixesha elikhulu, iinkundla ezisebenza ngokucwangcisiweyo, kunye nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko zazingekho kakhulu. Kwakungade kube ngumthetho wesigqeba [[FLT: 0] kwi-rault [1977]) iNkuko ephakamileyo yandisa amalungelo afanelekileyo eenkqubo e-U.S.

Emva I-Gault, iinkundla ezisezantsi zaqalisa ukusebenzisa ukhuseleko lweSine Sonyuso lwezibonelelo ngokungqongqo kwiimeko zabantwana. Kwi-winship [1970], iNkundla ifuna ubungqina obungaphaya kobusengqiqweni kubungqina obungaqinisekiyo kwiziganeko zolutsha, kwaye Bred v. Jones] [77], yandisa iintsonga eziphindiweyo. La matyala avulwe ngokubanziswa ukuba amatyala anelungelo elingundoqo kumalungelo omgaqo-mgqalise afana nakulwayo kwimicimbi ezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Noko ke, imfuneko ngokwayo ayizange ixoxwe ngqo yiNkude kwi-Cromeepuexpromote de yenkulungwane 21959.

Enye inkqubela ebalulekileyo yayikukugqalwa ukuba iminyaka yobudala bomntwana ifanele iqwalaselwe ekuhloleni ukuvunywa kwezizathu ezininzi. J.B. v. umNtla Carolina (2011], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingunobangela wokuqinisekisa ukuba i-Miranda ihleli kakuhle kusini na. Imbono iphakanyiswe ziinkundla ezininzi ezisezantsi ukuba ivume, ibambe ukuba ulutsha no-imriens lungakungakuqiniseki ukuvuma kwabo ukuphengulula. Ngokufanayo, iinkundla ziye zathi ivume ukuba ukuphendla kwegumbi lomntwana kusenokuvalwa ukuba ulutsha lulindele ukuba ulutsha lungachanane bungqina obufanelekileyo bokuchasa.

Ukuthelekiswa Nemilinganiselo Yabantu Abadala Eyingozi

Ngelixesha ulwakhiwo olusemthethweni lwemvume lufanayo kubantu abadala nakulutsha, umahluko omninzi ongundoqo uvela kumsebenzi. Okokuqala, ingcamango yesizathu esinokwenzeka ingasetyenziswa ngokungqongqo xa ukrokrela encinane ngenxa yentanda-bulumko ephindwa kwakhona yenkqubo. Amanye amazwe aye amisela imimiselo efuna umgangatho ophezulu ``njengo' olucacileyo noweyisekileyo" "ngokoko ke ke ngokokokuba kukho izicelo ezithile ezibandakanya ulutsha, ingakumbi ukufakwa kwemiqathango yemvume. Okwesibini, ukunxaxwa kwemfuneko kutolikwa ngolwazi olunzulu kukuziphatha komntwana. Umzekelo, ukuvuma okunikwa ngu 1255 remawaka elina okuphela kweminyaka ubudala okuphela akhoyo ngaphandle komzali kusenokubonwa ngokuzenzekelayo.

Okwesithathu, indima yabazali nabagcini-khaya ingokwabantu abaselula kuphela. Ngokufuthi umzali unokuvuma ukuphengulula iindawo eziqhelekileyo zekhaya, kodwa kungekhona kwiindawo ezilawulwa kuphela ngumntwana, njengedayari okanye i-password [1] ekhuselweyo. Kwimeko zabantu abadala, umntu ohlala kunye okanye iqabane lomtshato usenokuba negunya lokuvuma; kwiimeko zabantwana, igunya lomzali libanzi kodwa alipheleli. Okwesine, “imeko ezingaqhelekanga” ezinokufunyanwa ngokungakumbi xa ukhuseleko lomntwana lusemngciphekweni, njengokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi okanye ingxaki yempilo yengqondo. Okokugqibela, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho esemthethweni yokulungisa iinkqubo zenkundla zezomthetho zokwenza izinto ezinokungamkeleki kubantu abadala, abathi baphikisaneembono yokuba basebenzise imoreactreater.

Indima Yabazali Neegadi Zasezimisweni Ezimangalisayo

Abazali kunye nabagcini-mthetho banendima ebalulekileyo kwimicimbi yabantwana, njengabameli nabagcini besango abaxhasa imvume. Xa abaqeqeshi bomthetho befuna umthetho wokukhangela ikhaya apho umntwana ehlala khona, umzali udla ngokusetyenziswa ngulowo unxulumana namapolisa, anike inkcazelo, kwaye asenokucelwa ukuba avume. Kubalulekile ukuba abazali baqonde amalungelo abo kunye nemiqathango yegunya labo. Isigqibo somzali sokuvuma ukuphendla sisenokuwaphazamisa amalungelo omntwana wesine oMgaqo-mva-mva-mva-mvana ukuba umzali unegunya elikhoyo okanye elicacileyo kummandla okhangelwe. Noko ke, ukuba umntwana ulindele ngasese kwaye umzali uyazi ukuba izinto ezincinane, ukuvuma kwakhe kusenokungasetyenziswa.

Kwimimandla emininzi, kufuneka amapolisa azise abazali ngaphambi kokubuza umntwana okwityala, kwaye lo mgaqo mnye uyasebenza ekuqinisekiseni ukuba kuya kusetyenziswa intsebenziswano. Amanye amaphondo anemimiselo egunyazisa ukuba umzali abekho xa imvume isenziwa ngokuchasene nomntwana, ubuncinane kwizikolo. Abazali kufuneka baqaphele ukuba abanakunyanzeleka ukuba bavume ukuphengululwa.

Kulutsha olukhuselayo, ukucel ’ umngeni imvume yomzali kuqhelekile xa ubungqina bufunyenwe ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Ukuzithethelela kusenokuphikisa ngokuthi imvume inyanzelekile, ukuba umzali wayengenalo igunya kwindawo ethile ejongiweyo (umz., igumbi lokulala lomntwana kwimeko ephindiweyo yesibini), okanye ukuba ulutsha oluzimeleyo alukufuni oko.

Impembelelo Yobugcisa Kumaziko Asezinzulwini Zomkhosi

Iminyaka yamanani iye yavelisa imiba enzima yokuvumela iimfuno ezifunekayo zolutsha. Amancinane asoloko esebenzisa iifowuni, i-media yezentlalo, kunye nemigangatho ye-intanethi, zonke ezinamagama amaninzi olwazi lobuqu. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kusoloko kufuna imfuneko yokufumana iicell phone, iikhompyutha, okanye iingxelo zamafu. Ezi zicelo kufuneka zihambelane nemfuneko yeSine Solawulo-Mthethwe-Mthethwe-mgangatho-mathelo, kufuneka zichaze ukuba kufunwa ntoni na kwaye kutheni kuyimfuneko. Isiqinisekiso esifuna ukuba zonke “idata” ezisuka kwifowuni yolutsha luza kufumaneka ngaphaya kolwazi oluqhelekileyo nengasetyenziswangasetyenziswangasetyenziswangasetyenziswangasetyenziswanga.

Ngaphezu koko, ukulindele ukuba ukungabikho komntu kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki kukhulu. Riley v. California (2014, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi ifuna isiqinisekiso sokuphendla icell phone ye-mouse, kwanesiganeko sokubanjwa. Lo mthetho usebenza ngokufanayo nakulutsha. Ngenxa yoko, izicelo ezigunyazisa iimfonomfono zolutsha kufuneka zimisele ukuba isixhobo siqulethe ubungqina obuthile bolwaphulo-mthetho oluthe lwaphantsi kophendlo.

Amanye amaphondo aye amisela imithetho ekhusela abantwana kwinkcazelo yezeminxeba. Umzekelo, iColorado ifuna isiqinisekiso esikhethekileyo sokufumana ingxelo yezentlalo-ntle yomntwana, kwaye iKhalifoniya ithintela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-elektroniki kubantwana ngaphandle komyalelo wenkundla. Abakhuseli bephondo bafumana imiyalelo enzima exhomekeke kwinkcazelo yesikolo esezikolweni, besithi imigaqo yokuphengulula yesikolo ayiwahluli ngokuzenzekelayo amalungelo eSine Solawulo sekhompyutha. Iinkundla ziye zahlukana kule mbambano, abanye besithi abafundi balindele izinto eziyimfihlo esikolweni ukuba inkqubo yesikolo ithetha ngokucacileyo ukuba akukho nto ithethwa yiyo.

Ukudibana kwemithetho yobugcisa kunye nemithetho yabantwana kunyusa inkxalabo malunga nemfundiso yedata egcinwe kwakhona kunye neyesithathu. Iinkampani zezentlalo-ntle zisoloko ziphethe ugcino-lwazi olunokufunyanwa ngumthetho onyanzelisayo okanye olwenziwa ngabasebenzi. Kubantwana, oku kuthetha ukuba imvume isenokungafunwa ukuba i-data ibanjwe liqela lesithathu ngaphantsi kwemfundiso yesithathu ye-16666, kodwa imfundiso ithe yaphelelwa kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngokukodwa ngenxa yolwazi lobuqu oluphezulu. Inkundla ePhakamileyo [[FLT: 0].[FLT] i-Cententer v. [FL:] (20)] (20) isiqinisekiso sokuba kufuneka i-data yezolwazi zembali, iqonda ukuba abantu banokulindela ukuba bazimele kwintshukumo zabo. Oku kumele ukuba bagqibele iintshukumo zoomatshini. Oku kumele ukuba kulandele ii-cellsteleaaac.

Izenzo Ezibalaseleyo Zokunyanzelisa Nokwayama

Ukunikwa komthetho nengxaki ephezulu yolutsha, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kunye nabameli bokhuseleko kufuneka balandele uqheliselo oluhle ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela iimfuno ezifanelekileyo. Amagosa amapolisa, eyona ndlela ikhuselekileyo kukufumana isiqinisekiso naninina kunokwenzeka, nakwiimeko apho umahluko unokusebenzisa. Oku kuyathintela ukubekwa komthetho kophendlo okanye ukuphangwa. Abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka babhale zonke iingxoxo nabaselula nabazali babo, babhale isiseko sako nakuphi na ukuvumelana, baze baqhagamshelane nomtshutshisi okanye umtshutshisi osemthethweni phambi kokuba baqhubeke ngaphandle kwemvume. Uqeqesho kwiinkqubo ezincinane .

Amagqwetha akhuselayo, iintshukumo zobundlobongela zangaphambili zolawulo ezinamandla ukuvala ubungqina obufunyenwe ngaphandle kogunyaziso olusemthethweni zisixhobo esibalulekileyo. Ama-attorney kufuneka ahlolisise isiqinisekiso sokukhupha okanye ukushwampulwa kwemithetho ephosakeleyo, avavanye ukuthembeka kwabameli, kwaye aphikise ukuba imvume yomntwana ayizange inikwe ngokuzithandela ngeminyaka yakhe kunye nendawo ekhuselekileyo. Kufuneka ahlolisise nokuba inkcazelo yesiqinisekiso yendawo okanye umntu ingomnye isetyenziswe ngokwaneleyo kwaye nokuba amagosa aphumeza asebenza kwimiqathango yemvume. Kwimeko apho ubugcisa bubandakanyekile, kufuneka kufune ubungqina bokuba isiqinisekiso sihambisana nobungqongqo obubo obukhoyo kwaye ulwazi lungafunyanwangafunyanwanga kuphengululwanga ngokukhangela jikelele.

Ekugqibeleni, abagwebi kunye nabaphathi banembopheleleko yokuqwalasela ngenyameko izicelo zogunyaziso zolutsha. Kufuneka bajonge ubudala bomntwana njengothunywa wokuqwalasela unobangela olindelekileyo kunye nokuziphakamisa kwayo nayiphi na imvume. Bafanele baqinisekise ukuba isiqinisekiso silinganiselwe koko kuyimfuneko kwaye ezinye iindlela zokuphanda (njengodliwano-ndlebe lokuzithandela nabazali abakhoyo) ziyaqwalaselwa. Ulawulo lwejaji luyi-inchpin yenkqubo yemvume, kwaye ukuqina kwayo kwiimeko zolutsha kuyimfuneko ukugcina ukholo nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye nokukhusela amalungelo abantu abaselula.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda imilinganiselo esemthethweni efunekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe iimfuno kwiimeko zolutsha kufuneka uxabiso olunzulu lwemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko, iinkcazelo zomthetho, kunye nobume obukhethekileyo babantwana kwinkqubo yokusesikweni. Imfuneko yeSine soLawulo olufanelekileyo isebenza kulutsha olunamandla, luphakanyiswe ziinjongo ezicacileyo. Unobangela ofanelekileyo uhlala ungumqobo, kwaye nabuphi na ubungqina obusetyenziswa ukuxhasa isiqinisekiso kufuneka buthembeke kwaye buhlanganiswe kakuhle. Uqwalaselwa olukhethekileyo (ukuqwalaselwa okukhethekileyo) njengendima yabazali, ummiselo wesikolo, imfihlo, i-tecredial, kunye nomthetho wenkqubo owenziwe ngokusemthethweni wobudala.

Njengokuba ulawulo olusemthethweni luqhubeka luguquka, ingakumbi ngobugcisa obuqhubekekayo kunye nokutshintsha kwesimo sengqondo sobucuphi ngokuphathelele isigwebo solutsha, bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kwinkqubo kufuneka bahlale benolwazi yaye belumkile. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho, ukufumana isiqinisekiso ngumgangatho wegolide okhusela uphando kunye namalungelo omntwana. Abaxhasi, imingeni enzima yokuqinisekisa ukuba uxanduva olungenasiqinisekiso. Abagwebi, ukuhlalutya ngenyameko kwezicelo zesiqinisekiso kuxhasa ukuthembeka kwenkqubo. Ekugqibeleni, ukusetyenziswa okufanelekileyo kwemfuneko kwiimeko zabantwana kulungelelanisa umdla karhulumente ekunyanzeleni umthetho kunye nezilangazelelo ezingundoqo nezilangazelelo zobuqu zabantu abaselula.