Ukwazisa

Ukwenziwa komsebenzi wobugcisa nokugadwa zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo ezixhomekeke ekuhloleni nasekupheliseni amashishini olwaphulo-mthetho, ekuthinteleni ukuhlasela kwabagrogrisi, nasekukhuseleni ukhuseleko loluntu. Ukusuka ekungeneleni kweziyobisi ixesha elide ukuya ekuhlolweni kwezombane, ezi ndlela zivumela amagunya ukuba afumane ubungqina obungafihlakaliyo. Noko ke, amandla okugcina, ukubhalisa, nokusebenzisana nabemi abanomngcipheko wokuxhatshazwa nokungathobelwa kwamalungelo asisiseko. Ukubetha umlinganiselo phakathi komthetho osebenzayo kunye nokhuseleko lwemimiselo-siseko, inkqubo esemthethweni ifuna ukuba iindlela ezininzi zokuhlola okanye umsebenzi ofihlakeleyo zigunyazwelwe yimvume yenkundla. Ukuqonda iziqinisekiso zezi zenzo kuyimfuneko kubasebenzi, abasebenzi bezomthetho, abasebenzi bezomthetho, nabasebenzi bezomthetho, kunye nabo bonke abaxhalanawayo.

Eli nqaku linikela uhlolo oluneenkcukacha lwenkqubo yogunyaziso njengoko isebenza kwimisebenzi yokufihla isongelo kunye nokuhlola. Lihlola isiseko somGaqo-siseko, iindidi ezithile zemiyalelo esetyenzisiweyo, ukugcinwa komthetho okungqongqo kufuneka kwanelise ukuyifumana, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo eziqinisekisa ukuthobela. Ngesiphelo, abafundi bazakuba nolwazi oluphandle ngendlela ezisebenza ngayo zombini njengekhusi lomntu ngamnye nesitshixo esivula ngokusemthethweni isenzo sokuphanda.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko: Ukhuseleko loMgaqo-siseko wesine

Imfuneko yokugunyaziswa kwemisebenzi yokufihla nokujongwa ivela ngokuyintloko kuMgaqo-siseko wesine ukuya kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.ISindululo sesine siqinisekisa:

" Ilungelo labantu lokukhusela abantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, kunye neziphumo, nxamnye nophengululo olungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuxhuzula, aziyi kuphulwa, kwaye akukho madangatye aya kuphuma, kodwa ngokunokwenzeka, axhaswe ngu-Oath okanye isiqinisekiso, kwaye ingakumbi achaze indawo eza kuphendwa, nabantu okanye izinto ezizakuthinjwa..

Olu lwimi lumisela isiseko somsebenzi: naluphina uphando okanye ukuphazanyiswa okuphazamisayo komntu kwilindelo lobumfiliba olusengqiqweni akunangqiqo ngaphandle kokuba luqhutywa luphangalale kwisiqinisekiso esixhaswe yisizathu esifanelekileyo nenkcazelo ekhethekileyo. Kumsebenzi wokugquma phantsi kunye nokuhlola, oku kuthetha ukuba imisebenzi efana nokubetha ngocingo, ukufaka abathumeli bemikhondo yeGPS, ukungena kwikhaya phantsi kohanahaniso olungeyo, okanye ukusebenzisa iikhamera ezifihliweyo kwizithuba zabucala ifuna isiqinisekiso. Inkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko iqinisekisa ukuba ukujongwa okungenasizathu kukungabongiswa, hayi umthetho.

Umgangatho Ofanelekileyo Wonobangela

Isiseko solwazi lwalo naluphi na uqinisekiso olusebenzayo sinokuba nokwenzeka. Isizathu esiqinisekileyo sikho xa ubuninzi bemeko bungakhokelela umntu onolwazelelelo ekukholelweni ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho belukho, lukho, okanye luza kwenziwa, kwaye ubungqina bokokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luza kufunyanwa kwindawo okanye ngokwendlela echaziweyo. Lo mgangatho ungaphantsi koqikelelo kodwa ngaphezu kokukrokrelela nje. Kumongo wemisebenzi efihlakeleyo, kumele kumiselwe phambi kokuba ijaji inike isiqinisekiso sokusebenza. Umzekelo, ukufumana isiqinisekiso socingo, ukugcinwa komthetho kufuneka kubonise ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kukho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba uthungelwano olungqalileyo malunga nolwaphulo-mthetho luza kuthintelwa.

Imfuneko Yokuzichaza

UHlaziyo lwesine lukwagunyazisa ukuba kuchazwe indawo efuna ukuphengululwa kwaye abantu okanye izinto ezimele zibanjiswe. Ukukhangela oku kuthetha ukuba, oku kuthetha ukuba isiqinisekiso kufuneka sikhankanye indawo ekujoliswe kuyo okanye umntu ngamnye, uhlobo lokuhlola olugunyazisiweyo (umz., ukujonga ividiyo, ukuvalwa kwesandi), kunye nexesha lokusebenza. Imvume jikelele enika ukuqiqeka komthetho ububanzi bomthetho ayivumelekanga. Oku kuyimfuneko kuthintela ukuhambela ukuloba kwaye kuqinisekise ukuba ukuhlasela kulungiselelwe ngokulula ukuphengulula.

Imisebenzi yeSiseko esingokwasemthethweni yabasebenzi abafumana iinkonzo ezisemgangathweni

Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemisebenzi yobuso obufihlakeleyo neyokuhlola zilawulwa yimimiselo eyahlukeneyo kunye nezicwangciso ezisemthethweni. Ngoxa bonke kufuneka bathobele uHlaliso lweSine, iNgqungquthela kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ziye zamisela imithetho engqalileyo emisela iinkqubo ezineenkcukacha zokufumana iimfuno ezithile. Ukuqonda ezi zicwangciso kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ubungqina obuqokeleliweyo buvumelekile enkundleni kwaye amagosa akachatshazelwa kwityala lasekuhlaleni.

Imisebenzi Yokufuna

Uphendlo luyimvume exhaphakileyo yolu hlobo lwesiqinisekiso esisetyenziswa ekukhutshweni. Bagunyazisa ukunyanzelisa umthetho ukuba ungene kwindawo ethile okanye kwisithuthi kwaye bakhangele izinto ezibubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwizimo ezifihlakeleyo, isiqinisekiso sokuphengulula singasetyenziswa ukuthatha i-otrand, amaxwebhu, okanye amacebo amanani emva kokuba umatshini ongaphantsi komsebenzi othengiweyo ongekho mthethweni. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze indawo ukuze iphendwe ngobuchule obuthile kunye noluhlu lwezinto ezizakubanjwa. I-Exectut inika inter elungeleleneyo yokufumana isiqinisekiso soqhagamshelwano, enokuthi idibane nokungena kwiqela lobuchule bobuchule, nto leyo ingenza idibane nomsebenzi oqhubekekayo phantsi komsebenzi ofihlakeleyo. [[FLT:]

Abasebenzi bocingo (Isihloko III)

Ukufumana ngocingo `ukunqandwa kocingo, umlomo, okanye uthungelwano lwezibonelelo ze-elektroniki) luluhlobo olungenamsebenzi lokuhlola kwaye lulawulwa yiSihloko III soLawulo lwe-Omnibus Crime kunye noMthetho weZitrato Ezikhuselekileyo we-1968 (oqinisiweyo kwi-18 U.S.C. . . Isihloko III sibeka izibophelelo ezithe ngaphaya konobangela olindelekileyo. Ukufumana isiqinisekiso se-omnubsis, umqalisi-mthetho kufuneka ubonise:

  • [[UMTL:0] Unobangela ofanelekileyo [ umntu awenzayo, wenze, okanye sele eza kwenza isono esithile esiyintloko (umz., ukubulala, ukurhweba ngeziyobisi, ubugrogrisi).
  • [[UMTL:0] ofanelekileyo unobangela [ wonxibelelwano oluthile malunga neso senzo solwaphulo-mthetho luza kufunyanwa ukunqandwa.
  • Iinkqubo zophando eziqhelekileyo ziye zavavanywa zaze zangaphumeleli, okanye ngokusengqiqweni zibonakala zingenakuphumelela ukuba zikhona, okanye ziyingozi kakhulu.
  • Imigaqo yokwenza i-minte isendaweni ukunciphisa ukunqandwa koqhagamshelwano olungaqhubekiyo.

Isiqinisekiso socingo sikhutshwa kuphela ngexesha elilinganiselweyo (ngokomlinganiselo wiintsuku ezingama-30, kunye nolwandiso olunokwenzeka) kwaye kufuneke inkqubela-phambili yexesha ngalinye kumgwebi. [[FLT: 0] Impetho yeJaji yeSibonelelo seZibonelelo sobuGqibi [[[FLT: 1]] iinkcukacha zeenkqubo abatshutshisi kufuneka zilande xa befaka isicelo seSihloko III.

Abaxhasi boMkhosi (Iirejista zee-Pen Registers & Umthandelo kunye noTrace, GPS, iVidiyo)

Ngaphaya kokurhuqa ucingo, ezinye iindlela zokuhlola zifuna imvume okanye imiyalelo yenkundla phantsi kwemimiselo ethile:

  • Bhalisa kunye nomjelo kunye nezixhobo zomnxeba : Ezi zixhobo zibhaliweyo ziphumayo kwaye azinanto ziqulathiweyo. Ipen Register kunye neTrace Sigte (18 U.S.C. . . . 311- 3127) zifuna umyalelo wenkundla osekelwe kwisiqinisekiso sokuba ulwazi lunxulumene nophando oluqhubekayo lolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Umkhondo weGPS: Ku United States v. Jones (202]), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yakholelwa ukuba ukufaka umthumeli weGPS kwisithuthi kubumba uphendlo phantsi koMbeko wesine kwaye ifuna isiqinisekiso esixhaswe yimeko enokwenzeka. Ngoku uninzi lwamazwe lunemimiselo elawula iimfuneko zophando lweGPS.
  • Ividiyo I-Surveillance: Umzekelo wenkundla umisele ukuba ukujongwa okuqhubekayo kwevidiyo kwemimandla yabucala (njengengaphakathi kwekhaya okanye iofisi yabucala) kufuna isiqinisekiso. Kwimimandla kawonke-wonke, akukho mvume ifunekayo, kodwa ujongo olude okanye olujoliswe kulo lungaxhobisa ukhuseleko lwesine lokuLandliswa kwemiqathango.

Nganye kwezi ntlobo zogunyaziso kufuneka zidibane nemfuneko ethile .ukuchaza indawo, ixesha, kunye nendlela yokuhlola. Amanye amagunya afuna ukuba abagwebi baqwalasele ezinye iindlela ezincinci zokungena phambi kokuba bavumele ukujongwa kwevidiyo okwexesha elide.

Iimfuneko Zokufumana Umbutho

Ngeli xesha iimfuno ezichanekileyo zingafani ngohlobo lomyalelo kunye nolawulo, ezinye iziqalelo zikho jikelele. Ukugcinwa komthetho kufuneka kufikelelwe kule miqathango ukuze kufumane imvume yokugweba kwimisebenzi yokhuseleko nokuhlola.

Unobangela Ofanelekileyo

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, isizathu esilindelekileyo ngumgangatho wesiseko. Kufuneka isekelwe kwizibakala kunye neemeko ezikwisaziso somphathi eziza kufuna umntu onobulumkisi obusengqiqweni akholelwe ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenzekile kwaye ubungqina buza kufunyanwa. Izibakala kufuneka zibekwe kwi-affidavit efungelweyo. Ukuphulaphula isaziso esisuka kubanikezi abathembekileyo kungaqwalaselwa, kodwa iinkundla zisebenzisa "uvavanyo olupheleleyo lweemeko" ukuvavanya ukuthembeka komphathi kunye nesiseko solwazi.

IAffidavit neOath

Isicelo ngasinye sogunyaziso kufuneka siquke i-affidavit efunwe yi-odoli yomthetho. I-affidavit kufuneka ichaze uphando, izibakala ezixhasa isizathu esinokwenzeka, indawo okanye ixhoba, kunye nohlobo lokhangelo okanye umsebenzi ongaphantsi komsebenzi oceliweyo oceliweyo. Igosa lifunga phantsi kwesohlwayo se-petrory ukuba ulwazi luyinyaniso. Ukuba i-affidavit iqulathe izinto ezichaphazelekayo okanye izithintelo ezenziwe ngokungakhathaliyo ngokungakhathalelwanga inyaniso, isiqinisekiso singalahlwa phantsi kwe [[FLT:] FF] Franksss. Delies. Delirew umgangatho.

Intsingiselo kunye nexesha

Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sikhankanye ngoko kuvumelekileyo. Kwisiqinisekiso sokuphendla, oku kuthetha ukudwelisa izinto ezizakubanjwa. Kwisiqinisekiso sokuhlola, ithetha ukuchaza ixhoba, indlela (umz., "ividiyo yokushicilela yokwahlula 3B ku 123 Main Street"), kunye nexesha lexesha. Imida yexesha inzima: iziqinisekiso zentambo zentambo zibekwe umda kwientsuku ezingama-30, ngelixesha ukuphendla kufuneka zibulawe ngexesha elifanelekileyo (ngokufuthi 10-14 iintsuku). Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze ukuba ingabulawa kuphela ngexesha lobusuku ngaphandle kokuba abagwebi bagunyazi bagunyazisa ukubulawa ebusuku ngenxa yesizathu esilungileyo.

Ingcebiso yezeejaji noMatshi oKhwebelana noLuntu

Matshisi okanye ijaji engathathi cala okanye ijaji engakhupha isiqinisekiso. Ijaji ihlola i-affidavit kwaye ingabuza umphathi ukuba acacise izibakala. Ijaji kufuneka yenze ukuzimisela okuzimeleyo okunokwenzeka ukuba ingunobangela. Ukuba ijaji ifumana isicelo singekho ngqiqweni, imvume izakwamkelwa. Olu vavanyo lwezomthetho lusikhuselo olubalulekileyo nxamnye neqhayiya.

Imisebenzi Yasemfihlekweni Engekho Zintwini: Ekhethekileyo Nekusikelwe umda

Asiyomisebenzi yonke ephantsi ifuna isiqinisekiso. Iinkundla ziye zavuma iindidi eziliqela ezichasene nemfuneko, ingakumbi xa kungekho themba lifanelekileyo lokuba uwedwa okanye xa iimeko ezizizo zifuna isenzo esikhawulezileyo. Noko ke, ezi zingafaniyo zimxinwa kwaye zisoloko zidityanisiwe.

Iyabhaqo

Ukuba umntu onegunya phezu kwesakhiwo okanye kwipropati uvuma ngokuzithandela ukuba kubekho uphando okanye ubukho bomntu ofihlakeleyo, akukho gunya lifunekayo. Umzekelo, igosa elingaphantsi komthetho lingangena kwikhaya ukuba umnini- khaya uyabamema. Noko ke, imvume kufuneka inikwe ngesisa, hayi inyanzelekile. IiNkundla zikwahlola ukuba iqela elivumayo linegunya lokwenene okanye elicacileyo. ACLU] ubuncwane obungaphantsi komthetho buxubusha ngemibandela yemvume kunye namaqhinga okukhohlisa.

Imbono Ecacileyo

Ukuba igosa likho ngokusemthethweni kwindawo ethile kwaye libona ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho olucacileyo, bangaluthabatha ngaphandle kogunyaziso. Kubameli bomgqumo, oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba bamenywa kwikhaya baze babone inqanawe evaliweyo etafileni, bangaxela kwaye bafune isiqinisekiso esilandelayo sokuyithabatha. Imfundiso ecacileyo ayikuvumeli ukungena; ivumela nje ukuphazanyiswa kobungqina obufunyenwe ngokuphandle kwincam ye-ekholishi esemthethweni.

Iimeko Ezimandundu

Xa kukho isisongelo esikhawulezileyo ebomini, umngcipheko wokutshatyalaliswa okukhawulezileyo kobungqina, okanye ukusukela ngokushushu umkrokreli obalekayo, abaphathi-majoni bangenza uphendlo olungenasiqinisekiso okanye ukujongwa. Umzekelo, ukuba umntu obekekileyo ufunda ukuba ukrokrela uza kutshabalalisa iziyobisi, abaphathi-mikhosi bangangena ezibukweni ngaphandle kwemvume. Iimeko ezithe shwaka zijoliswe kwityala ngesiseko, kwaye urhulumente uthwale umthwalo wokungqina ungxamiseko.

Ukhuthuzo Loluntu Loluntu (Alukho Ulindelo Olusengqiqweni Lokuzifihla)

Imisebenzi yangaphantsi eyenzeka kwindawo zikawonke-wonke .enjengeepaki, izitrato, okanye amasimi avulekileyo, azifuni mvume ngenxa yokuba abantu abanalo ulindelo olufanelekileyo lwemfihlo koko bakubhencayo. I-odoli engaphantsi komhlaba iyakwazi ukuqwalasela nokugcina imisebenzi yoshicilelo kuwonke wonke, kuquka iincoko zokushicilela (ezibonelwe phantsi kwemithetho yentambo). Noko ke, ukulandelela imendo elula ngeGPS okanye ngeseli-eseli kugcinwe kwimiqathango yeSine sokhuseleko, njengoko kuboniswe ku ku-Cerbart b.

Umthetho kufuneka unyanzeliswe ngobulumko: kwanakuwonke wonke, iindlela ezithile zokuhlola, ezinjengokusebenzisa intsimbi esetyenziswayo ukuze ujonge emva kwendlu okanye isilanga setelephoto ukuthabatha ixesha labucala, zisenokuwela umgca ukuya kuphanda okufuna isiqinisekiso.

Imilinganiselo yokulawula nokuphendula

Abalawuli abakho kwi-athom; ulawulo oluqinileyo luqinisekisa ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho kuhambelana nemigaqo yegunya kwaye akulisebenzisi kakubi igunya elinikiweyo. La manyathelo abalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuthembana kwabantu nokuqinisekisa ukuba ubungqina obufunyenweyo buvumelekile enkundleni.

Ulawulo lwezomthetho

Umgwebi okhuphayo ugcina igunya lokuqwalasela uphando oluqhubekayo. Imvume yentambo, ijaji isenokufuna iingxelo zexesha elithile kwinkqubela-phambili nemigudu encitshisiweyo. Ekugqibeni kokhangelo, ijaji ifumana imbuyekezo echaza oko kwathintelwayo. Ukuba urhulumente akaphumeleli ukuhambisana neemeko zesiqinisekiso, ijaji ingabucimela ubungqina okanye ibambe abaphathi ngokudelela. Amanye amaqela afuna ukuba ijaji ihlolisise i-affvidat kunye nesiqinisekiso emva kokuba iphulwe ukuze iqinisekise ukuthobela.

Ingxelo yoMgaqo-siseko

Umthetho womanyano ufuna i-Ofisi yoLawulo yeNkundla yase-U.S. ukuba inikezele ingxelo yonyaka kwiNkundla yenani leezicelo zengcingo, izigunyaziso, kunye nokukhanyelwa, kunye netyala elibandakanyekileyo. Oku kuvumela abenzi bomthetho kunye noluntu ukuba bajonge ukusetyenziswa kwezona zixhobo zokuhlola. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zisoloko zimisela iimfuno ezifanayo zokuxela iimfuno zegunya likarhulumente.

Abahloli ngokubanzi kunye nohlolo lwangaphakathi

Amagosa agunyazisa umthetho asoloko enamaqela angaphakathi okanye iiofisi zomsebenzi ongoogcuntswana ohlola ukwenziwa kwemiqathango. ISebe leSebe lezeMithetho yeNkqutyana-mali yeNkqutyana-mali uphando kunye nophando ekutyholeni ukujongwa okungafanelekanga okanye ukuphengululwa okungagunyaziswanga. Olu vavanyo lwangaphakathi lungakhokelela kutshintsho lwenkqubo, isenzo sogunyaziso, kwaye, kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, ukutshutshiswa kwamagosa aphula umthetho ngabomkeli.

Iindlela zokwandiswa

Abantu abanamalungelo awo ophulwa ngokungekho mthethweni okanye ngokusetyenziswa kwamagosa omthetho asebenza ngokufihlakeleyo okanye ukujongwa kusenokumangalelwa ngamagosa kunye nabameli abangaphantsi kwama-42 e-U.S.C. 1983 (kubadlali bakarhulumente) okanye iziphatho zezenzo (kubadlali be-Romatility). Bangafuna umonakalo kunye noncedo olukhutshwayo. Ukumangalelwa okuphumelelayo kungekuphela nje kuhlawula amaxhoba kodwa kuthintele ukuziphatha okubi kwixesha elizayo. Iinkundla zingabukhupha ubungqina obufunyenweyo ekuphuleni uHlunyulo lweSinesine phantsi komthetho, nto leyo enokuthi ibangele ukuvalelwa nokunyanzelwa komthetho ukuze kulandele izimfuneko.

Isiphelo

Imfuneko yemvume litye lemisebenzi esemthethweni esemthethweni engaphantsi komthetho kunye nokuhlola. Iqinisekisa ukuba amandla amakhulu esizwe okuphanda ulwaphulo-mthetho asetyenziswa ngokuzibamba, ngokucace, nangokuhlonela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Ukusuka ekubonakalisweni kokuqala kwesizathu esinokwenzeka sokuvumela ukungabikho komqathango okungaqinisekiyo komsebenzi wongxamiseko, ulawulo lwesiseko somthetho lubonisa ulungelelwano olulunono-mali phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko. Umthetho kufuneka uhambele kulo mhlaba uluntsonkelele ngokuchanekileyo, ukwazi ukuba ukungakwazi ukukhusela isiqinisekiso esifanelekileyo kungabeka engozini lonke uphando nokunyanzelwa kobungqina obuchaphazelekileyo. Okwangoku, ulawulo lwezibonelo-z, i-gractial, kunye nolawulo-ogcificel.

Kubo basebenzi, ukuhlala ngokuhambelana noMthetho wesiHlaliso wesine kunye neemfuno ezikhethekileyo zomthetho kubalulekile. Kubantu bonke, ukuqonda ezi migaqo kungundoqo ekubekeni amagunya etyala. Njengoko ubugcisa bokuhlola buqhubeka, ingxoxo yokuba xa kufuneka imvume iphinde iqhubeke. Kodwa umgaqo ongundoqo awutshintshi: ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente angene kubomi bangabemi bakhe, kufuneka kuqala uqinisekise umgwebi ongathathi cala ukuba ukuphazamisa kufanelekile, kulinganiselwe, kwaye kuyimfuneko.