Ukhuseleko olusemthethweni kwityala eliphindaphindwayo kunye nolweziqinisekiso lwenza isiseko sokhupho lwayo nayiphi na inkqubo esesikweni. Ezimbini zezona zinamandla kodwa ezisoloko zingaqondwa kakuhle yiyo [[FLT: 0] ubungozi obuphindaphindiweyo kunye nezithi jucata[. Ngelixesha zombini iimfundiso zisebenza ukuthintela ukuphinda-phinda, zisebenza kwimibhobho ecacileyo esemthethweni kwaye zinika ukhuseleko oluthe lwahluka-jikelezwayo lommi ngamnye ufanele aqonde ukuqhuba inkqubo esemthethweni.

Ukuqonda Ingozi Ephindwe Kabini

Ubungozi obuphindwe kabini lukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko oluthintela urhulumente ukuba avavanye umntu kangangethuba elingaphezu kwelo linye ukwenzela ityala elinye lolwaphulo-mthetho. Isiseko solu khuseleko sifumaneka kuMgaqo-siseko wesihlanu, othi akukho mntu oya "kuthotyelwa ityala elifanayo ukuba abekwe kwingozi yobomi okanye isithoba." Lo mgaqo usebenza kuzo zonke izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho kwiinkundla zesizwe, kwaye, ngokusebenzisa i-Adminth Demendmentmentation’s Process Claces, kwiinkundla zephondo ngokufanayo.

Imvelaphi Yembali Nesiseko SomGaqo-siseko

Ingcamango yengozi ephindwe kabini inemvelaphi yamandulo, ebuyela kumthetho wamaRoma nakumthetho wamandulo wamaNgesi. Ingcamango yokuba umntu akafanele avavanywe kabini ukwenzela isenzo esinye yayiyimpendulo engqalileyo ekusetyenzisweni kakubi kwetyala lasebukhosini eNgilani. Abafaki-majoni base-U.S. bayiquka njengelungelo elisisiseko lokukhusela abemi kwigunya elikhulu lesizwe. Umgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba kanye isigqibo (hhnq i-arevoit okanye isiqinisekiso (*is) singene kwaye sibe sesiphelo, lo mba uyavalwa.

INkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ixhasa iingozi eziphindwe kabini njengokhuseleko olubalulekileyo kurhulumente ophathwe kakubi. Umzekelo, kwi-Benton v. Maryland (11969], iNkundla ikholelwa ukuba ingozi ephindwe kabini yinkululeko engundoqo ekhuselwe phantsi koMphetho-weshumi elinesine, iyenza isebenzise ukutshutshiswa. Esi sigqibo sigxininiswe ukuba akukho rhulumente onokuthi aphinde amva ummangalelwa emva kokuvalelwa, nokuba kuvela ubungqina obutsha kamva.

Xa ipeyinti Ephinda kabini (neenxaxhile)

Umngcipheko ophindwe kabini uncanyathiselwa kwinqanaba elithile kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, ityala lincanyathiselwa kwityala lejaji. Kwityala lejaji eliququzelelweyo, lincanyathiselwa xa ingqina lokuqala lifungqwa. Ukuba ityala livakaliswa ngaphandle kwemvume yommangalelwa kwaye akukho mfuneko icacileyo, ukuqulunqwa kwakhona kungathintelwa. Noko ke, kukho iimkhethe eziphawulekayo:

  • Imfundiso yolongamo lwe-Dual: Umntu angamangalelwa ngurhulumente kunye norhulumente wesizwe ngenxa yehambo efanayo ukuba isenzo sisophula imithetho eyahlukileyo yegunya ngalinye. Umzekelo, ityala likaRodney King langowe 1992 libandakanya ukukhulula okulandelwa yimigaqo yamalungelo abantu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Appel nguRhulumente: Ingxengxezo ingabhenela ukugxothwa okanye intshukumo yasemva kwesigwebo ephelisa ngokufezekileyo isiqinisekiso, kodwa ayinakubhena ukukhulula.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izinto ezijingayo: Ukuba isenzo esifanayo sichasene nemimiselo emininzi eneziqalelo ezahlukileyo, amatyala ahlukeneyo angavunyelwa phantsi kovavanyo lwe-"Stanburger".

Ezi zimcaba zimxinwa yaye zixinene kakhulu. Ukhuseleko olungundoqo luyasala: Xa ummangalelwa ekhululekile, urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuzithethelela ngenxa yeso sono sinye, nokuba bubuphi ubungqina obutsha obunamandla.

Imfundiso Yolongamo Olumanyeneyo Eqheliselwa

Imfundiso yolongamo olubini yenye yezona mpawu zididaneyo zobungozi obuphindwe kabini. Ithi ilawula ngokwahlukeneyo ne-odoli yorhulumente `inye inamandla okumangalela ulwaphulo-mthetho phantsi kwemithetho yayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba isenzo singakhokelela kwiityala ezimbini: enye kwinkundla yelizwe nenye kwinkundla yequmrhu. Abahlalutyi baphikisana noku kululaza umoya wengozi ephindwe kabini, ngoxa abaxhasi bewugcina ukulondoloza uburhulumente borhulumente kwaye bevumela umlawuli ngamnye ukuba anyanzele imithetho yakhe ngokwawo. Inkundla ephakamileyo yezomthetho, ikhokelela ekuvavanyweni kabini. United States, iqinisekisa kwakhona le mfundiso, ikhankanye yeminyaka eli-17.

"Imfundiso yolawulo olumabini luphawu lwakudala nolumiselwe lwezolwaphulo-mthetho lwaseMelika. Ibonakalisa umgaqo osisiseko wokuba amazwe norhulumente worhulumente bazimele ngokwahlukeneyo, ngamnye onegunya elizimeleyo lokugweba ukwaphulwa kwemithetho yawo." — IJaji Samuel Alito, qhinga l. United States [2010]

Oku kuthetha ukuba nokuba ityala likarhulumente liphela ngokugwetywa, amatyala karhulumente asenokuqhubeka ukuba ityala lawo lichasene nomthetho karhulumente.

Ukuqonda Kubangela Umahluko

Resjucata, isiLatin se "imeko egwetyiweyo," yimfundiso yomthetho yasekuhlaleni ethintela amaqela ekuququzeleleni izibhengezo okanye imibandela esele ithe yagwetywa ekugqibeleni yinkundla efanelekileyo. Ngokungafaniyo nengozi ephindwe kabini, esebenza kuphela kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, i-jucata ilawula amatyala asekuhlaleni apho amaqela azimeleyo (okanye urhulumente njenge-gastigant) afuna uncedo. Umgaqo ukhuthaza ukugqibelela, ukulondoloza oovimba betyala, nokukhusela amaqela kumatyala aphindaphindiweyo ngenxa yempikiswano efanayo.

Izinto Ezibangela Ukuncitshiswa Kwezigwebo

Ukuphinda ityala libekiwe okwesibini, kufuneka kugcwaliswe iziqalelo ezintathu:

  1. [[Umthetho:0] Umgwebo oPhambili kumaMvume: Imeko yangaphambili mayiphumele kumgwebo wokugqibela ogqiba intengo ezincinci, hayi nje ukugxothwa kwemiqathango.
  2. [[FLT: 0] Ukujongwa kwamaCandelo (okanye umqondiso): Amaqela kwisuti yesibini kufuneka afana (okanye kumthetho osemthethweni kunye) nabo bakwisuti yokuqala. Ulwazelelelo luquka amalandela kwinzala, abameli, okanye abo abanomdla babemelwe ngokufanelekileyo kwisenzo sokuqala.
  3. [[UMTL:0] Isizathu esingundoqo sesenzo okanye intelekelelo: Impikiswano esembindini okanye ingcamango engokwasemthethweni kufuneka ifane neyo sele ithenjiwe. Iinkundla zangoku zithatha indlela ebanzi yokuthengiselana, zivalela nayiphi na into ephuma kwintengiso enye okanye uthotho lwentengiso olunokuthi lwaziswa okanye lwaziswa kwisuti yokuqala.

Ukuba zikhona zonke ezi ziqalelo ezintathu, ukumangalelwa kwesibini kuthintelwe ngokupheleleyo, nakanjani na kubungqina obutsha okanye iimpikiswano ebezinokuphakanyiswa/kodwa azibanga njalo.

Ingxelo yokwenziwa kwenqanawa.

Ijudicata iquka ezimbini ezinxulumeneyo kodwa ezahlukileyo: [[FLT: 0] idiza ipreclusion kunye ne'uquopreclution (ekusoloko kubizwa ngokuba yi-consoleal estoppel).

  • [[FLT: 0] I-Claim Preclusion igcina izalathisi zeqela ekuziseni intengo ekwakunjalo okanye ebenokubekwa kwisenzo sangaphambili phakathi kwamaqela afanayo. Umzekelo, ukuba i-acttiff ityala lokwaphula isivumelwano kwaye ilahleke, kamva abanakumangalela ukukhohliswa ngokusekelwe kwisivumelwano esinye, nokuba abakwazanga ukudibanisa loo ngcamango ekuqaleni.
  • Ukuzimela okuqulethweyo kuthintela ukuphinda kuchazwe kwembambano ethile edityanisiweyo neyimfuneko kwisigwebo kwimeko engaphambili. Ngokungafaniyo nento yokuba ukwenziwa kwenqanawa kwangaphambili, ukukhutshelwa kwangaphambili, ukukhutshwa kwengxelo kungajongwa ngabantu ababengengawo amaqela kwimeko yangaphambili, ukuba linikezelwe elo qela ngokuchasene nabo bafunwayo ukuba babe nethuba elipheleleyo nelilungileyo lokucacisa umba.

Ukuzimela imbambano idla ngokusebenza kwiimeko apho isibakala esinye esingumqondiso sasinqunyulwe kwenye inkundla kwaye sisembindini kwenye. Umzekelo, ukuba inkundla ifumanise ukuba umqhubi akakhathalelwanga kwingozi, kwanaloo mqhubi akanakuphikisana ngokungeyomfuneko kwityala elilandelayo elenziwe lixhoba elahlukileyo .ukube loo mbambano ithe yacinywa ngokupheleleyo kwaye yagqitywa.

Iimbalasane Neengcebiso Zokugxeka Umfundisi Ophambili

Nangona isalathisi sifeza usukelo olubalulekileyo, iinkundla zivuma ukuba ikhefu elilinganiselweyo lokuphepha okungekho sikweni. Ezi ziquka amatyala apho:

  • Inkundla yokuqala yayingenagunya phezu kombandela okanye amaqela.
  • Umgwebo wawufunyanwa ngokuqhatha, ngokuphambana okanye ngokunganyaniseki.
  • Ubungqina obusandul ’ ukufunyanwa abuzange bufunyanwe ngokukhuthala phambi kwetyala lokuqala.
  • Iinguqulelo kumthetho zenza umgwebo wokuqala ungabi nakuthelekiswa (umthetho, kodwa unokwenzeka kwisivumelwano esithile okanye kwiimpikiswano ezithile zempahla).

Abahlalutyi bathi maxa wambi ijudicata inokuba nengxelo esemthethweni ephuma kuthengiso olunye kodwa eneengcamango ezahlukileyo zomthetho, ingakumbi xa isuti yokuqala ithe yaziswa ngaphandle kokuziqonda zonke izinto ezinokwenzeka. Le mfundiso ibeka intlawulo ekunceleni ngokucokisekileyo nasekuphandeni kwangethuba, okunokuba ngumthwalo onzima kubasebenzi abazimeleyo okanye abo banezinto ezilinganiselweyo.

Umahluko Ongundoqo Nokugqitha

Ukuqonda ukungavisisani kwabo kubalulekile kubemi abanokudibana nezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nezoburhulumente ezivela kwisiganeko esinye.

Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluchaseneyo

Owona mahluko ungundoqo libala labo lesicelo:

  • Ingozi engatshoniyo isebenza kuphela kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Ikhusela abantu kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho likarhulumente kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba xa isigqibo sifikelelwe, urhulumente akanakuzisa elinye inyathelo lolwaphulo-mthetho ngenxa yetyala elifanayo.
  • [[NTL: 0] I-Redicata isebenza kwiimeko zabemi. Ithintela amaqela ekuphindeni afune imicimbi yabemi okanye kwimibandela emva komgwebo wokugqibela. Noko ke, ijudicata ngamanye amaxesha ingasebenza kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni elandela amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho ````Ngomzekelo, ukumangalelwa kwetyala lomntu emva kokuba umenzi wetyala exolelwe akuvalelwanga ngenxa yokuba iisuti ezimbini zibandakanya imithwalo eyahlukeneyo yobungqina nemilinganiselo.

Ukhuseleko lokuthelekisa

Ukhuseleko lwahlukile kubungakanani nakwindlela:

  • Imposiso ephindwe kabini idityaniswe kwinqanaba elithile ngexesha lokuvavanywa (ukufunga okanye ukunikela ubungqina bokuqala), ngeli lixa isalathisi sisebenza emva komgwebo wokugqibela kwiimfanelo zetyala lasekuhlaleni.
  • Icandelo: Ingozi ephindwe kabini lilungelo lomntu omangalelweyo; ngummangalelwa kuphela onako ukuyibiza. IResjucata ingaphakanyiswa ngumntu kwisenzo sangaphambili soburhulumente, kwaye kwezinye iimeko, nangamaqela esithathu kwinkupho.
  • Ummangalelwa angasusa ingozi ephindwe kabini (umz., ngokucela ityala elingalunganga), kodwa isalathisi sisoloko sithathwa njengesixhobo sokuzikhusela esinokulahlwa ukuba asiphakanyiswa ngokukhawuleza.
  • [[NTLA:0] Appeals:[ Emva kokugwetywa, urhulumente akanakubhena ngenxa yengozi ephindwe kabini. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, naliphi na iqela linokubhenela kumgwebo wokugqibela ongalunganga, kwaye isalathisi somthetho asisebenzi de izibheno ziphele.

Ukuzisola kunokwenzeka xa ityala okanye ukugwetywa kuxhomekeke kwiziphumo ezifanelekileyo. Umzekelo, ukunyanzeliswa kwetyala ngokuqhatha kungasetyenziswa njengobungqina kwityala lobuqhetseba elilandelayo, kwaye ityala lingathintelwa ekuphinde lichazwe phantsi kwembambano-mcimbi-mval-ngoku, kodwa kuphela ukuba ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho linika "ithuba elipheleleyo nelifanelekileyo"ukulichaza. Lo mdlalo unzima kwaye uxhomekeke kakhulu kwizibakala nakwimo ezisekelwe kwimiliseko.

Isizathu Sokuba Le Mimiselo Ibaluleke Kwinkqubo Yokusesikweni

Ingozi ephindiweyo kunye nesigwebo esitsha zibalulekile ukuze kugcinwe intembelo kawonke-wonke kwiinkundla. Ngaphandle kwazo, inkqubo yomthetho ibiya kuhlaselwa ngokungapheliyo, ngokuhlaselwa ngurhulumente, nangezigwebo ezigqwethekileyo. Banikela ingqeqesho kubatshutshisi nakwizigwebo zoluntu ukuze bazise ityala labo elingcono okokuqala.

Ukusuka kumboniso wendlela eme ngayo izinto , ezi mfundiso:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ugcino-mali lwezomthetho ngokukhusela iinkundla ekulungiseni impikiswano enye.
  • Ivulela ukuvalwa kwengqondo kubantu abasele benyamezele ukuvavanywa. Umntu okhululweyo kulwaphulo-mthetho angaqhubekeka ngaphandle koloyiko lokuphinda agwetywe ngenxa yetyala elifanayo.
  • Phakamisa ukuthembeka kwesigqibo [[FT:1] ngokuphatha izigwebo zenkundla njengesokugqibela nesibopho. Oku kugqibela kukhuthaza amaqela ukwamkela iziphumo kunokusoloko ezicel ’ umngeni.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukusetyenziswa kwentengiso yentengiso kunye nokuqokelelwa kwemithetho eninzi esemthethweni kumazwe ahlukeneyo ukufumana iziphumo ezilungileyo.

Ngokumanyumnyezi, zombini izikhuseli zikwasebenza njengeengqikelelo kumandla karhulumente. Amalungelo achasene nomngcipheko ophindiweyo ngqo alinganisela amandla karhulumente okuhlasela umntu ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ijucata, ngelixesha iphambili ifundisa ngokweziko loluntu, ikwathintela amaziko karhulumente ukuba angamangaleli abemi ngokuphinda-phinda-phindayo kwimpikiswano efanayo, njengakwimicimbi yerhafu okanye yemithetho.

Imizekelo Esebenzisekayo Kubemi Bamihla Le

Ukuze ubone ezi ngcamango, khawuqwalasele ezi meko zilandelayo:

Imeko 1: Ingozi Yemoto Ekhokelwa Ngamatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Masithi uAlice ubandakanyeke kwingozi yemoto ebangela ukufa komnye umqhubi. Ilizwe limmangalela ngokufa kwendoda efileyo, kodwa limfumana engenatyala. Phantsi kwengozi ephindwe kabini, urhulumente akanakumcingela ngenxa yalo olo lwaphulo-mthetho, nokuba kamva afumanise ukuba umlinganiselo wenyawo olubonakala ngathi uyambhalela imiyalezo. Noko ke, intsapho yomfi isenokummangalela ngokuphosakeleyo ngokufa komshobelo uAlice, ngenxa yokuba amatyala amakhaya anomthwalo omncinci wokuqinisekisa (ubungqina obubo) kwaye akwizenzo ezingokwasemthethweni. Ukuba isuti ye-castrupt ayibonisi ukuba ubhaliwe maphepha ngenxa yokuba ithetha into yokuba akachaphazeli (umonakalo wezaphuli-mthetho).

Imeko 2: Ingxabano Ephakathi

UBob umangalela inkampani yomsebenzi ongalunganga kwikhaya lakhe, efuna ukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano. Inkundla ifumana ukuba umsebenzi wenziwe kakuhle. Kamva, uBob ufumanisa ukuba inkampani isebenzise izixhobo ezingentle, ebenokuzifumana ekuqaleni ngenzondelelo esengqiqweni. Ufaka ityala elitsha lokurhwebelana ngokusekelwe kumsebenzi ofanayo onesiphene. UResjucata uzakuyivala ityala lenkohliso ngenxa yokuba ivela kwintengiso efanayo kwaye isenokuba ikhuliswe kwisuti yokuqala. UBob uboh uboshwe ngeziphumo zemeko yakhe yokuqala.

Imeko 3: Ityala Logonyamelo Ekhaya

UCarlos utyholwa ngokuhlaselwa kwasekhaya. Kwityala lakhe lolwaphulo-mthetho, abachopheli-mthetho abanakufikelela kwisigqibo, nto leyo ephumela ekubeni kuxhonywe ityala. Umtshutshisi uvakalisa ityala eliphosakeleyo. Ingozi ephindwe kabini ayiyifaki ityala ngenxa yokuba iqhubeka ityala lokuqala alizange liphumele ekumlahlweni okokugqibela okanye ekummangaleleni. Umtshutshisi unokuphinda aphinde amcime uCarlo. Noko ke, ukuba uCarlos wayekhululwe, ityala alikwazi ukuphinda ligwetywe. Okwangoku, ixhoba lisenokufuna umyalelo wokukhusela abemi okanye ukupheliswa, njengoko ezo zisiso zisisombululo samakhaya.

Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba nangona iingozi eziphindiweyo kunye ne-edicata zinikela ukhuseleko olunamandla, azinakuphelela. Zisebenza kwimiba entsonkothileyo yemithetho yesithethe, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwazo kudla ngokufuna uhlalutyo olululo lomthetho olucokisekileyo lwegqwetha. Abami ababandakanyekileyo ekuhlawulweni kufuneka baqonde ukuba umgaqo olandelayo ngumgaqo okhokelayo, kodwa okungaqhelekanga, ingakumbi xa imicimbi yoluntu neyolwaphulo-mthetho idibene.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya ngenkcazelo yengozi ephindwe kabini, [[Nkqutyana] Icandelo lolwazi lokwaluphala loMgaqo-siseko liphinda kabini i-Akhawunti yengozi inika isishwankathelo esihle. Ukuhlola i-jucata ngokunzulu, bona [[[FLT:]] Iphepha le-LITHSIME [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [iiphepha] [iphepha] le-[FLT]] [iindlela] elipheleleyo leNkulawula. [imeko ebhaliweyo] [FT].[8] i-ANT] United[FLT][5] [iicet:] [icelk] ikhona [iiiiindlela ephinda-7] i-Genesicaciso yoncedo [iice:]

Ngokushwankathela, iingozi eziphindiweyo kunye nee-jectata zizintsika ezimbini ezinamaqhina apheleleyo kwinkqubo yomthetho waseMerika. Enye ikhusela ummangalelwa ngetyala ukuba angatshutshisi ngokuphinda-phindeneyo; enye ikhusela onke amaqela ekumangalelweni ngokungapheliyo ngokwemiba yamakhaya. Zizonke, ziqinisekisa ukuba imigwebo iyahlonelwa, oovimba bayalondolozwa, kwaye abantu abanyanzelekanga kwingxwaleko yamadabi ahlala ekho esemthethweni. Ummi ngamnye kufuneka abe nolwazi olusebenzayo ngale migaqo ukuze asebenzise amalungelo akhe kwaye aqonde imida yomthetho.