Ukuqonda Imithetho Elawula Urhulumente Neenkqubo Ezithile

Uzinzo lukarhulumente luxhomekeke kubuchule obucacileyo, obusemthethweni bokubuyisela irhuluneli okanye abanye abasemagunyeni abaphezulu abangakwaziyo ukuncedisa. Lonke ilizwe eUnited States ligcina iseti yalo yemithetho yezomGaqo-siseko nemithetho elawula ukulandelelana kwemithetho elawulayo. Le mithetho yenzelwe ukuthintela ukupheliswa kwamandla, iqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka kweenkonzo zikawonke-wonke wonke, kwaye igcina igunya ledemokhrasi ngexesha leengxaki. Ngoxa udweliso olubanzi lwemithetho ye-demokhrasi lufana ngaphaya kwamazwana ahlukeneyo kumgca , ibonakalisa isakhiwo sobupolitika sobuzwe ngasinye namava embali. Eli nqaku linikela uhlolo olubanzi lwemithetho yokulandelela imicimbi yolawulo, ukusuka kwiziseko ezisemthethweni nakwimigaqo-nkqubo eziqhelekileyo ukuhlanganisana nokuphucula iziphumo-mo-morentervestiance

Isiseko esisemthethweni sokuphumelela kweRhulumente

Umthetho osemthethweni wokulandelelana kwegunya usekelwe kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe ngasinye kwaye wongezelelwe yimithetho. Umgaqo-siseko omninzi karhulumente uthetha ngokungqalileyo ngomgca wokulandelelana kwerhuluneli kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, kwamanye abaphathi bomgaqo-siseko. Umthetho wemithetho usoloko uzala iinkcukacha ezicwangcisiweyo . "njengolowo umisela ukuba i-creadcational" i-grand transfertive iqinisekiswe njani, kwaye kwenzeka ntoni ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abalawuli abaninzi abafumani mvume. Ngenxa yokuba umgaqo-siseko usoloko kunzima kakhulu ukuqulunqena kunemithetho eqhelekileyo, umthetho osisiseko wokulandelela iinqobo uyakwazi ukuzinza lula, ngexa intele ecacileyo.

Amalungiselelo omthetho owiso-mthetho

Umgaqo-siseko osisiseko wolandelelwano phantse usoloko ungumGaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko umisela irhuluneli yemikhosi yaseKhalifoniya njengengenalo igalelo, kwaye ukuba loo ofisi ayikho, indlu yowiso-mthetho inganika ngommiselo wabezo zonke izinyuko. Ngokufanayo, uMgaqo-siseko weTexas ubeka igosa lokuqala, lilandelwa ngumongameli wexeshanatimente. Amazwe angenayedwa ngumphathi-Phondo (ofana ne-Arizona, i-Oregorino, neWyoming) kwimimiselo yemithetho ebizwa ngonobhala wezwe okanye omnye urhulumente. Ngaphandle kwezithuba zokuqala, amazwe amaninzi axhomekeke kwimithetho efuna ukudwelisa amarhosawongezo awongezo, i-ogqwele-oser, i-omperever, okanye iinkokeli zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-othor.

Indima yeRhuluneli eHlanganisayo

Kumazwe angamashumi amane anesihlanu, igosa elingumphathi-mikhosi likhona kwaye lingena kuqala kwirhuluneli. Indima yerhuluneli ayingomthetho nje; kumaphondo amaninzi, bongamela i-senate kwaye banokuthatha amandla erhuluneli okwexeshana xa irhuluneli ingasekho kwiphondo okanye ikhubazekile. Noko ke, ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwegunya ngexesha lolo landelelwano lwexeshana lungajijijwa. Amanye amazwe anika irhuluneli esebenzayo igunya elipheleleyo, ngoxa amanye emisela imisebenzi enjengevetoes okanye imimiselo. Umzekelo, eNew Jersey, irhuluneli yephondo iba negunya elipheleleyo xa irhuluneli yephondo lishiya urhulumente, kodwa uMgaqo-siseko waseNew Jersey ufuna ukuba irhuluneli yexesha lokubhala. Ukuqonda oku kuyabasemaluntwini nakwabantu abafanayo.

Ucwangco Lokuphumelela: Ngubani Olawulayo?

Xa irhuluneli ye-leneta ingumlawuli wokuqala oqhelekileyo, umgca opheleleyo wolandelelwano uyahluka-hluka. Amanye amazwe adwelisa amagosa ambalwa, ngoxa amanye ebala u12 okanye ngaphezulu. Injongo kukuqinisekisa ukuba umntu ofanelekayo, omele ukuphendula ngokwezobupolitika usoloko efumaneka ukuthatha izikhundla.

Umzekelo Wokuphumelela

Emva kwerhuluneli yephondo likarhulumente, awona malandela aqhelekileyo ngunobhala wephondo, igqwetha jikelele, i-odoli-mali, i-coptorer, kwandule ke abe mongameli propropropro ad sytemote kunye nesithethi sendlu karhulumente. Kumaphondo ngaphandle kwe-lejan jaji, unobhala-rhulumente usoloko ekwindawo yokuqala. Umzekelo, umgca ka-Arizona ubaleka: unobhala-rhulumente, igqwetha jikelele, umgcini-mali, kwaye umphathi-mfundo kawonke. Amanye amagunya aquka ummeli wezolimo okanye amanye amagosa anyuliweyo. Amazwe ambalwa, anjengeMaine neNew Partshire, indawo engumongameli wendlu ye-sen nesithethi sendlu, ngokokuqala kuba engenayo i-Roptavier.

Umahluko ekusebenzeni

Abaphumeleleyo kufuneka bahlangabezane neemfuno ezifanayo ne-arhente (ngomzekelo ubudala, ukuhlala, kunye nobumi). Ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente uvumela irhuluneli yexeshana esenokungakufanelekeli ngokupheleleyo. Amatyala amaninzi afuna ukuba ilandela elingenayo libe lilungu leqela elinye lezobupolitika njengerhuluneli, ilungiselelo elicetyelwe ukunqanda ukuphazamisa i-ocestery. Umthetho-siseko ka-Oklahomas umisela ukuba ukuba ukuba ukuba irhuluneli ye-gadayo iphumelele, mababe seliqela elinye; ukuba akunjalo, umongameli umlawuli weqela leBhange, nokuba liliphi iqela, uthathele ngaphezulu. Ngokubhekele phandle, amanye amazwe amisela imfuneko yokuhlala kwilandela ngexesha lokulandelena, ngelixesha elifutshane.

AbaLawuli

Xa amagosa aphetheyo esebe ediniwe, amaphondo amaninzi aphethukela kwiinkokeli zemithetho. Umongameli wexeshana wesizwe kunye nesithethi sendlu yorhulumente zizinto eziqhelekileyo ezinokukhethwa. Amazwe ambalwa, anjengeTennessee, aquka umkhomishina wemfundo okanye amanye amagosa amiselweyo, kodwa amalandela owiso-mthetho ayathandwa ngenxa yokuba enyulwe kwaye ngaloo ndlela abe nedemokhrasi. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kweenkokeli zowiso-mthetho kungenza uxinzelelo lwahlula-mandla, njengokuba ilandela le nkonzo ingasebenzisa igunya elilawulayo okwethutyana ngoxa igcina indima yowiso-mthetho. Inkoliso ithetha oku ngokufuna ukuba ilandela uwiso-mthetho sihlalo sawonga ekuthatheni igosaa i-ofisi.

Iprojekthi yokubhengeza nokungagqibeleli

Inkqubo yomatshini yokulandelana ibandakanya amanyathelo amaninzi abalulekileyo: ukuvakalisa indawo okanye ukungagqibeki, ukwazisa ilandela, ukuqinisekisa ukuba kufanelekile, kunye nokunika isifungo. Ezi nkqubo zidla ngokubhalwa phantsi ngokweenkcukacha ezibukhali ukunqanda impikiswano ngexesha lobunzima obuphezulu.

Iintlobo zoomatshini

Kunokuvela indawo ekufeni, ekususweni, ekususweni eofisini (ngokuphenjelelwa okanye ngokukhunjulwa), okanye kugqitywe kwesigwebo sokugqibela. Amazwe amaninzi akwajonga ukungasebenzi okusisigxina komzimba okanye okungagqibekiyo ngengqondo njengendawo, kodwa inkqubo yokuzimisela iyahluka. Kwamanye amazwe, iqela lamagosa (ngokufana nerhuluneli, igqwetha-gqa-gosa, kunye nentloko-mthetho-yobulungisa. "iyenza i-catapacatactager" okanye i-agconting, i-ove i-ocetsss kwimeko. Umzekelo, eMassachusetts, irhulup, ingavakalisa ngokuzithandela igosagosa, kwaye ukuba angenzi, ibhungamela-mthetho nendlu.

Isiqinisekiso neSikhuseli se-Ofisi

Xa isithuba simiselwe, ilandela elimiselweyo kufuneka laziswe ngokusemthethweni kwaye lithathe isifungo sesikhundla. Isifungo sifana nalowo uthathelwe yirhuluneli. Amanye amazwe afuna ilandela le ngxelo ebhaliweyo nonobhala. Kumaphondo amaninzi, ijaji eyintloko yenkundla ephakamileyo yelizwe iyasiqhuba isifungo, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha irhuluneli okanye omnye umphathi-mikhosi ungenza njalo. Ixesha libalulekile: kwingxamiseko, isifungo singathathwa ngokungacwangciswanga kwaye kamva sibhalwe. Umzekelo, emva kokubulawa kweRhuluneli uWilliam Goebel kaKentucky ngowe- 1900, umlandeli wakhe wafaka isifungo kwikhaya labucala ngenxa yokhuseleko, kwaye kamva i-controgentsssmpy i-creact.

Impumelelo esisigxina

Asingokuphela kokungabikho okukhoyo. Irhuluneli zihamba rhoqo ngaphandle kwelizwe ngenxa yezizathu zoshishino okanye zobuqu. Amazwe amaninzi avumela irhuluneli ukuba idlulisele amandla okwethutyana kwirhuluneli yegosa, esebenza njengerhuluneli. Irhuluneli ingaphinda iqalise amagunya xa ibuya. Umahluko phakathi kolandelelwano lokwexeshana nosisigxina ubalulekile: ngexesha lokungabikho kwexeshana, irhuluneli ihlala eofisini kodwa abathunywa. Isithuba esisisigxina sifuna ukulandelelwa okupheleleyo, ngokufuthi sixhobisa unyulo olukhethekileyo ukuba intsalela eseleyo yexesha elide ngokwaneleyo. Malunga nesiqingatha samazwe uba nonyulo olukhethekileyo ukuze kuzaliswe i-gabernatortialtialtive; abanye abaseleyo bavumele abalandelayo ukuba basebenze ngaphandle kwexesha.

Izicwangciso zengozi nezoncedo

Ulawulo lwale mihla lufuna iinjongo ezinamandla zokulungisa iimeko ezingaqhelekanga: iintlekele zemvelo, uhlaselo lwabanqolobi, izifo ezimandundu, iziganeko zenyukliya, okanye ukunqanda ulawulo. Amazwana amaninzi aye omeleza imithetho yawo yokulandelelana ngenxa yeziganeko ezifana ne-9/11, iNkankanyamba uKatrina, kunye nendyikitya ye-COVOID.

Ukuphumelela Kwentlekele Nokumanyana Korhulumente

IStates enentelekelelo eziphezulu `njengeKhalifoniya yenyikima, iFlorida yenkanyamba, okanye iNew York yezisongelo zabagrogrisi `ziphuhlise ukuqhubekeka okunenkcukacha kweplani karhulumente. Ezi ziquka abalawuli abamiselwe kwangaphambili abagcinwa benolwazi kwaye balungiselele, iindawo zokuhlala kwisihlalo sokwexeshana sikarhulumente, kunye neenkqubo zonxibelelwano olubomvu. Umzekelo, emva kweSiphepho uKatrinat, iLouisiana yahlaziya imimiselo yayo yokulandelela iziganeko zokuqinisekisa ukuba irhuluneli yephondo ingasebenza ngokukhawuleza ukuba irhuluneli ingakwazi ukuvala isifungo esikude. Amanye amazwe agunyazisa irhuluneli ukuba isikhulu esinesiphelo somqobo sonxibelelwano sitshaye sitshatyala.

Ukungakwazi ukufikelela umda kunye namalungiselelo angalawulekiyo

Isifo somkhuhlane wonyaka ka-18 kunye neengxaki zempilo zakutshanje zibalaselise imfuneko yemithetho ecacileyo xa irhuluneli iphila kodwa ingakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi. Amaphondo amaninzi ngoku avumela irhuluneli ukuba idlulisele amandla ngokuzithandela okwexeshana xa ibhala. Ukuba irhuluneli ayikwazi ukunxibelelana, uninzi lwekhabhathi-mikhosi, igqwetha jikelele, okanye indlu yowiso-mthetho ingavakalisa ukuba i-exeshana. Izifundo zoorhulumente beSizwe zifumana ukuba amagunya angama-41 ayenemirhumo yokudluliselwa amandla okwexeshana ngenxa yengxaki yomzimba okanye yengqondo, kodwa imilinganiselo yokubhengeza isikhululo sixeko sahlukene ngokubanzi. Amanye amazwe afuna indawo yolawulo lwezamayeza, ngoxa abanye benokuyishiya kumagosa zobupolitika. Utshintsho olulandelayo lubhekisa phambili ekwenzeni la malungiselelo acacileyo nasebenza kakuhle.

Unyulo Olukhethekileyo kunye namadinga e-Interim

Xa indawo esisigxina isenzeka kwaye ilandela linganyulwanga, amazwana kufuneka agqibe ukuba agcine unyulo olukhethekileyo okanye avumele ilandela libe liseleyo. Okwangoku, 27 yamazwe afuna unyulo olukhethekileyo lwerhuluneli ukuba isenzeka kwasekuqaleni kwegama, ngokuqhelekileyo phakathi kweminyaka emibini. Amazwe aseleyo avumela ilandela elilandelayo ukuba lisebenze ixesha. Inkqubo yonyulo olukhethekileyo ibandakanya imiqathango eqinileyo, umbutho, ukrumbini, kunye nomanyano namagosa onyulo. Umzekelo, [[FLTY: 0] Iinkqubo zokhetho lwe-Extas Iikhowudi zokhetho zidwelisa ixesha elingqongqo lokuzalisa. Abalawuli abasebenzisanawo basebenza ngempumelelo.

Ucelomngeni Notshintsho Kwimithetho Ephumelelayo KaRhulumente

Naphezu kweenkulungwane zenkqubela, imithetho yelizwe elandelelanayo inezithuba kunye neziphithiphithi ezinokuba maxongo ngexesha lengxaki. Abaphengululi bomthetho, amaqela karhulumente olungileyo, kunye nabaqulunqi bemithetho basoloko becebisa utshintsho ukuze bomeleze ezi zicwangciso.

Ukuzimisela ukungakwazi ukufikelela kwisigqibo

Olunye ucelomngeni oluzingisileyo kukuchaza nokugqiba ukuba ngqongqo. Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe omninzi usebenzisa ulwimi olungacacanga olufana “nokukwazi ukukhupha amandla nemisebenzi yeofisi” ngaphandle kokuchaza ukuba ngubani ogqiba okanye buphi ubungqina obaneleyo. Oku kungakhokelela ekuzimiseni kwezobupolitika. Umzekelo, ebudeni bowe-1990, iNew York, impikiswano xa iRhuluneli Mario Cuomo ifumene utyando; umphathi-mikhosi wayengamiselwanga ngokusemthethweni kuba kwakungekho matshini ucacileyo. Kutshanje, iCHOVAID-19 ixhobisa amajelo amaninzi ukuba irhuluneli ikwazi ukudlulisela amandla ngokuzithandela kumazwi abhalwe lula. Noko ke, imbalwa kunesiqingatha samazwe anazo iinkqubo ezibanzi apho intetho irhuluneli ingenakuthetha okanye ingasamkeli inyathelo.

Imithetho Engekhoyo Nezinto Eziyinyaniso Zanamhlanje

Eminye imithetho ye-state yolandelelwano yelizwe ijonge inkulungwane ye-19 kwaye ithathe ihlabathi ngaphandle konxibelelwano olukhawulezileyo okanye uhambo lomoya. Umzekelo, amaphondo ambalwa afuna ukuba irhuluneli ibekho ngokoqobo kwingingqi ukwenza imisebenzi, idala ukudideka xa irhuluneli iphesheya ngenxa yezizathu zobuzwe. Abanye bacinga ukuba amagosa aphunyezwe nge-telegraph okanye iposi. Ukuhlaziya le mithetho ukubonisa unxibelelwano lwangoku. Quka nokufaka ividiyo ekhuselekileyo ekufakeleni izifungo kunye notyikityo lwamanani lwamaxwebhu, kwaye iyafuneka ngokuqhubekayo. IKhomishini yoMthetho we-Unicinety iye yaphuhlisa imodeli yemodeli ye-gernarianariantial, kodwa ukumkelwa komkeli kungokokuzithandela.

Imigudu Yotshintsho Nezenzo Ezibalaseleyo

Iintlangano ezinjengeZiko loLawulo lweSizwe, iBrennan Center yoMazwe, kunye neBrennan Center yeJaji zincomela ezona zenzo zilungileyo. Iinguquko ezingundoqo ziquka: (1) ukuseka iqela lonyulo elicacileyo, elingathanga nxaxheba, (2) ukuvumela irhuluneli ukuba idlulise igunya ngokuzithandela okwexeshana, (3) iqinisekisa umgca opheleleyo wezinyuko ngaphaya kwezikhundla ezimbalwa, (4) ukufuna ukuhlolisiswa kweengcinga zongxamiseko, kunye (5) nokumisela imithetho ekhethekileyo. Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela utshintsho kwishumi leminyaka elidlulileyo. Umzekelo, [[FLT.0:] 2019 Brentanan Center [[FLT] waphawula ukuba i-Constantinoples kunye noDelawarea baqala iinkqubo zabo zobund emva kweziganeko zonyuko zonyuko-201. Kwimeko zomthetho wama-201,21, i-Coloracracractic adlulisele ityala lomthetho womthetho woko lokwenza ityala longxamiseko.

Uxanduva loLawulo nozinzo

Umgangatho wemithetho yelizwe elandelanayo uchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuthemba uluntu, ukuqhubeka kweenkonzo ezibalulekileyo, nokufaneleka okucingwayo kukarhulumente. Xa iinguqulelo zisenzeka ngokulula, abantu basenokungakuboni oko. Xa zithe zaphela, iziphumo zinokuba zinzima.

Izixhobo Zokukhusela Amandla

Imigca ecacileyo yokulandelelana ithintela ukuphangela igunya kwaye inciphise ubungozi bomGaqo-siseko. Ngexesha lobalo lwempikiswano yowama 2000 Florida, imithetho yokulandelela yephondo ayivavanywanga, kodwa ukucaca komgca wokulandelelana (irhuluneli, ize igqwethe jikelele) kwaqinisekisa uluntu. Ngokwahlukileyo, amaphondo anemithetho egqwethayo aye adideka. Umzekelo, ngo-2014, iPennsylvania yaba nempikiswano emfutshane yokuba irhuluneli inokuba ingafumana igunya ukuba irhuluneli ingaphandle kombuso ngexesha elide; igqwetha jikelele lakhupha uluvo olucacisa umthetho.

Ukugcina Umthetho Wedemokhrasi

Ukuphumelela kwegosa elinyuliweyo − ingakumbi lowo wajamelana nevoti ngokubanzi `iicararia' zobunzima bedemokhrasi obungaphezulu kunobunzima bedemokhrasi obulandelelanayo nomphathi omiselweyo. Yiyo loo nto kuthe kwathi kusithiwa inkokeli yowiso-mthetho iphumelele, kumele ukuba kuxoxwe ukuba i-odolo-mthetho i-odolwe, kodwa iyamkeleka ngokuba iinkokeli yakhethwa ngumagcisa (njengommisi-mthetho) kwaye yaqinisekiswa ngoontanga. Ukukhumbula kweRhuluneli yaseKhalifoniya yaseKhalifoniya uGray Davis kunye nonyulo luka-Arnold Schwarzenzegger kwabonisa indlela imigaqo yokulawula enokuthi ihambele ngaphandle kogonyamelo.

Uvavanyo lwemeko yehlabathi lokwenene

Imbali inikela imizekelo efundisayo. Ngo 1972, iRhuluneli uGeorge Wallace wase-Alabama yadutyulwa yaza yafemfa; umthetho wokulandelelana wasebenza kakuhle njengoko irhuluneli yomphathi yasebenza imisebenzi okwethutyana de uWallace wakwazi ukuphinda aqalise imisebenzi emifutshane. Ngo-2017, iNew Jersey yafumana imeko engaqhelekanga xa iRhuluneli uChris Christie kamphathi ka-Rhulumente, uKim Guadagno, wayengamiselwanga ngokucacileyo ukuba asebenze ngexesha lophendlo lwemithetho yesizwe; ezi ziganeko zakhuthaza uphando lwe-Proviston.

Isiphelo

Imithetho yezolawulo olulawulayo yelizwe ingaphezulu kakhulu kunemithetho esemthethweni; ingumqondiso ophambili wozinziso lukarhulumente kunye nokuzinziswa kwedemokhrasi. Njengoko inqaku lokuqala laphawula, "ziqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka kokhokelo, ziphakamisa igunya ledemokhrasi, kwaye zikhusela uzinzo lukarhulumente ngexesha lengxaki. Kodwa ushicilelo oluhle. Umahluko phakathi kwamazwe uthetha umahluko phakathi kotshintsho olungenazintluko kunye nokuma komgaqo-siseko. Abaphathi-mthetho, abaphengululi, kunye nabemi ngokufanayo kufuneka baqonde le mithetho, bamele ukuxhasa iziphene apho kukho imiqobo, kwaye baqonde indlela elula egcina urhulumente engasebenzi nto. [[FLT] umgaqo othe ngqo wemithetho elungele ukujika imigaqo yezomthetho. [FLT]