Ucalucalulo Lobudala Emsebenzini: Ucelomngeni Oluqhubekayo Olungokwasemthethweni

Ucalucalulo lobudala luseyenye yezona ndlela zisasazwayo zocalucalulo lwasemsebenzini kodwa ezisasazekileyo. Phezu kwaloo minyaka ingamashumi eshumi eenkuselo ezisemthethweni, abasebenzi abakhulileyo bayaqhubeka bejamelana nemiqobo enzima ekuqesheni, ekunyuseni, ekuhlawuleni, ekugqibeleni izigqibo. I-U.Umphicotho woMsebenzi woMsebenzi woMsebenzi woMsebenzi woMsebenzi (EOC) usoloko ufumana amashumi amawaka eeminyaka ejongelwa nocalucalucalulo nyaka ngamnye, yaye iinzuzo zemali zifikelela kumakhulu ezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka. La manani agxininisa amanani abonisa ukuba: ucalucalucalulo akuyo akusothotho lobudala kodwa imfuneko eqhubekayo, ukuqashelwa okusemthethweni, nokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo.

Abaqeshi bangayichaza imiphumo yemali nedume yocalulo lobudala ngokutshayelelwa kwemali. Kubasebenzi, ukuqonda indlela esemthethweni nokufunda kwiimeko eziphumeleleyo kungathetha umahluko phakathi kokwamkela okungekho sikweni nokukhusela iingcaciso ezifanelekileyo. Eli nqaku lihlola ukumangalelwa kocalulo olubalaseleyo lobudala, ukukhubaza iinkalo eziphambili ezikhokelela ekoyiseni, kwaye linika ukhokelo olusebenzayo nabani na oqhuba lo mmandla wemisebenzi.

Umsebenzi Osemthethweni Obangela Ucalucalulo

Ngaphambi kokuqwalasela amatyala athile, kubalulekile ukuqonda isiseko esisemthethweni esenza ukuba oku kumangalelwa kukwazike. EUnited States, umthetho ophambili othintela ucalucalulo lobudala yi-Age of Adbect (ADEA) yowe-1967, ikhusela abantu abaneminyaka engama-40 ubudala okanye abakhulileyo ekukhetheni imisebenzi ngenxa yobudala. Umthetho usebenza kubaqeshi abasebenza nabaqeshwa abangama-20 okanye abangaphezulu, kuquka urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, abameli bemisebenzi, kunye nemibutho yemisebenzi.

IADEA iyalwalela ucalucalulo nakuyiphi na inkalo yomsebenzi, kuquka ukuqeshwa, ukudutyulwa, izabelo zemisebenzi, ukunyuselwa emsebenzini, ukukhutshwa emsebenzini, iingenelo, nayiphi na enye imfuneko okanye nayiphi na imeko yomsebenzi. Ngokucacileyo, umthetho ukwakwenza kube kokungekho mthethweni ukuphindezela umntu ngenxa yezenzo zokuchasa umsebenzi ezisekelwe kubudala okanye ekukhetheni ityala localucalulo lobudala, ukungqina okanye ukuthatha inxaxheba nakweyiphi na ingqwalaselo okanye phantsi kweADEA.

Ngaphandle komthetho worhulumente, amazwe amaninzi anemithetho yawo yocalucalulo elingana neminyaka yawo enokuba nemigaqo ebanzi yokukhusela, imiqathango esezantsi yabaqeshwa, okanye imimiselo emide yemiqathango. Umzekelo, iCalifornia Fair Work and Howation Act (FEHA) ikhusela abasebenzi babo nabaphi na ubudala kwaye isebenza kubaqeshi abambalwa nabaqeshwa abahlanu. Ukuqonda ukudityaniswa kwemithetho karhulumente neyasekuhlaleni kuyinxalenye enzima kulo naliphi na isuntswana eliphumelelayo localulo olunelo olunempumelelo.

Imithetho Engokwahlula Abantu Yaguqula Umhlaba Osemthethweni

La matyala alandelayo amela ezinye zeempumelelo ezibalaseleyo ekulweni nocalucalulo lobudala.

Smith v. TechCorp (2010): Umgibe wokuqeqesha kwakhona

UJohn Smith, oneminyaka engama-55 ubudala, injineli ye-software ephambili eneminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabini yohlolo lobuchule obukhethekileyo, yapheliswa ngexesha lenkampani ebanzi yokulungiswa kwakhona. ItechCorp yathi ukurhoxa kwasekelwa ekuncitshisweni okusemthethweni kwamandla (RF) okuqhutywa ziimeko zezoqoqosho. Noko ke, uSmith waphawula umlinganiselo okhathazayo: phantse bonke abasebenzi abakhethelwe ukuphelisa babengaphezulu kweminyaka engama-50, ngelixa abasebenzi abancinane abaneemfuno ezifanayo okanye ezincinane babegcinwa okanye baphinde baphinde banikwe kwimisebenzi emitsha.

Iqela elisemthethweni iSmith lahlanganisa ityala elinyanzelisayo lisebenzisa ubungqina obubonisa ukuba i-RIF yachaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa abasebenzi abaneminyaka engama-50. Bakwafumana ii-imeyili zangaphakathi apho abaphathi bathetha khona ngokukhula kwabo ngo "abasebenzi abangalawulekiyo" kunye "ukuzisa iimbono ezintsha. Inkundla yafumanisa ukuba i-TechCorp's ingcinga yezoqoqosho echaziweyo yayiyirhintyelo efuna ukucalucalucalucalulo lobudala. Ijaji yabanika uSmith ii-R1. I-R1,3 ezigidi ezihlawulwayo, ii-mali ezihlawulweyo, kunye neziphumo ezingokweemvakalelo. Kwakhona inkundla yayalela utechCorp ukuba iphumeze uqeqesho olufunekayo lobuntlola localuko lwawo lweminyaka yokwahlulo lwabaphathi bonke nokulungisa i-RF iquka iinjongo zayo, ii-ographie.

Isitshixo sokuthatha indawo: Ulwahlulo lobudala kunye nee-RIF zizichazi eziqhelekileyo zocalulo lobudala. Xa unciphiso lwamandla luchaphazela abasebenzi abadala ngokungenakulinganiswa, iinkundla ziza kuhlolisisa ulungiso lomqeshi. Ubungqina bobustatististial kunye nonxibelelwano lwangaphakathi zinokuba zizixhobo ezinamandla zokubhenca.

Johnson v. Retail Giants (2015): UkuKhuthazwa

UMary Johnson, umphathi wevenkile oneminyaka engama-62 ubudala oneminyaka eli-18 yenkonzo eRetail Giants, wayesoloko egqithisa amaxhoba okuthengiselwa yaye wafumana uvavanyo olubalaseleyo. Xa indawo yomphathi wengingqi yaba yindawo engekho, uJohnson wafaka isicelo kwaye waqiniseka ukuba unyanisile. Umsebenzi wanikwa umntu oneminyaka engama-34 ubudala onamava omphathi kunye nengxelo yerekhodi kaJohnson awayeyijonga njengephantsi.

Johnson wafaka isityholo sokucalucalulo nge-EOC waza kamva wafaka ityala elithe uRetail Giants wayenendlela yokudlula kwabasebenzi abadala ukwenzela ukunyuselwa kwabasebenzi abaselula. UDiscovery watyhila ukuba inkqubo yokunyusela inkampani ixhomekeke kakhulu kwimigaqo esekelwe kuyo, efana "nokwanela kwe-EOC," kunye "amandla amatsha" asetyenziswa ngokudibanisa. Amagqwetha kaJohnson akwanikela ubungqina bokuba umphathi weqela eliqeshileyo wenza amagqabaza ngemfuneko yokuba "kusebenza ngokuqhubekayo" iqela labalawuli bengi bengi bephondo kunye "negazi lomvumi."

Inkundla yabachopheli yabachopheli yanika uJohnson ii-R2,8 lezigidi kwilahleko, kuquka ingeniso elahlekileyo neengenelo, kunye ne-R340 000 kwilahleko yesohlwayo. Inkundla kwakhona yafuna ukuba iRetail Giants ziphumeze inkqubo yonyuselo ecwangcisiweyo enemigaqo ecacileyo, enenjongo kunye nokujongwa okuqhubekayo ukuqinisekisa iziphumo ezithe ngqo.

Isitshixo sokuthatha indawo: Iinketho zokunyusela ezisekelwe kumxholo zingagquma imfihlo yeminyaka. Abaqeshi kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba izigqibo zonyuselo zisekelwe kwizinto ezinokusetyenziswa, eziphakamisa umsebenzi, kwaye abasebenzi abadala baqwalaselwa ngokufanelekileyo kumathuba okuhambela phambili.

IKhomishini ye-Ofisi Yomsebenzi eLingene------BNSF Ray Co. (2013): I-Systemtatic Barrier

Eli tyala leklasi lezenzo laziswa yiEOC ngokuchasene neBNSF Railway Company lathi abasebenzi boololiwe abanyanzelelwa ngokungekho mthethweni, abahlawulwa imali ephezulu ukuba bathathe umhlala-phantsi kwaye abavumi ukuba babanike inxalenye yendlela yokucalucalula abantu abadala. Eli tyala lalibandakanya malunga nama-300 abathathi-nxaxheba okanye abakhanyelwe ukuphinda bapheliswe ngokweminyaka yabo. IEEOC yanikela ubungqina bENTF yaqhubeka nenkqubo "yokuhlasela abasebenzi abadala" yokuhlasela ukuphola nokubeka abasebenzi abancinane, abahlawulwayo.

Ityala elilungiswe ngezigidi ezilishumi elinesihlanu zeerandi, iBNSF ivuma ukulungiselela isicombululo esibalulekileyo, kuquka umsebenzi othembisa ukubuyisela abasebenzi abachaphazelekayo, ukubuyiselwa kweenzuzo, kunye nokuqeqeshwa okupheleleyo kwabasebenzi boovimba babantu kunye nabaphathi bemithetho yocalulo lobudala. Kwakhona eli tyala lafuna ukuba iBNSF izalisekise inkqubo engoondileleyo, enenjongo yokwenza izigqibo zokurhoxa nokuzithoba nokuzithoba kuludwe lwe-EOC kangangexesha leminyaka elingeyiyo.

IQhosha elithatha indawo: I-EEOC inegunya kunye nobuncwane bokulandela amatyala ocalulo olukwiminyaka yobudala ukwenzela amaqela amakhulu abasebenzi. Xa imisebenzi yomqeshi ichaphazela abaqeshi abaninzi, indlela yentsebenziswano ikhokelela kunyango oluninzi kunye neenguqu ezikushishino ngokubanzi.

Iphepha le Hazen Co. v. Biggins (1993): Udibaniso lwe Pension

Eli tyala leNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. lathetha ngokudibana okugxekayo phakathi kocalucalulo lobudala neenzuzo zempesheni. UWalter Biggins, umqeshwa oneminyaka engama-62 ubudala oneminyaka emalunga ne-10 yenkonzo eHazen Paper Company, wapheliswa kamsinyana ngaphambi kokuba inzuzo yempesheni yakhe ifakwe. I Biggin yatyhola ukuba ugxothwe ukunqanda ukufumana iinzuzo zempesheni, nto leyo enokuba yayikukuchasana kwe-ADEA.

INkundla Ephakamileyo yathi nangona ukupheliswa okubangelwa kukufakelwa umhlala-phantsi kungelobungqina obungqalileyo bocalucalulo lobudala, kungasetyenziswa njengobungqina benjongo yolwaphulo-mthetho ukuba izenzo zomqeshi zisekelwe kwiintelekelelo ezithe ngqo zeendleko zabasebenzi abadala okanye imveliso. INkundla yacacisa ukuba i-ADEA iyaluthintela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kubudala, hayi kwizinto ezinokuthanani nobudala. Lo mahluko uhlala ubalulekile kwinkcitho namhlanje.

Isitshixo sokuthatha indawo: Abaqeshi abanakusebenzisa iindleko zemali yomhlala-phantsi okanye ucwangciso njengendlela yokuphelisa abasebenzi abakhulileyo. Ngelixesha i-ADEA ingaluthinteli ngokuthe ngqo ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimo yempesheni, ihambo enjalo inokuba bungqina obunamandla obucacileyo bobugcinjiweyo bobudala.

Imizekelo Eqhelekileyo Yomthetho Onempumelelo Wocalucalulo

Ukuhlolisisa ezi ziganeko nezinye eziphumelelayo kubonisa imibandela emininzi ephindaphindwayo egxeka nabani na okhuthaza ukuba umntu abe nolwaluko lobudala.

Ubungqina Obungokweengxelo Bomphumo Ongalinganiyo

Enye yeentlobo ezinamandla zobungqina kwiimeko zocalucalulo lobudala kukuhlalutya izibalo okubonisa ukuba ukwenza kwesigqibo komqeshi kuchaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto abasebenzi abakhulileyo. Iinkundla zisoloko zivuma ubungqina bezibalo obubonisa ukuba abaqeshwa abadala baphelisiwe, badluliselwe ekunyuseni, okanye ngandlel' imbi bafumana umlinganiselo ophakame kakhulu kunabanye abancinane. Amagqwetha asoloko esebenza namangqina obuchule kwizoqoqosho okanye kwimibango yokunikela uhlalutyo logcino-lwazi olugunyazisayo.

Ubungqina Obungqalileyo BobuAnimus Obungokweminyaka

Uthungelwano lwangaphakathi, kuquka ii-imeyili, imisebenzi, kunye neengxelo ezirekhodiweyo, eziqulethe ulwimi lobudala okanye uqikelelo lobundlobongela lunganqumamisa. Inkcazo malunga "nesikolo esidala" ukucinga, "igazi elitsha," "abasebenzi abangaqeshwanga," okanye "ukucutha abasebenzi" ingaba bubungqina obungqalileyo benjongo yokukhupha ucalucalulo. Kwanamazwi abonakala ewehlayo abaphathi okanye abenzi besigqibo anokuba buthathaka izizathu ezichaziweyo zomqeshi osemthethweni zesenzo esinzima.

Imilinganiselo Engamkelekanga Phakathi komgaqo-nkqubo noqheliselo

Abaqeshi abaninzi banemigaqo ebhaliweyo ekwalela ucalucalulo nokukhuthaza amathuba alinganayo. Noko ke, abathathi-nxaxheba abaphumeleleyo basoloko bebonisa umsantsa phakathi kwezi nkqubo zichaziweyo kunye nezenzo zokwenene. Umzekelo, inkampani isenokuthi isebenzisa imiqathango ebhaliweyo xa ikhupha izigqibo kodwa, ngokwesiko, ixhomekeke kwiinkcazo ezijongelwe phantsi ezinokuchana nekhethe. Ukubonakalisa oku kungamandla.

Unyango lokuthelekisa lwabaqeshwa abakwakhoyo

Iinkundla zinikela uxanduva olubalulekileyo kubungqina bokuba abasebenzi abaselula abakwizikhundla ezifanayo baphathwa kakuhle kune-paltiff endala. Oku kunokuquka ukubonisa ukuba abaqeshwa abaselula bagcinwe ngexesha lokurhoxiswa, bafumana unyuselo olukhanyelwe kwabasebenzi abakhulileyo, okanye banikwa uhlolo olulungileyo. Ukwakha uhlalutyo oluqinileyo olufuna uxwebhu olucokisekileyo lwabasebenzi.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okwakha Ucalucalulo Olunamandla Oludala

Besebenzisa izifundo zokumangalelwa ngokunempumelelo, abantu abakholelwa ukuba baye bacalulwa ngenxa yobudala bafanele bathabathe amanyathelo alandelayo ukuze bakhusele amalungelo abo baze bakhe imeko ebangela ingcungcuthekisayo.

Phendula Zonke

Isiseko salo naluphi na ucalucalulo olunempumelelo luxwebhu olucokisekileyo. Gcina ingxelo ebhaliweyo ebhaliweyo yeziganeko zonke ezinxulumene neziganeko, kuquka amaxesha, iindawo, abantu ababandakanyekileyo, kunye neengxelo ezichaziweyo ezenziweyo. Gcina zonke iingxelo zomsebenzi, ii-imeyili, imisebenzi, kunye nezinye imiyalelo ezibhaliweyo ezihambisana nemeko yakho yomsebenzi. Ukuba ufumana imiyalelo okanye iintetho okholelwa ukuba zihlazisa, zibhale phantsi ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba zenzekile.

Gcina Ubungqina Bombane

Kumsebenzi wamanani wanamhlanje, uninzi lobungqina obunxulumene nocalucalulo lobudala bukhona kwimo ye-elektroniki. Oku kuquka ii-imeyili, imiyalezo ekhawulezileyo, i-data yokwenza, kunye neerekhodi ze-HR. Qinisekisa ukuba ulondoloza ezi zinto ngokugcina iikopi kwindawo ekhuselekileyo, yobuqu. Ungaguquleli okanye ucime naziphi na iifayile, njengokuba ukwenza njalo kungalonakalisa ngokunzulu ukuthembeka kwakho nokuma okusemthethweni.

Ukuqonda Umlinganiselo Wokwahlula Izinto

Ngaphantsi kwe-ADEA, ixesha lokugqiba ukubekwa kwetyala localulo kwi-EEOC lidla ngokuba ziientsuku ezili-180 ukusuka ngomhla wokutyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwimeko yemithetho yocalulo kunye namaziko okunyanzelisa angokobudala babo, olu mmiselo unganyuselwa kwientsuku ezingama-300. Ukungasibali ixesha elimiselweyo kungakuthintela ngokusisigxina. Yenzani ngokukhawuleza nize nibuze kwigqwetha ngokukhawuleza xa nikrokreza ukuba licalucalucalucalulo.

Jonga Kwisixhobo Esinamava Engqesho

Amatyala ocalucalulo obudala angokwasemthethweni nangokweemfuno. Igqwetha elinamava akhethekileyo ocalucalulo lwemisebenzi lingakuvavanya oko kuthethwa yimisebenzi yakho, lichaze iingcamango ezifanelekileyo zomthetho, liqokelele lize lilondoloze ubungqina, lisebenzise iinkqubo zolawulo nezomthetho. Amagqwetha amaninzi anika izicelo zokuqala zemali asebenzisana nentlawulo esemthethweni, oko kukuthi ahlawulwa kuphela ukuba ufumana iziphumo zokonakaliswa.

Ifayle Ityala ne-EEOC okanye i-Arhente yeSizwe

Phambi kokufaka ityala phantsi kwe ADEA, kufuneka kuqala ufake ifayile uxwebhu nge-EEOC okanye ngombutho womsebenzi ofanelekileyo wesizwe. Umbutho uza kuphanda ityala lakho kwaye ungazama ukulibuyisa. Ukuba umbutho ufumana unobangela ofanelekileyo wokukholelwa ukuba ucalucalulo lwenzekile, ingafaka ityala lakho okanye ikhutshwe "unelungelo lokumangalela" ileta ekuvumela ukuba uqhubeke ngokusemthethweni. I-EEOC inika izinto ze-intanethi kunye nee-ofisi zasekuhlaleni ezincedisa kwinkqubo ye-accept.

Impembelelo Ebanzi Yokwahlula Abantu Ngeminyaka Ingumthetho Onxamnye Nomgaqo - siseko Wemisebenzi

Ukumangalelwa kocalucalulo oluphumelelayo ngeminyaka kwenza okungaphezulu kunokunikela unyango ngamanye. Kwakhona kuqhuba iinguqu kwindlela yomsebenzi. Amatyala amaninzi axutyushwayo aphumela kulungelelwaniso lwenkundla, kuquka uqeqesho olunyanzelekileyo lwekhethe, ukuhlaziywa kwenkqubo yokuqesha nokunyusela, kunye nokujongwa ngokuqhubekayo yi-EEOC. Ezi nguqu ziyingenelo kubo bonke abasebenzi ngokudala ubuchule obucacileyo, ubuchule obucacileyo bemisebenzi.

Ngaphandle kwemiyalelo yenkundla, isisongelo sokuzidida ngokwaso sikhuthaza abaqeshi ukuba bahlolisise ngokutsha kwaye baphucule imisebenzi yabo. Iinkampani ezizivezelayo ekuqeqesheni abantu abakhulileyo, iinkqubo zokuhlola umsebenzi ozinzileyo, kunye nezithethe zemisebenzi eziququzelelweyo azinakukwazi ukujamelana nokucalucalulwa kwamaqela obugcisa ahlukeneyo aphuculekile, asebenza kakuhle, kwaye ayakwazi ukumelana neemeko zobuchule. Ityala loshishino lokwahlukahlukana kweminyaka libhalwe kakuhle, kunye nophando olubonisa ukuba amaqela ahlukeneyo aneminyaka ehlukeneyo aphucule, avelisa imveliso, kunye nokhuthame.

Amaqumrhu agunyazisa umthetho akwaphawula amatyala aphezulu. Ukuzingisa kocalulo lobudala kuye kwakhuthaza imigudu yokomeleza ukhuseleko olusemthethweni, kuquka ukuphuculwa kwemigaqo ye-ADEA kunye namanyathelo omgangatho karhulumente okuvala ukubhaxeka nokudlulisela ingxubusho kubasebenzi abangakumbi. Ulwazi loluntu olubangelwa kukumangalelwa okunempumelelo lungaguqula isimo sengqondo soluntu luze lunciphise ukunyamezela ikhethe lobudala.

Isiphelo

Ucalucalulo lobudala luhlala luyingxaki ebalulekileyo neqhubekayo emsebenzini waseMerika, kodwa uloyiso olungokwasemthethweni oluchazwe kweli nqaku lubonisa ukuba okusesikweni kuyafumaneka. Kwimeko nganye ezifana Smith v. Ubugcisa kunye [[FLT] kunye [FLT] . Retail Giants [ kwizenzo zolawulo olufana nemeko ye-EEOC' nxamnye neBNSFRAYILE, ezi zikhuselwe iintengiso ezinkomfa ezingundoqo zomdla wemicimbiso kunye neenguqu ezinyanzelo ezinika umdla kumsebenzi womqeshi.

Imisonto eqhelekileyo ehamba kwezi mpumelelo luxwebhu olucokisekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kobungqina, kunye nomelo olusemthethweni. Kumntu nabani na ojongene nocalucalulo olunxulumene nomsebenzi, indlela iqala ngokuqonda amalungelo akho, ukugcina ubungqina, nokufuna isiluleko sobuchule ngokukhawuleza. Umthetho unika izixhobo ezinamandla zokuvavanya ucalucalulo, kodwa ezo zixhobo zisebenza kuphela xa zisetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo nangobuchule.

Abaqeshi, ngeli xesha, banentshukumisa enzulu yokuba baluthabathe nzulu ucalucalulo lobudala. Iindleko zemali ezibangelwa kukungalingani, umonakalo, kunye neendawo zokuhlala zingaba nengozi enkulu, kwaye ukurhwaphiliza ityala kusenokuhlala iminyaka emininzi. Ukusetyenziswa kakuhle, ubuchule bemisebenzi nokukhuthaza impucuko epheleleyo yokuba abasebenzi babo bonke ubudala abaxakekiswanga nje ngokusemthethweni kodwa bafumana uncedo olusemgangathweni. Umsebenzini unamandla ngakumbi xa ufumana iitalente namava esizukulwana ngasinye.

Inkcazelo ebhekele phaya, icandelo [[FLT: 0] le-EOC's Age calucalucalulo iphepha linika ubuncwane obubanzi bokulungisa ityala nokuqonda amalungelo akho. AARP'S' icandelo elisemthethweni le-advocacy[ linika ukhokelo olongezelelekileyo nenkxaso kubasebenzi abadala abajongene nocalucalulo. Iingcali zezomthetho zezomthetho zasemthethweni zingafumana uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lomthetho wetyala we-ADEA ngoMthetho we- we-Melika-AP] Icandelo le-Bar Bat' Isiqendulo soMsebenzi noMsebenzi.