UHlaliso lwesine loMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States lukhusela abemi ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzukeni, kwaye imfuneko yokuba umthetho ufumane isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka yisiseko sokhuseleko. Kwimeko yophando lweziyobisi, inkqubo yokufumana isizathu esinokwenzeka inzima kakhulu ngenxa yokuba izibonda ziphezulu: uphando olungafanelekanga lungakhokelela ekucimisweni kobungqina nokungachotshelwa kwetyala, ngoxa umntu ofanelekileyo enokuthi aphelise inkqubo yokurhwebelana ngeziyobisi. Ukuqonda ukuba kutheni na okwenziwe, avavanywe, avavanywe, avavanywe, avavanye nayiphi nabani na onomdla kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Yintoni Unobangela Ofanelekileyo?

Unobangela ofanelekileyo ngumgangatho osemthethweni obhekisela kubukho bezibakala kunye neemeko ezinokuthi zikhokelele umntu osengqiqweni ukuba akholelwe ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lukho, lukho, luza kwenziwa, kwaye ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukubotshelelwa kwenqanawa ngokwako bubekwe kwindawo ethile. Licandelo eliphakathi phakathi kokukrokra nje okukhoyo, elinokuthi lanele ukuthethelela ukuphengulula / kwaye ubungqina obungenakuphikiswa, obungumgangatho ofunekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ityala. Inkundla ePhakamileyo igxininise ukuba ngokunokwenzeka unobangela oluncedo, ongekho mngeni osekelwe kwimo epheleleyo, hayi inkqubo eqinileyo.

Ngokwembali, ingcamango ibuyela kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi kwaye yafakwa kwiSindululo sesine ukunqanda imvume kunye nee-gray zoncedo jikelele ezivumele amagunya aseBritane ukuba aqhube uhambo lokuloba. Kule mihla, kunokwenzeka ukuba kusetyenziswe uvavanyo kumthetho onyanzelekileyo: kufuneka igwebi elingathathi cala-calucalulo ukuze lihlole ubungqina ngaphambi kokuba uphengululo luvele, ngaloo ndlela lukhusela amalungelo obuqu. Umgangatho uyabhetyebhetyebhetyebhetye, uvumela iinkqesho neziphelo eziqhelekileyo, kodwa kufuneka isekelwe kwizibakala-magama, hayi kwimiciso okanye iingcaso.

Umthombo Wesizathu Esifanelekileyo

Amagosa agunyazisa imithetho angamisela unobangela onokwenzeka ngemijelo emininzi eyahlukeneyo. Ngokufuthi, umthombo omnye usenokuba wanele, kodwa ngokuqhelisa, imithombo emininzi idityaniswe ukwenza isiseko esicacileyo. Ezona zinto ziqhelekileyo ziquka uphando lobuqu, iinkcazo, ubungqina obufunyenweyo ngexesha lokuphanda okusemthethweni ngaphambili, ukukhangela, kwanokwenza ukufunxa umchamo we-ganel.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Uphando oluthe ngqo lwegosa lamapolisa lunokuba luncedo kakhulu lonobangela onokwenzeka. Umzekelo, igosa elibona umntu ebandakanyeka kwintengiso yesandla nesandla kwingingqi eyaziwayo yeziyobisi, kwaye elinako ukucacisa iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zesixhobo seziyobisi (umz., ukutshintshisana kwezinto ezincinci ngemali, izimbo zobugrafi, nokuhamba ngokukhawuleza), lineendawo ezomeleleyo zokukholelwa ukuba iziyobisi zikhona. Ngokufanayo, ivumba lomjumba, utshiso okanye ekrwada, ukukhutshwa kwenqwelo-mafutha okanye ikhaya kungenza ukuba oku kubangele ukuba kubangele ukuba kuvele ukuba kuchazwe ngokusemthethweni oku kuthethwa kwezempilo okanye ukuthoba. Isitshixo kukuba igosapho kufuneka ukwazi ukuchaza iimbono ezithile, kuquka ixesha, kunye nehambo, ukuze ugwebo, nokuba ngaba ugwebi lungavavanya olufanelekileyo, ukuba lunganyanise umntu ofanelekileyo

Informant Tips kunye ne Aguilar-Spinelli

Amacebiso avela kwizaziso eziyimfihlo ngomnye unobangela oqhelekileyo, kodwa afumaneka ngemibandela ethembekileyo. ngokwembali, iinkundla zasebenzisa uvavanyo oluzii-prongngs ezimbini Auguilar v. Texas [[64] kunye [FLT] ne[FLT] Spinellill v. United States [iiiiiityala] [1969], elifuna ukuba isiqinisekiso se-affidavit sibonise zombini isiseko solwazi novavanyo oluqinileyo lwemeko ephantsi kwengxelo yolwazi (okanye). [umzekelo othe ngqo wendlela ekhoyo, umba othe ngqo, umba othe , umba we-ILT [F], noxandulo oluthe lwazi oluthe lwaziweyo, umba othe wavela kwiimeko oluthe wavelayo.[F]

Uphando olungomthetho oludlulileyo kunye nolwandiso

Ubungqina obufunyenwe ngexesha lokuphengulula okusemthethweni, njengokumisa kwenqwelo-mafutha okanye ukukhangela uludwe lwee-athom, bungadala isizathu esinokwenzeka sophendlo olungenayo. Umzekelo, ukuba igosa limisa umqhubi ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwendlela libone umbhobho womjelo ngokucacileyo, okokuba ukujonga kusenokukuthethelela ukuphengululwa kwegumbi lokulala lenqwelo-mafutha. Ngokufanayo, ubungqina obufunyenweyo ngexesha lokufuna uphando bungasetyenziswa ukwakha isizathu sokuba kubekho imvume yokugquma iindawo ezongezelelekileyo. USurveillance shagee ebonisa ukutyelela okufutshane ekhaya ngeeyure ezinqamlezileyo, kunye nokutsala umgqomo obonisa ukulahlwa kweziyobisi, kusenokuqinisekisa isizathu esilindelekile.

Iinkozo ze Canine

Ukufunxa kusisixhobo esisodwa kuphando lweziyobisi. Inkundla ePhakamileyo egcinwe kwi- United States v. Indawo (19983) yokuba ukufunxa imithwalo kwindawo kawonke wonke akuyiyo “ukukhangela” phantsi koMphengululo weSine, ngoko akukho siqinisekiso esifunekayo. Noko ke, xa inja ilumkile, inika isizathu esilindelekileyo sokukhangela isikhongozelo okanye imoto. Okubalulekileyo, ukuthembeka kwenja kumele kumiselwe: igosa-odoli kufuneka linikezele ubungqina bokuqeqeshwa kwenja kunye nokuqinisekiswa, ngoko ke nengxelo yayo yendlela echanekileyo. Ukuba inja iphaphile ngesantya esiphezulu, ukuba isenokusingela phantsi kwetyala.

Ukwakha Unobangela Ofanelekileyo Wabaxhaphazi Beziyobisi

Xa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kusebenza isiqinisekiso sokukhangela ngokukhethekileyo seziyobisi `igalaji, inqwelo-mafutha, okanye umntu] kufuneka acetywe ngenyameko. Igosa kufuneka lichaze indawo eliza kuphendwa ngayo (umz., “indlu emhlophe eneentambo ezimbini e 123 Main Street, kuquka igalaji kunye nayo nayiphi na into engaphandle”) kwaye izinto zifunwa (umz.,“cocine, izixhobo zeziyobisi, iirekhodi zentengiso yeziyobisi, kunye nemali”. Isiseko esicacileyo ngoko kufuneka sichaze isizathu sokuba umphathi-majoni akholelwe ukuba zikho.

Kwiimeko zeziyobisi, iinkalo ezintathu zenyaniso zidla ngokuxhasa oonobangela abalindelekileyo: ubukho bevumba leziyobisi, ubungqina bokuthengiswa kweziyobisi ezibonwa ngamagosa okanye ngabameli abangaphantsi kwemifanekiso, kunye nobungqina obuphathekayo obufana nezixhobo zeziyobisi okanye izinto zokupakisha. Iinkundla nazo zikwamkele ubungqina obusuka ku “trash zitsala” , `ukuphengulula okusemthethweni komgqomo olahliweyo oshiywe ngaphaya komda. Ngenxa yokuba abantu abanalo ulindelo olusengqiqweni lwento engekho mgqomeni eshicizweni, amapolisa angayiphendla ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Izinto ezifunyenwe kumgqomo obonisa ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi okanye ukuthengiswa (umz. g. g., ii-sgiesss kunye namasalela, amamiliti) zingadibana nobunye ubungqina ukuqinisekisa isizathu esiqinisekileyo.

Esinye isiganeko esiqhelekileyo sibandakanya “imbonakalo yokuhambisa iziyobisi,” apho abaphathi bakhangela khona iimpawu ezithile zokwenza izinto ezifana noloyiko, imilinganiselo engaqhelekanga yokuhamba, imali eninzi, okanye amabali aguquguqukayo .ukuze bakhe uqikelelo oluthe vetshe, basebenzise uphando oluthe vetshe ukuphakamisa loo nto kwisizathu esinokwenzeka. Noko ke, iinkundla zilumkile: ngokuxhomekeke kwinkangeleko ngaphandle kobungqina obuqinisekisiweyo zinokuba zanele.

Inkqubo Yesicelo Engummangaliso

Ukufumana isiqinisekiso sokukhangela, umphathi-mikhosi kufuneka anikezele i-affidavit efungiweyo kumgwebi okanye kumantyi. I-affidavit mayimisele izibakala ezimisela unobangela ofanelekileyo, kwaye igosa kufuneka lingazifaki ngemposiso okanye ngokungazikhathaleli izibakala (iinkcukacha zento ekhoyo (] imilinganiselo ye-'FLT' imigangatho). Ijaji ngokusuka ngokuzimeleyo ihlola i-affidavit kwaye, ukuba yanelisekile oko kubangela ukuba kukho, imbambazeke lo mbaso. Le “ingxelo engundoqo" yinkuselo yeprockime-cureal. Ukuba ijaji ifumana i-antidat elahlekileyo, isiqinisekiso ayivunywanga, kwaye umthetho kufuneka uqokelele ubungqina obuninzi okanye uphendule ukukhangela.

Ixesha likwayifekta: imvume idla ngokuba isebenza kuphela ngexesha elilinganiselweyo, ngokunjalo iintsuku ezilishumi phela kufuneka zibulawe ngexesha lemini ngaphandle kokuba imvume igunyaziwe. Umphathi-mikhosi ophumeza imvume makankqonkqoze kwaye avakalise ubukho bayo phambi kokungena, ngaphandle kokuba iimeko ezizimo zithethelela ungeno- knock. Ukungaphumeleli ukunamathela kwezimfuno kungakhokelela ekucinezeleni nabuphina ubungqina obubanjiweyo.

Abahlukileyo Kwimfuneko Engummangaliso

Ngelixesha kunokwenzeka unobangela wokufumana isiqinisekiso, umthetho uphawula iindidi eziliqela ezivumela ukuphengululwa okungenasizathu xa kunokwenzeka. Ezi zimkhethe zilungelelanisa imfuneko yokunyanzeliswa komthetho osebenzayo nxamnye namalungelo omntu ngamnye. Kwimeko zeziyobisi, eyona iqheleke kakhulu ziimeko ezingaqhelekanga, imvume, imbonakalo ecacileyo, kunye nomahluko wenqwelo-mafutha.

Iimeko Ezimandundu

Iimeko eziyingozi zikho xa kufuneke ungxamiseko olukhawulezileyo ukuze kuthintelwe ukutshatyalaliswa kobungqina, ukuphepha ukukrokra, okanye ukwenzakala komntu othile. Umzekelo, ukuba abaphathi-mikhosi beva indlu yangasese igxumela ngaphakathi kwekhaya emva kokunkqonkqoza nokubhengeza, basenokunyanzela ukungena ukuze bathintele abarhaneyo ekunkqeleleni iziyobisi. Ngokufanayo, ukusukela ngamandla umkrokreqi obalekayo kusenokuthethelela ukungena ngaphandle kwemvume. Igosaveli-majoni kufuneka likwazi ukucacisa izibakala ezikhoyo ezibangela ukuba iziphumo zinyuke.

Ukukhangela Okusemthethweni

Uphando olusekelwe kwimvume yokuzithandela luyedwa kwimfuneko efunekayo kunye nemfuneko elindelekileyo. Ukuba umntu uyavuma ngokuzithandela ukuba amapolisa aphengulule ikhaya lawo, inqwelo-mafutha okanye impahla yawo, nabuphi na ubungqina obufunyenweyo bunokusetyenziswa enkundleni. Noko ke, urhulumente kufuneka angqine ukuba imvume ayinyanzelwanga nokuba umntu unegunya lokuvuma. Ngokufuthi amapolisa axhomekeke ekuvumeni xa engazi nto, kodwa kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba loo mbandela uyawaqonda amalungelo awo.

Imbono Ecacileyo

Ngaphantsi kwemfundiso ecacileyo, umphathi-mikhosi womthetho angafumana ubungqina ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ukuba igosa likho ngokusemthethweni (umz., ngexesha lokumisa kwendlela okanye ngexesha lokuwisa isiqinisekiso solunye ulwaphulo-mthetho) kwaye abone isalatha-mthetho okanye ubungqina obucacileyo. Kwimeko zeziyobisi. Oku kusoloko kuvela xa umphathi-mikhosi emisa isithuthi aze abone ingxowa yomgubo omhlophe esihlalweni, okanye ngexesha lokuhamba ehamba kwikhaya enesiqinisekiso esisemthethweni sempahla ebayo xa igosa elibona izinto zeziyobisi. Igosaveli kufuneka likholelwe ukuba le nto ithe yabanjwa ngaphandle kokukhangela.

Isinxaxhi senqwelo - mafutha ezizenzekelayo

Umahluko wemoto uvumela amapolisa ukuba aphengulule inqwelo-mafutha ngaphandle kwemvume, ixesha elide xa benesizathu sokukholelwa ukuba iqulathe ukurhoxisa okanye ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho. Isizathu sikukuba imoto ihamba-hamba kwaye ingasuswa phambi kokuba ifumane imvume. Phantsi Carroll v. United States [1925] [iiiFLT] [iiinqanawa] ne-[FLT] United States v. Ross [iiiiiiyunithi], abaphathi bangaphendla isithutho sonke, kuquka izikhongo ezivaliweyo, ukuba banobangela ukuba bacinge ukuba iziyobisi zingaphakathi. Oku kusetyenziswa rhoqo kwiimeko zokutshaya inja: ukuba izilumkiso zenja ezinika imoto, azibonelelwa yimeko efunekayo.

Imiphumo Yesizathu Esingekho Mthethweni

Ukuba inkundla kamva igqiba ukuba imvume ikhutshwe ngaphandle kosizathu esilindelekileyo, okanye ukuba uphengululo olungenasiqinisekiso lungakhange lusetyenziswe, ubungqina obufunyenweyo buphantsi komthetho wokubhaliswa. Phantsi kwalo mthetho, ubungqina abunakusetyenziswa ekuvavanyweni, kwaye ityala lingawa. Ummangalelwa angafaka inyathelo lokucinezela, axhobise ukuva apho umgwebi obeye wagwebayo ungenamdla, okanye iimeko zokukhangela. Ukuba umphathi-mikhosi uquka iintetho zobuxoki ngobugangani okanye ngemposiso, ingqeqesho enzima kakhulu ingasebenza. Ngokuphikisana noko, ukuba igosamela lisebenza ngokholo kwisiqinisekiso esifunyenwe sipholileyo, “ukholo olulungileyo lungavumela ubungqina ukuba busetyenziswe .

Kumagqwetha akhuselayo, ukuhlasela isiseko esinokwenzeka sisiso icebo eliyintloko. Ucelomngeni oluqhelekileyo luquka ukuhlasela ukuthembeka kwabalathisi, ukuphikisa ukuba uluvo lwamagosa lwalungacacanga kakhulu, okanye ukubonisa ukuba ukufunxa inja bekunganyaniseki. Ukuhamba ngempumelelo kusenokuba ngumahluko phakathi kokunyanzeleka nokugxothwa.

Ukunyamekela Umthetho Nabemi