Indaleko Nendima Yeenkundla Ezikhethekileyo Kubulungisa Bale Mihla

Inkqubo yokulawula yeyokulungisa yenzelwe ukuphakamisa imithetho nokuqinisekisa okusesikweni. Kule nkqubo, iinkundla ezizodwa zivelise njengenkqubo ebalulekileyo, zithetha ngeentlobo ezithile zamatyala kunye neendlela ezilungiselweyo ezidlula ngaphaya komlinganiselo omnye wemodeli yesithethe. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa umsebenzi weenkundla ezikhethekileyo, inkqubela yazo yembali, iindlela zokusebenza, iingenelo, imingeni, kunye nengxubusho yexesha elizayo, linikela ukujonga ngokunzulu kwindlela eziphinda zilufumane ngayo ulawulo lwezobulungisa.

Ziyintoni Iinkundla Ezikhethekileyo?

Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo ngamaqumrhu ahlukeneyo ajongene nemimandla ethile yomthetho okanye iindidi zamatyala. Ngokungafaniyo neenkundla ezilawulayo ezisingatha imicimbi emininzi — ukusuka ekuphathweni kwendlela ehamba ngayo ukuya ekubulaweni⁠ / iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zenzelwe ukunikezela ngobuchule obungakumbi, ezinempumelelo, nezinolwazi oluthe kratya, nokusingatha amatyala afuna ulwazi olukhethekileyo okanye ubuchule. Zisebenza phantsi kwemigaqo enye esemthethweni njengeenkundla zesithethe kodwa zibandakanya ezinye iinkqubo, amaqela asebenzisanayo, kunye neentanda-ntanda-bulumko ezizinzisa ngxaki.

Imizekelo eqhelekileyo iquka iinkundla zeziyobisi, iinkundla zentsapho, iinkundla zabantwana, amava eenkundla zezonyango lwengqondo, kunye neenkundla zerhafu. Nganye ivisisana nempembelelo engaqhelekanga yemithetho engokwasemthethweni, yentlalo, neyyyabantu, kunye neyomcimbi wengqondo yombandela wayo. Ngokomzekelo, iinkundla zeziyobisi zibeka phambili unyango ngokubanjwa, ngoxa iinkundla zentsapho zigxininisa kwimicimbi yonxibelelwano nezona ziphambili zabantwana. Ingcamango yokuzilungisa ngokwazo asiyontsha; iinkundla ezifana neprobate ne-admiralment ments ngomhla weminyaka edlulileyo. Kodwa, ukuhlasela kwale mihla kweenkundla ezingoothile .[1]

Injongo Yenkundla Ekhethekileyo

Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zifeza iinjongo eziliqela ezibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokusesikweni.

  • ubuchule: Ngokunikel ’ ingqalelo kwiintlobo ezithile zetyala, iinkundla ezizodwa zingakhupha iinkqubo, zinciphise ukulibaziseka, zize zishenxise amatyala ngokukhawuleza kwinkqubo kuneenkundla jikelele. Umzekelo, iinkundla zeziyobisi zisoloko zigqibe amatyala kwiinyanga kunokuba zigqibe iminyaka.
  • [[NTLT: 0] Iqhinga: [ Abagwebi, abatshutshisi, kunye namagqwetha akhusela iinkundla ezithile bafumana uqeqesho kwimimandla efanelekileyo yomthetho okanye kwimibandela ephambili yentlalo. Obu buchule bukhokelela kwimithetho engakumbi neziphumo ezingcono. Inkundla yempilo yengqondo, umzekelo, iyakuqonda ukugoba kwengqondo kunye nonyango.
  • Ezi ntena zinezicombululo ezicacisiweyo: Ezi ntendelezo zingazalisekisa iinkqubo kunye nongenelelo oluthetha ngezizathu eziziingcambu zeengxaki zomthetho, ezinjengokukhotyokiswa, ukugula ngengqondo, okanye ukungaqeshwa. Endaweni yokunika izivakalisi ezisezantsi, zinika izicwangciso zobuqu eziquka ukucebisa, uvavanyo lweziyobisi, kunye noqeqesho lomsebenzi.
  • Unikezelo: Iinkundla ezizodwa zisoloko zinika abantu imeko-bume exhasayo ebhekene neengxaki zomthetho. Zinganika abaququzeleli boovimba, oontanga, kunye neenkqubo ezenziwe lula eziyenza ingabinobuso boyikiso kwaye ingabi luncedo kakhulu kubemi abangakhuselekanga.
  • IRecivism ekhutshiweyo: Injongo esemgangathweni kukwaphula umjikelo wolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokuphatha imibandela esisiseko, iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zijolise ekunciphiseni amathuba okuzikhulula, okunceda abantu kunye noluntu.

Iintlobo zeeNkundla eziPhakamileyo

Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeenkundla ezikhethekileyo zithetha ngemiba ekhethekileyo yasemthethweni nabemi. Nalu uhlolo oluphangaleleyo kwezona ntlobo ziqhelekileyo nezinempembelelo:

Iinkundla Zeziyobisi

Iinkundla zezonyango zijolise ingqalelo kubantu abamangalelwa ngetyala elinxulumene neziyobisi, ukuphathana ngeziyobisi okuqhelekileyo okungenazigalo-nkqubo zogonyamelo okanye ukuphatha ngemiqathango ephantsi. Zavela ekupheleni konyaka wama-80 njengempendulo kubhubhani ogqugqisayo nokuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi. Ezi ntena zisebenza kwimodeli ye-jurisprudency, zidibanisa ulawulo lwezonyango nokuphathwa kakubi kweziyobisi, ukuvavanywa rhoqo kweziyobisi, kunye nezihlolo zokuthoba imigaqo yokuthobela. Abathabathi-nxaxheba kwijaji bavela rhoqo phambi kwejaji ukuba baxele inkqubela. Ukuphumelela kungakhokelela ekugxotheni izityholo okanye ekuncipheniseni izigwebo. NgokweSikolo sesizwe seJaji [[FLT:]], iinkundla zeziyobisi ezizimdlamfaksi-rapix'if, iinkundla zeziyobisi zinciphisa i-recidism kwaye zisebenza ngokuphawulekayo xa kuthelekiswa nenkculo.

Iinkundla Zentsapho

Iinkundla zentsapho zisingatha amatyala abandakanya ulwalamano lwasekhaya, njengoqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, inkxaso yabantwana, ugonyamelo lwasekhaya, kunye nokukhuliswa komntwana. Indlela yazo igxininisa ukuququzelelwa nokungavisisani ngezindululo ezingomthetho. Iinkundla ezininzi zentsapho zisebenzisa iijaji ezikhethekileyo ngokuqeqesha abantwana nangenkqubo yentsapho. Iminqweno ephambili yabantwana iphambili, yaye iinkundla zisebenza nabasebenzi bentlalo-ntle kunye nabaququzeleli beentsapho. Iinkundla zentsapho zikwanokuthetha ngeengxaki ezifana nokukhuliswa nokukhuliswa nokukhuselwa nokugcinwa kwetyala, zinika ingxubusho ephambili kwingxabano yentsapho.

IiNkundla zaBantwana

Iinkundla ze Juvenile zisingatha amatyala abandakanya abantwana abatyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho okanye amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho (njengokungaqiniseki). Intanda-bulumko ilungisa iinguqu kunokuba inikezele, isekelwe kwinkolelo yokuba abantu abaselula bayakwazi ukutshintsha. Iinkqubo ziquka ukucebisa, inkonzo yoluntu, imfundo, kunye nokucebisa. Injongo kukukhulula ulutsha kwisiphakamiso solwaphulo-mthetho ngelixa luzigcina zinetyala. Iinguqu zakutshanje zigxininise ukunciphisa ukuhlukana kohlanga nokuphepha ukuchanabeka kwetyala elincinane. [[FLT: 0] Iofisi ye Juvenile Juvenile Justice and Delistquictive Prevention Prevention inikela uphando oluphangaleleyo kwizenzo eziphambili kwiinkundla zolutsha.

Inkundla

Iinkundla zezeenkundla zixhasa amagqala asemkhosini azibona ekwingxaki engokwasemthethweni, ngokufuthi ngenxa yeembambano ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwe-PTSD, intlungu yobuchopho, okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweziyobisi. Ezi nkundla zavela ebutsheni boma 2000 zaza zadibanisa ulawulo lwezomthetho kunye nokufikelela kwiingenelo ze-VA, unyango lwengqondo, nenkxaso yoontanga kwamanye amagqala. Iqela lenkundla liquka ukunxibelelana kwamagosa aphambili kunye nabaxhamli bonyango. Abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka baye kwinkundla eqhelekileyo yokuchotshelwa kwetyala baze bathobele izicwangciso zonyango. Iinkundla ze-Veteran ziye zabonisa impumelelo ephambili ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa kwe-recid recid reiv kunye nenkxaso yamavalvend kunye nenkxaso yamavavantss ukuze bafumane iinkonzo ezithile.

Iinkundla Zempilo Yengqondo

Iinkundla zempilo yengqondo zisingatha amatyala apho ummangalelwa enesifo sengqondo esifunyaniswe ukuba unesifo sengqondo. Injongo kukuphambukisa abantu abasuka entolongweni baye kunyango, ukucutha ulwaphulo-mthetho lokugula ngengqondo. Ezi nkundla zisebenza kunye neqela elisebenzisanayo kuquka iingcali zempilo yengqondo, oomantlola, kunye nabagwebi abaqeqeshwe kwimibandela yempilo yengqondo. Abathathi-nxaxheba bafumana amalungiselelo onyango olunobuntu, uncedo lwezindlu, kunye nolawulo lwamayeza. Uphando olusuka kwi- SStance Abugscity and Mental Health Administration Administration lubonisa ukuba iinkundla zempilo yengqondo zinciphisa ukubanjwa nokusetyenziswa kwezibhedlele.

Iinkundla Zerhafu

Iinkundla zerhafu zithetha kakhulu ngeembambano phakathi kwabarhafu norhulumente ngokuphathelele amatyala erhafu, anjengesohlwayo, ukuphicothwa kwerhafu, kunye neerejistati. Zinikela imvume yokucombulula imicimbi kucwangciso olungelulo olusemthethweni kuneenkundla zesithili zikarhulumente. Iinkundla zerhafu zingooochwepheshe kumthetho werhafu, kwaye iinkqubo zenzelwe ukuba zifikeleleke xa kungahlawulwa abahlawuleli. Inkundla yerhafu yaseUnited States isingatha amatyala esizwe, ngoxa amazwe amaninzi aneenkundla okanye iibhodi zawo zerhafu.

Indlela ezikhetheke ngayo iinkundla ze-opera: Imodeli elungisa ingxaki

Ngokungafaniyo neenkundla zesithethe, iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zisebenza kwimodeli elungisa ingxaki ebeka phambili iziphumo ezingaphezulu kwinkqubo. Iimpawu ezingundoqo zokusebenza ziquka:

  • Iqela lenkcubeko eliququzelelayo: Umgwebi, umtshutshisi, igqwetha elikhuselayo, abanikezeli bonyango, kunye nabaphathi bamatyala basebenza kunye ukuyila nokuqwalasela izicwangciso zokuthobela. Esi sakhiwo esingasetyenziswanga-maxesha ahlukeneyo sikhuthaza ukuphendula nokuxhasa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uhlolo lwezahlulelo-mthetho oluphezulu: Abameli bavela rhoqo phambi komgwebi (ngosuku) ngeveki okanye ngeveki-ukuxela inkqubela phambili. Olu lawulo lusondeleyo lubangela ukuphendulana kwaye luvumela ungenelelo lwangaphambili xa kuvela imbambano.
  • Iincentives kunye neSanctions: Iinkundla zisebenzisa inkqubo ephumeleleyo yemivuzo (umz., ukubonakala kwenkundla okucuthiweyo, indumiso) kunye nezigwebo (umz., iziqendu zokubhala, iintolongo ezifutshane ezihlalayo) ukukhuthaza ukuthobela. Le ndlela yolungiso lokuziphatha ingundoqo kwiziyobisi nakumagqala eenkundla.
  • Iinqanawa ezisebenzisanayo: iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zixhomekeke kulwalamano lwasekuhlaleni namaziko onyango, amagunya ezindlu, iinkonzo zemisebenzi, kunye nemibutho yamagqala. La maqabane anika oovimba abafunekayo abangenakunikelwa ziinkundla kuphela.
  • Impumelelo ilinganiswa kungekuphela nje ngokwesigqibo setyala kodwa ngeemeko ezifana nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi okucuthiweyo, indlu ezinzileyo, umsebenzi, kunye nokuncitshiswa kobunciphisi. Iinkundla ezininzi zilandelela ezi milinganiselo ukuvavanya ukusebenza.

Iingenelo Zeenkundla Ezikhethekileyo

Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zinika iingenelo ezininzi kwinkqubo yokusesikweni, abathathi-nxaxheba nakuluntu:

  • Ukusilwa kwetyala kwiNkundla Jikelele: ngokucheba amatyala athile, iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zinceda ekunciphiseni ukunyuka ngokugqithiseleyo kwiinkundla zesithethe, zivumela abagwebi ngokubanzi ukuba bajolise ingqalelo kumatyala anzima okanye anogonyamelo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Unyango kunye nolawulo ludla ngokubiza imali encinane kunento yokuvalelwa. Indleko yabathathi-nxaxheba kwinkundla yeziyobisi iqikelelwa njengesiqingatha sexabiso lokuhlala umntu entolongweni. Ukugcinwa kwandisa ukucutha amapolisa kunye nemali yenkundla ukusuka kwi-Recifivism esezantsi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iziphumo zobomi ezilungiselweyo: abathathi-nxaxheba bafumana unyango, imfundo, kunye noqeqesho lomsebenzi. Abaninzi bafumana ukunxiba, indlu ezinzileyo, kunye nokuphinda bamanyane neentsapho. Ezi ziphumo zidala iziphumo ezinika umdla kuluntu.
  • Isivumelwano seCommunity:[ iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zibandakanya oovimba boluntu, ukukhuthaza intsebenziswano phakathi kwenkqubo engokwasemthethweni nemibutho yasekuhlaleni. Oku kwakha ukuthembana kwaye kwenza inkqubo yokusesikweni ikwazi ukusabela ngakumbi kwiimfuno zasekuhlaleni.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Izenzo zeDrata-Driven: Iinkundla ezininzi ezizodwa ziqokelela ugcino-lwazi kwiziphumo ezithabathayo, zinceda uphuhliso oluqhubekayo kunye nokwenziwa kwenkqubo esekelwe kubungqina.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Neenkundla Ezikhethekileyo

Nangona ziluncedo, iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zijamelana nocelomngeni oluninzi:

  • [[NTLA:0] Ukugquma nokuzinzisa:[[FT:1] Iinkundla ezininzi ezizodwa zixhomekeke ekunikezeleni ngemali enikezelweyo enemida yexesha. Xa intlawulo iphelelwa, iinkundla zingazama ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi. Oku kungazinzi kuchaphazela ucwangciso lwexesha elide kunye nenkumbulo yabasebenzi. Maxa wambi amaxa ogcino-mali anciphisa okanye aphelisa iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zenkundla.
  • Ubuchule obudityanisiweyo kunye nokungabi nabugocigoci: Asingabo bonke abantu abafanelekileyo abanokuthabatha inxaxheba ngenxa yokuthintelwa kwamandla. Iinkundla zinokuba nemilinganiselo engqongqo(ukuphelisa abo banembali yogonyamelo okanye iimeko ezinzulu zengqondo.) Ukubeka abemi abathile phantsi kwenkonzo. Amanani asoloko esetyenziswa.
  • [[NTL: 0] Inkcazo edityanisiweyo kunye neStigma: Amanye amalungu kawonke-wonke kunye nabenzi benkqubo bajonga iinkundla ezikhethekileyo njenge "zichaphazeli kulwaphulo-mthetho" okanye abagxeli abasebenzisanayo. Oku kuthandabuza kungathintela inkxaso-mali nenkxaso. Amaphulo emfundo ayimfuneko ukugxininisa ubungqina bokuphumelela.
  • Uthelekiso nenkqubo yeJaji yeBroader Justice: Ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana okungenamthungo nomthetho, ukugcinwa kovavanyo, kunye neenkundla zesithethe kunokuba lulucelomngeni. Izithuba zonxibelelwano, iidatabase ezingangqinelaniyo, kunye neentanda-bulumko ezahlukileyo zidala intlukwano. Ngaphandle kokhokelo olunamandla, iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zingaba ziziqithi ezizodwa zophuhliso.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isikhitshana se Net Unyuso: Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi iinkundla ezizodwa zingakwandisa ukufikelela kwenkqubo yezobulungisa, zizoba kubantu abanokuthi ngenye indlela baphambukiswe okanye bangamangalelwa. Kubalulekile ukuyila iinkundla ezinemilinganiselo ecacileyo yokuzikhusela ekupheliseni.
  • [[NTL:0] Ingxowa yohlolo oluqatha: Ngelixesha ezinye iinkundla ezizodwa zinesiseko sobungqina obomeleleyo, ezinye azinazo iizifundo ezingqongqo. Uphando oluninzi luyafuneka kwiziphumo zexesha elide, iziphumo zexabiso, kwaye ziziphi iziqalelo eziqhubela phambili.

Ukuhlolisisa Ityala: Impumelelo Yeenkundla Zonyango Lweziyobisi

Enye yezona mizekelo ziqwalaselwe kakhulu kwinkundla yenkundla yezonyango lweziyobisi. Yaqala eMiami ngo-198, iinkundla zeziyobisi ngoku zingaphezulu kwama-3 000 eUnited States. Uhlolisiso lwe-sensinel lweZiko leSizwe leJaji [[FLT: 0]] lifumanise ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba kwinkundla yeziyobisi bafumana ukuba imigangatho ephantsi kakhulu kunezolwaphulo-mthetho ezifanayo ezichaziwe kwiinkundla zesithethe. Uhlalutyo lweenkundla zeziyobisi ezili-154 lubonise unciphiso lwe-divism malunga ne-8 ukuya kumanqaku angama-26 eephesenti. Ukongeza kwingeniso yokhuseleko lukawonke, yonke imali echithwa kwiinkundla zeziyobisi ethengiswa phakathi kwee-R3 ne-R3 ezithintelwa ukugcinwa kwemichiza nokunyanyelwa kwempilo. Iinkqubo zezonyango ezisetyenziswa ziinkundla zeziyobisi ezinxulumene namalungu entsapho, kunye neeNkuqulo ze-DU.

Ukugxekwa Nobuqhetseba

Asilulo lonke uhlolisiso olulungileyo. Abanye abahlalutyi baphakamisa inkxalabo ngokunyanzeliswa kweenkundla ezithile, apho abathathi-nxaxheba bajamelene nesisongelo sezohlwayo eziqatha ukuba baphululwe unyango. Imfuneko yokususa amalungelo athile enkqubo afanelekileyo, njengokucela ityala, iye yabonisa uphando. Ngaphezu koko, ukwahlukana kweentlanga nezizwe kuyaqhubeka ekuthabatheni inxaxheba enkundleni ekhethekileyo; uphando lubonisa ukuba iqaqo lisoloko libekwe phantsi kwengxaki kwiinkundla ezizimeleyo ngokwezigwebo ezinxulumene nomelo lwazo kuluntu jikelele lwenkundla.

Enye impikiswano ibandakanya ingcaciso "yempumelelo". Ngoxa iinkundla ezininzi zifumana indlela yokuzikhulula, zisenokungalinganisi ezinye iziphumo ezibalulekileyo ezifana nozinzo lwempilo yengqondo okanye umanyano lwentsapho. Ngaphandle kwemilingo eqingqiweyo, kukho ubungozi bokufumana usukelo olunye ngokulahlekelwa zezinye.

Ikamva Leenkundla Ezikhethekileyo

Ikamva leenkundla ezikhethekileyo lixhomekeke kulwando, ukudibanisa, nokuphuhliswa kwezinto.

  • Iteknoloji nogcino-lwazi: Ukuchotshelwa kwenkundla ngenyani, ukujongwa kwekhompyutha, kunye neebhodi zogcino-lwazi ziphucula impumelelo kunye nokuphendula. Ii-apps zeselula zokuvavanya iziyobisi kunye nee-eceans ziyaqhutywa.
  • [[UMTL:0]] Ie-Trauma-Ulwazi lwe-Approaches: iiNkundla zibandakanya imigaqo yenkathalo yolwazi lobugxwayiba, ziqonda ukuba abaninzi abathathi-nxaxheba banembali yokuxhatshazwa okanye ugonyamelo. Abagwebi nabasebenzi abanolwazi lobungozi baba ngumgangatho.
  • Imigudu yokunciphisa umahluko ikhokelela kutshintsho kwimilinganiselo yokufumana nokufikelela ngaphandle. Amanye amagunya adala iinkundla zoluntu kwimimandla encinane ukuze kwakhiwe uthemba nofikelelo.
  • [[NTLA] Ukuhambelana kwimimandla emitsha: Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo ziquka iinkundla ezithengisela abantu ukurhweba, iinkundla zolawulo lomntu ngamnye owayevalelwe entolongweni ngaphambili, kunye neenkundla zemekobume zamatyala ongcoliso.
  • ISimo neNkxaso yoManyano: Imali enikezelwe evela kwi-Bureau of Justice Uncedo kunye nomthetho womgangatho karhulumente uyaqhubeka ukuxhasa ukuphuhliswa kweenkundla ezintsha ezikhethekileyo. Noko ke, abameli babiza imijelo exhasayo engakumbi yenkxaso-mali, njengemigca yoqingqo-mali enikezelweyo yorhulumente okanye iimodeli zemali.

Isiphelo

Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokulawula ngokuthetha ngemiba ethile esemthethweni ngokulungisa, ngokucombulula iingxaki. Ziphucula iziphumo zempumelelo, ziphucula iziphumo zabathathi-nxaxheba, kunye nokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa koluntu. Ngoxa imingeni enjengenkxaso-mali, umthamo, kunye nokungalingani, ubungqina obuninzi buxhasa impumelelo yazo ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa komthetho nokuphucula ubomi babantu. Njengoko inkqubo yokusesikweni iqhubeka iguqula, iinkundla ezikhethekileyo ziya kuhlala zisesona siseko semigudu yokudala impumelelo engakumbi, eluncedo, engoluntu, nesiseko sobuchule obusemthethweni. Ulwandoqoko lwezo eziqhubekayo nokuphuculwa kwazo luyimfuneko ekudibaniseni iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zoluntu nokuqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni akusebenzi kuphela kodwa kuya kuguqula.