Iimvavanyo zezaphuli-mthetho ziphikisana. Iimvavanyo zamakhaya: Umbambo othelekisayo weenkqubo

Inkqubo yomthetho isebenza njengesiseko sebutho labantu abayalelweyo, ilungiselela iindlela zokucombulula iimpikiswano, ukuqeqesha ukwenza okubi, nokukhusela amalungelo abantu. Kulo cwangciso, iintlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zetyala lomthetho zilawula: ukuvavanywa kwetyala kunye nokuvavanywa kwetyala lamakhaya. Nangona zicaciswa kwinkundla zecawa kwaye zabelana ngeempawu ezithile ezifanayo, ziyahluka ngokusisiseko, amaqela, umthwalo wobungqina, kunye neziphumo ezinokwenzeka. Ukuqonda oku kubalulekile kubafundi bomthetho, abafundisi, iingcali zezomthetho, kunye naye nabani na ofuna ukuqulungela okanye ukuqonda inkqubo yokugweba. Oku kuhlolisisa oku kuchaza iimpawu zohlobo ngalunye lokuchonga, kuthelekisa iinjongo zabo, kuthelekisa iinjongo zabo, kwaye kubalase iziphumo ezisebenzisekayo zokwahlulwano.

Ziyintoni Izilingo Zezaphuli - mthetho?

Ukuvavanywa kwezaphuli-mthetho kuvela kwiimeko zikarhulumente apho urhulumente emangalela umntu (ummangalelwa) ngenxa yehambo echazwa njengolwaphulo-mthetho. Injongo ephambili yetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho kukukhusela ucwangco lukawonke-wonke ngokumisa umqobo ocacileyo wokufumana ityala lommangalelwa kunye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, ukusohlwaya. Ulwaphulo-mthetho lusuka kwizaphuli-mthetho ezincinane ezifana nokuphula umthetho, ukuya kumatyala anzulu njengokubulala, ukuphanga, okanye ukuqhatha. Urhulumente usebenza ngenxa yabantu, kwaye ityala limele loyise umqobo ocacileyo wokukhusela ityala. Iimvavanyo zezaphuli-mthetho zilawulwa yimiqathango yomthetho, kuquka ilungelo lokuqhuba ityala, ilungelo lokuhlala buthule, kunye nokudibana namangqina alungileyo. Kwinkqubo afana neyokuba ngabagwebi baseUnited States, okanye abagwebi abagwebi abagwebi abangakhethi mthetho, zisebenza njengeelwa ngokufanelekileyo.

Iimpawu Eziyintloko Zezilingo Zezaphuli - mthetho

  • Ibheriji yobungqina: Ingxengxezo kufuneka ingqine ityala lommangalelwa "ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni," owona mgangatho uphakamileyo kumthetho. Oku kuthetha ukuba zonke iinkalo zolwaphulo-mthetho kufuneka ziqinisekiswe ngokwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, zingashiyi nkcazelo esengqiqweni.
  • [[FLT: 0] Icala elibandakanyekileyo: Umbuso (ukutshutshisa) kunye nommangalelwa. Ityala limelwe ligwetywa ligqwetha lesithili okanye elinye igqwetha likarhulumente. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokunikwa isiluleko esisemthethweni; ukuba ungena kumthetho, urhulumente kufuneka anikezele omnye ngendleko kawonke-wonke.
  • Intembeko: inokuba ngumphumo wokuvalelwa, iinkokhelo, ukuvavanywa, inkonzo yoluntu, ukuhlawulelwa kumaxhoba, okanye, kwezinye iindawo, isohlwayo sokufa. Ubungamandla besohlwayo busoloko buhambelana nobunzulu bolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • [[UMTHETHO:0] Ilungelo lokucebisa: Ukuhlaziywa koMgaqo-siseko weSithandathu e-U.S. kuqinisekisa ilungelo kwigqwetha elikwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Abameli bangakhetha icebiso labucala okanye bacele umkhuseli kawonke-wonke ukuba abanako ukulithenga.
  • Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho elinzulu lithwalela ilungelo lokuchophela ityala loontanga. Abachopheli-tyala kufuneka bafikelele isigqibo esimntwiswano kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho (nangokuba amanye amazwe avumela izigwebo ezingagunyaziswanga kwiimeko ezithile).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuvunywa kobuNto-mthetho: Ummangalelwa ucingelwa ukuba umsulwa de agwetywe enetyala. Lo mgaqo usisiseko kwaye ubeka wonke umthwalo wobungqina kwintshumayelo.
  • [[NTL:0] Ububini obuyi-from-opardy:[ Emva kokugwetywa okanye ukugwetywa, ummangalelwa akanakuphinda avavanywe ngetyala elifanayo (ngaphandle kokwahlukene okulinganiselweyo), ukukhusela kurhulumente ophangaleleyo.

Ziyintoni Iimvavanyo Zamakhaya?

Ukuvavanywa kwamakhaya kubandakanya ukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano, ukungxengxezwa kwemali-mali yomntu ngamnye (iintelekelelo zemali), iimicimbi zoluntu, amashishini, okanye eminye imibutho ebandakanya amalungelo omthetho kunye neembopheleleko. Ngokungafaniyo neenkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuvavanywa kwetyala kwamakhaya akufuni ukusohlwaya kodwa kunikwa unyango lwezomlo-mthetho oqhelekileyo nokunika uvavanyo lwetyala iziphumo eziphantsi kwesivumelwano, iingxelo zomntu ngamnye (ukuchasana komthetho), iimpikiswano zempahla, imicimbi yomtshato, kunye nokucalucalucalulo-calucalulo. Ngokungafaniyo, iqela lifuna ukugwetywa, ityala lingummangalelwa, kodwa iqela ligwetyelwe ngokweeprojective.

Iimpawu Ezingundoqo Zemvavanyo Zangaphakathi

  • [[NTL: 0] Ibherin yobuMqondisi: I-Placttiff mayibonise imeko yabo ngo "kuqwalasela ubungqina," ithetha ukuba inokwenzeka kakhulu kunengeyo (ngaphezulu 50%) ukuba ummangalelwa ufanelwe. Oku kumgangatho osezantsi kakhulu kunangendlela esengqiqweni yokuthandabuza.
  • [[FLT: 0] Inxenye ebandakanyekileyo: I-litraff (umphini othi wenzakala) kunye nommangalelwa (umtshutshisi otyholwa ngokuba ubangele umonakalo). Akukho mtshutshisi wesizwe; endaweni yoko, amaqela aqesha amagqwetha awo. Kwezinye iimeko, urhulumente unokuba ngumqeshwa, njengakwizenzo zolawulo lwasekuhlaleni.
  • Izabelo: Iziphumo zemali zingumonakalo wemali (ukuququzelela, ukukhupha isigwebo, okanye ukubiza) okanye isiqabu esithe ngqo esifana nomyalelo (oyalela iqela ukuba lenze okanye liyeke into ethile) okanye ukwenziwa kwayo. Ukuvalelwa akusosiphelo esithe ngqo setyala, nangona ukuthotywa kwenkundla ngenxa yokungathobeli umyalelo wenkundla kungakhokelela kwixesha lokuvalelwa entolongweni.
  • [[NTL:0] Amalungelo afanelekileyo kwiSiluleko: Akukho lungelo lomGaqo-siseko kwigqwetha elikhululekileyo kwiimeko zabemi. Iipati ezinokuzimela (pro se) okanye ziqeshe umelo olusemthethweni. Kwimeko ezithile ezikhethekileyo (umz., ukugcinwa kwabantwana), inkundla ingamisela umgcini-mthetho, kodwa oku akufani nokunika igqwetha.
  • Ityala lobuhlanga: IsiHlaziyo seSentel-sigcini solungiso sinelungelo lokugcina ityala kwityala labemi apho ixabiso lempikiswano lingaphaya kwe R2,000, kodwa eli lungelo alizenzeki kuzo zonke iindawo. Kwimeko ezininzi zasekuhlaleni, amaqela asenokuqhatha abachopheli-mthetho, akhethe ukuvavanywa kwebheri. Amatyala amakhaya akhiwe ngamalungu angaphantsi kwe12, kwaye izigwebo azifuni kudibaniswa kumazwe amaninzi.
  • Iziphumo zovavanyo lwangaphakathi zidla ngokuquka ukufunyanwa kwangaphambili kwezo nkundla, ukudityaniswa, ukuncinwa kwamaphepha, nokuvumela omabini amacala aqokelele ubungqina kunye nokuncinwa kwemiba phambi kokuvavanywa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukungaqiniseki kwemilinganiselo: izibhengezo zabemi kufuneka zigcinwe kwisakhelo esithile sexesha (zibanjwe ngohlobo lwento kunye negunya), okanye zithintelwe ngonaphakade.

Uhlalutyo lothelekiso lweenkqubo

Ngeli xesha iimvavanyo zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nezingo zamakhaya zisebenza kwinkundla enye, iinkqubo zazo zibonisa iinjongo ezingafaniyo. Uthelekiso olusecaleni lukhanyisa indlela eyakhiwe ngayo inkqubo nganye ebumba ngayo amava eenkundleni, indima yenkundla, neziphumo ezipheleleyo.

Ukuququzelelwa Kwenkqubela

Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho aqaliswa ngurhulumente ngokubekwa ityala (ngokugwetywa kwequmrhu elikhulu labachopheli-tyala) okanye isimangalo solwaphulo-mthetho esibekwe ngumtshutshisi. Amagosa agunyazisa umthetho asoloko ehlola, aqokelela ubungqina, aze anikele kumalathisi, ogqibayo enoba afake iifayile zetyala. Omangalelwayo uyabanjwa okanye unikwe izicelo zokuvela enkundleni. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amatyala aququlunqwa liqela labucala liqulunqa ityala lenkundla, elimisela izityholo ezisemthethweni kunye noncedo olufunwayo. Ummangalelwa-mthetho kufuneka akhonze ummangalelwa ngezicelo kunye nekopi yesikhalazo, enika abamangalelwa ithuba lokuphendula. Urhulumente akaqali ithuba lokuqalisa iimpikiswano zamakhaya ngaphandle kokuba liqululwe njengeqela (umz., i-SECIngculo yemali yemali efuna i-empempempe.).

Umthwalo Wokungqina

Uxanduva lobungqina luphawulo olucacileyo lomahluko phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini zamatyala. Ekuvavanyweni kolwaphulo-mthetho, ityala kufuneka liqinisekise ukuba ummangalelwa ufumana ityala elilula "Ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni" — umgangatho owenzelwe ukunciphisa ubungozi bokuchophela umntu omsulwa. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ichaza oku njenge "bhedrock" umgaqo womthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwizihlolo, ukuvavanywa kwetyala lomphakathi, umthwalo womntu ochaphazelekayo ulula kakhulu: "ukuqinisela ubungqina" kufuna kuphela ukuba ubungqina buphozise kancinci kwinkokeli yemali ekhoyo. Kukho umgangatho ophakathi kwezimeko ezithile zoluntu, njengoqhathano okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho, apho kusenokufuneka khona ubungqina kunye nokonakalisa, kodwa kuhlala okokuba ngezantsi kokwahlulwano olungokwaphuli-mthetho.

Izahlulo kunye nomelo

Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente usoloko ekho, esebenza ngomdla kawonke-wonke. Umtshutshisi akanakuliyeka ityala elisekelwe kwiminqweno yexhoba (nangona igalelo liqwalaselwe). Ummangalelwa ngumntu otyholwe ngetyala. Ummangalelwa ulwamkele amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, kuquka ukubekwa ityala, ilungelo lokuchasene nokungathethelelwa, ilungelo lokumelana nabamangali-mthetho, nelungelo lokumangalelwa. Kwizili-tyala lamakhaya, omabini amaqela angamalungu azimeleyo (okanye urhulumente xa ekho). Akukho tyala limelelwe; omabini amacala aphathwa ngendlela efanayo ngokuphathelele uxanduva. Umgqeqeqesho ukhusela lowo ukhusela abamangaleli-mthetho ukuba bangaweli ngokwawo. Umzekelo, umbalelwa-mpulumente, uyakwazi ukunyanzelwa ukuba akhutshwe ngokungena eqeshweni, kwaye akhutshwe ngokugwetyelwa kwiqela lokwala.

Izityholo Nobungqina Buyasimisela

Kuzo zombini iimvavanyo zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye neemvavanyo zamakhaya zilandela imithetho yobungqina kunye nenkqubo, kodwa ukukhusela okungqongqo kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho kudla ngokukhokelela ekususweni okunzima kobungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni. Umthetho wokuzikhulula, umzekelo, ukuvalela ukusetyenziswa kobungqina obusuka ekuphandisweni okungekho mthethweni. Kumatyala asekuhlaleni, ubungqina buvunywa ukuba bufanelekile kwaye abunakucingisiswa ngokungafanelekanga, ngemiqathango engekho mthethweni. Iimthethweni zikwahlukani zecawa zecawa. Ii-mthetho zikwaba zibandakanya ukuva kokuqala, nokucinezelwa komthetho. Iimvavanyo zamakhaya zisenokubandakanya ukupheliswa okushwa kokungacimiyo ngaphandle kwetyala ukuba akukho mcimbiswano wokwenene. Indima yomgwebi yalo-mthetho-mthetho iyahluka, abagwebi abasoloko benelwa kwiimgwebi; iijajinga ezingqotyeni ezingo zomthetho zezaphuli-mthetho zezaphuli-mthetho, zinokumisa isigwebo ezigwebo ezibekwe ecaleni ezithe nxamnye.

Izigwebo neMigwebo

Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, isigqibo sisenokuba sinetyala okanye asinatyala. Isigqibo esingenatyala sithetha ukuba ityala lisilela ukuhlangabezana nomthwalo walo, hayi ukuba ummangalelwa akanatyala. Ukuthembeka kufuna isigqibo somchongi ohlukeneyo kwimiqathango emininzi (ngaphandle kwezinye iinkundla zelizwe ezivumela izigqibo ezingezoza-zintsebenziswayo zezolwaphulo-mthetho ezivumelayo ukuba zigwetywe, iityala zibekwa ngumgwebi emva kwesigqibo, ngokufuthi ukulandela isigwebo esahlukileyo apho kuthethwa khona ityala nokucinywa. Kwityala loluntu, isigwebo sidla ngokumisela ityala (ewe okanye hayi), kwaye ukuba ityala lifunyanisiwe, inani lomonakalo. Izigwebo zomthetho zoluntu zisoloko ziyakwazi ukuvumelana nemithetho ekubandakanyelweni, ngokokuthethwa kwetyala.

Inkqubo yezibheno

Abamangalelwa banelungelo elizenzekelayo lokubhenela ekubhenceni kwabo kwiimeko ezininzi, nangona izibheno zilinganiselwe kwiimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni, okanye ukuphulwa komthetho-siseko. Ityala lidla ngokungabhena ukuvalwa kwetyala, njengokuba oko kuya kuphazamisa icandelo eliphindiweyo. Noko ke, urhulumente unokuzifaka isibheno imithetho yangaphambi kwetyala okanye ukuphelisa iziphumo zolawulo. Ababheno-mthetho banelungelo lokubhenela kwimigwebo yokugqibela, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha imiyalelo (interlim). Umlinganiselo wokuziphinda-phinda ubekwe ubeke kwityala uxanduva: izinto ezicacileyo ziguqukile kuphela xa kuqwalaselwe ngokucacileyo, ngoxa imibuzo engokwasemthethweni ichazwa ngokuchasene noqhatho-mthetho. Izibheno zomfatho lwamakhaya ziqhelene, kodwa iqela elilahlekileyo limele libonise ukuba impazamo engathi iziphumoni kweziphumo. Ezibini iinkundla zenkundla zenkundla zenkundla zomthetho, zingathi, okanye ukuguqula, ukuguqula, ukutshintsha kwesigqibo senkundla senkundla.

Umahluko Osebenzisekayo Kwindleko Nexesha

Iimvavanyo zamakhaya zisoloko zibandakanya ukufunyaniswa okubalulekileyo kwangaphambi kwetyala kunye nokuhamba-hamba, okunokuthi kunyuse ixesha lokuvavanywa kweentsuku ezithile zeminyaka nokukhutshwa kweemali ezithe kratya. Iimvo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ngeli xesha zikwabiza imali eninzi kunye nexesha lokuvavanya, ziphantsi koMthetho we-Purtisy Trial Ament (kwienkundla zikarhulumente), kunye nemithetho yokuvavanya ngokukhawuleza, okudla ngokufuna ukuba urhulumente azise ummangalelwa ukuba avavanywe ngetyala phakathi kweentsuku ezithile. Ngoko ke, ukuqhubeka nokuvavanywa nokuntsonta okuntsonkothile okuntsonkothile kusenokulizisa ukuvavanywa kolwaphulo-mthetho ngokufanelekileyo. Uxanduva lwemali lwamaqela ayahluka, amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, yaye abamangali abamangali befumana izigwebo ezisemthethweni ezisemthethweni. Kwimeko zombini, amacala ohlukeneyo ngaphandle kokuba kungene iindleko zemali ezihlalo zemali ezikhoyo.

Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Zabafundi Nobafundisi - ntsapho Bomthetho

Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho neloburhulumente asikokuvavanywa nje kwemfundo; kuchaphazela indlela amagqwetha azimiseleyo alungiselela ngayo ukuqhelisela nokuyila isikolo. Abafundi bomthetho kufuneka bawuqonde umthwalo owahlukileyo wokuqinisekisa, imilinganiselo yokuhlola, kunye nemigaqo-siseko yokukhusela ngokunempumelelo ukuxhasa abaxhasi. Kubafundisi, babalaselisa imizekelo yehlabathi eliyinyaniso . Ngokufana ne-O. J. Simpson (ityala elikwinkundla yolwaphulo-mthetho kodwa elifunyaniswe ngokufanelekileyo kwinkundla yolwaphulo-mthetho). [[5] [iiiindlela ezikhoyo kunye nezikhongelo zelizwe] [F] [F], ikhomba eninzi kwezikadenti: [[5], icandelo elikhoyo lolwazi olukhoyo.[F][3][5] [iindlela ekwakufutshane nezikhonziswa ngayo iimeko zoburhulumente.[F]

Isiphelo

Iimvavanyo zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye neemvavanyo zolwaphulo-mthetho ziziintsika ezimbini zenkqubo yokugweba, nganye iphumeza injongo eyahlukileyo. Iimvavanyo zezaphuli-mthetho zithethelela ucwangco lukawonke-wonke ngokubohlwaya abo baphula umthetho, ngoxa iimvavanyo zamakhaya zicombulula iimbambano zangasese kwaye zihlawulela amaqela anzakeleyo. Ukungavisisani okuthweswayo kokungqina, amaqela, amalungelo, kunye nezixhobo zonyango zibonakalisa umahluko phakathi kwenkululeko nemfuno yempahla. Lo mcimbi woko unika isiseko esiqinileyo sokuhlola ii-projectedsss, enoba kusetyenziswa inkqubo ye-temstiki, okanye egqweqwele.