Xa kufikelwa ziintlekele zemvelo, iinkanyamba, imililo yequbuliso, izikhukula okanye iinyikima zendalo, umbuzo okhawulezileyo kwiingqondo ezininzi ngu: ngubani ophetheyo? Impendulo ayiqheleki. EUnited States, intlekele ngumgudu owenziweyo obandakanya ingingqi, urhulumente, ngamnye oneembopheleleko ezingafaniyo ezimele zisebenze kunye phantsi kwengcinezelo egqithisileyo. Ukuqonda ezi misebenzi akuyomfundo nje ephambili, inganceda abemi, iinkokeli zengingqi, kunye nabanini bamashishini balawule ingxakeko yokwenene ngokulula ngakumbi.

Iintlekele zendalo ziyanda ngobuninzi bozibini kunye nobukhulu. Ngokwe- uLawulo lolwandlekazi nolobuzwe [FTLT:1], iUnited States yafumana i-28 lamawaka ezigidi zemozulu kunye neentlekele zemozulu, ubuninzi obungaphezulu obubhaliweyo. Oku kubonisa imfuneko yokusabela kakuhle korhulumente kumgangatho ngamnye. Eli nqaku lihlola indlela abaphathi bengingqi, urhulumente, kunye norhulumente worhulumente abalawula ngayo iintlekele zemvelo, amandla kunye nemiqathango yemozulu nganye, nendlela ezihamba ngayo izipheko zokuphucula.

Urhulumente Wasekuhlaleni: Umgca wokuqala wokhuselo

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bayakwazi ukuphendula intlekele. Xa inkanyamba ihlasela okanye isikhukula sihlasela ummandla, amagosa ephondo nesixeko amele athathe inyathelo lokuqala. Usondelelwano lwabo kubemi abachaphazelekayo lubenza bafumane umonakalo ngokukhawuleza, bathumele iinkonzo zongxamiseko, kwaye banxibelelane ngqo nabemi.

Iinkonzo zexesha likaxakeka nokhuseleko loluntu

Amasebe omlilo asekuhlaleni, amapolisa, kunye neenkonzo zongxamiseko (EMS) zidla ngokuba ngabaphulaphuli bokuqala abakhoyo. La masebe asebenza phantsi kwesikhokelo sesixeko okanye soomanejala bongxamiseko, abalungelelanisa imigudu yokuqala yokukhangela nokulungisa, i-triage, kunye nemiyalelo yokukhupha i-oyile. Ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke lujoliswe phambili: amagunya asekuhlaleni agqiba ixesha nendawo yokukhupha imiyalelo, amisa izikhuseli, kunye neendlela zokuvala okanye iibhulorho eziyingozi.

Ngokomzekelo, ngexesha lomlilo wama-2023 Maui, amagosa eMaui County ayenoxanduva lokukhupha izilumkiso zokubaleka, ukuthumela iqela labacimi-mlilo, kunye nokulawula imisebenzi yokuzimela kwiziphumo ezikhawulezileyo. Isantya kunye nokusebenza kwale misebenzi yasekuhlaleni kwaphembelela ngokuthe ngqo inani lobomi obusindileyo.

Ulawulo lwezemfundo kunye nokulungiselelwa koluntu

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni balawula izibonelelo ezigcina uluntu lukhuselekile: iindlela, iibhulorho, iinkqubo zamanzi, imigca yamandla, kunye nezakhiwo zikawonke-wonke. Kufuneka bahlole baze balungise izibonelelo ezibalulekileyo emva kwentlekele baze baqinisekise ukuba izinto eziluncedo zibuyiselwe ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ngaphandle kokuphendula, amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni afaka uqeqesho olulungiselelweyo olulungiselelwe uluntu, ukuhambisa amabhokisi okubonelela ngexesha likaxakeka, kunye nokuqhuba amaphulo okufundisa uluntu. Umzekelo, uluntu oluninzi lwaselunxwemeni lugcina izikhuthulelo ezilungiselelwe ukulungiselela ukukhusela amakhaya awo nokulungiselela amaqumrhu.

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni nabo banembopheleleko yokuyila nokuhlaziya izicwangciso zabo zengozi, ezibonisa iingozi kunye namaqhinga ohlahlo-hlengiso okunciphisa ukuchanabeka. Ezi zicwangciso zidla ngokuthunyelwa kumaqumrhu karhulumente nakumaqumrhu karhulumente ukuze afanelekele ukubonelela ngemali.

Urhulumente: Umanyano kunye nolwandiso lwezibonelelo

Xa intlekele ingaphezulu kwesikhundla sikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni, amanyathelo karhulumente. Urhulumente usebenza njengebhulorho phakathi kwabaxhasi basekuhlaleni kunye noovimba borhulumente, ukubonelela ngomanyano, abasebenzi, izixhobo kunye nenkxaso-mali.

Ulawulo lwexesha likaxakeka lweRhulumente

Urhulumente ngamnye unesebe lolawulo longxamiseko (ngokufuthi libizwa ngokuba yi-State Emergency Management Agency okanye i-Ofisi yeeNkonzo ze-Emergency) ejonge ukulungiselelwa kwentlekele, ukuphendula, nokuchacha kulo lonke elo lizwe. La masebe agcina iingqokelela zezinto ezinika uncedo, alungelelanisa ukuthunyelwa kwamajoni esizwe, kwaye alawule iziko longxamiseko lorhulumente ngexesha lengxaki.

Xa ubuncwane basekuhlaleni buphelile, urhulumente anganikezela ngeminye imisebenzi, izixhobo, kunye nenkxaso yemali. Umzekelo, ngexesha lomlilo weKampu ka-2018 eKhalifoniya, i-Ofisi ye-Emergency Service (Cal OES) yalungelelanisa ukuthunyelwa kwamawaka abacimi-mlilo, abaphathi-mthetho, kunye nobuncwane bokukhusela abasuka ngaphaya kwelizwe. Bakwakwazi ukuncedisana ngezicelo zoncedo ezivela kwamanye amazwe, beqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi bomlilo abasuka e-Oregon, eWashington, naseArizonariyo banokuncedisa ngokukhawuleza kulwa.

Ulawulo lwempilo yoluntu kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwesebe

Urhulumente uhlola iingozi zempilo yoluntu ngexesha leentlekele nasemva kwazo. Balawula ukujongwa kwezifo, baqinisekisa ukukhuseleka kwamanzi okusela, balungelelanisa iinkonzo zempilo kubemi abafudusiweyo.

Ukusebenzisana kwengingqi yengingqi yezolawulo lwe-Emergency Adminimal Icelation (EMAC) yenye izivumelwano zoncedo phakathi kwawo onke amazwe angama-50, iSithili saseColumbia, i-Puerto Rico, kunye neZiqithi eziNcasakazi zase-U.S. Xa urhulumente efuna izinto ezongezelelekileyo . Ezinje ukuphendla kunye namaqela ee-oxinal, amagosa e-zamayeza, okanye izixhobo ezinzima ze-EMAC. Le nkqubo yasetyenziswa kakhulu ngexesha leSiphepho uKatrinaia, kwaye kutshanje ngexesha lenkanyamba i-Ian ngo-20222.

Urhulumente woManyano: Izibonelelo zesizwe neNkxaso yeQhinga

Indima karhulumente karhulumente kukunikela inkxaso xa urhulumente wentlekele ethwaxwa yintlekele kunye nobuchule basekuhlaleni. I-Arhente ye-Federal Emergency Management (FEMA) ikhokela kwisebe lesizwe ukwenzela impendulo yentlekele nokubuyela, kodwa amanye amasebe (iquka iSebe lokhuselo, iSebe leMpilo neNkonzo yoLuntu, kunye neQembu loMkhosi loMkhosi loMphini-injini-enjini) lidlala iindima ezibalulekileyo.

IFEMA kunye neSicwangciso seNkqutyana

I-FEMA ilungelelanisa imigudu yokuphendula yentlekele yesizwe nge- Responseal Framework , echaza indlela amasebe karhulumente asebenza kunye kunye kunye namaqabane karhulumente, asekuhlaleni, isizwe, kunye nemimandla. Xa intlekele ivakaliswa njengemeko karhulumente kaMongameli, i-FEMA inganikezela ubuncwane obufana nendlu yexeshana, ukutya, namanzi, amaqela ezonyango, kunye noncedo lwemali.

IFEMA ikwalawula inkqubo yoMncedi ngamnye, enika abanini-makhaya kunye nabaqeshi inkxaso-mali yokulahlekelwa ngaphandle kwentelekelelo, kunye nocwangciso loncedo lukawonke-wonke, olunceda urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba bakhe kwakhona izibonelelo ezonakeleyo. Kunyaka wama-2023, iFEMA yanikezela ngaphezu kwamawaka ezigidi zeerandi zemali yokuhlangula kwintlekele.

Iinkqubo zoqeqesho neeNkxaso zeMali

Ngaphandle kokusabela ngqo kwintlekele, urhulumente wengingqi unika iimali-mali kunye neemboleko zokunceda abantu balungiselele baze bachache kwiintlekele. I-Hazard Mitigation Program (HMGP) iprojekthi yemali enciphisa iingozi zexesha elizayo, njengokuphakamisa izakhiwo kwiindawo ezinomkhukula okanye ukuqinisa izibonelelo ezibalulekileyo. I-Small Business Administration (SA) inika iimali-mali ezibolekisiweyo ezinokungenwa yintlekele encinane kumashishini, kubanini-khaya, nakumaqeshi.

IFEMA isebenza kwiZiko loLawulo lwezeMbindi (EMI), elinika iinkqubo zokuqeqesha iingcali zolawulo longxamiseko kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente. Ezi nkqubo ziquka imibandela enjengezicwangciso zezehlo, ucwangciso lwentlekele, kunye nonxibelelwano olumanqam

Ulwahlulo phakathi kwamaqondo karhulumente

Ukusabela ngempumelelo kwintlekele asinto nje eyenzekayo; kufuneka umanyano olungenamtsalane phakathi kwamaziko asekuhlaleni, urhulumente, kunye norhulumente. Xa olu manyano lusebenza kakuhle, ubuncwane bukhawuleza buye kwindawo efuneka kakhulu. Xa buqhekeka, imigudu yokuphendula iyaqhekeka kwaye ibuyela ithatha ixesha elide.

Imithambo yoqeqesho edityanisiweyo nomyalelo omanyeneyo

Enye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo zokusebenzisana kukuqeqesha amalungu. Iinkqubo zoomatshini abasebenza kuwo onke amanqanaba zithatha inxaxheba kwiziphumo ezifanisa iziganeko zentlekele yokwenene, ukusuka kwiinyikima ukuya kwizifo ezimandundu. Ezi mithambo zinceda abasebenzi bale ngxaki bakha ulwalamano, iinkqubo zonxibelelwano, kwaye zichonge amakhefu eenkqubo zocwangciso ngaphambi kokuba kuvele intlekele yokwenene.

Ngexesha lesiganeko, isakhiwo somyalelo esidityanisiweyo sisoloko sisetyenziswa ekwenzeni izigqibo ezilandelelanayo. Ngaphantsi kweNkqubo yokuLawula kweSizwe (NIMS), abameli abasuka kuzo zonke iindawo ezichaphazelekayo kunye namasebe basebenza kunye kwiposi enye yomyalelo. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu usebenza ngezinto eziza kuqala ezifanayo nolwazi, ukunciphisa ukudideka kunye nokhuphiswano lomgudu.

Ukwabelana ngolwazi kunye nokwenza izigqibo zogcino-lwazi-okanye

Ulwabelano ngolwazi lelinye ilungu elibalulekileyo. Abameli bomhlaba baqokelela kugcino-lwazi lomhlaba malunga nomonakalo kunye neemfuno, ezithi ngoko zicalulwe kumgangatho karhulumente kunye norhulumente ukwabelana ngobuncwane. Izixhobo zangoku ezifana nokuzoba imaphu, intelekelelo yesatellite, kunye nokujongwa kwezixhobo zonxibelelwano zezentlalo-ntle kunceda ukuba kubekho umfanekiso oqhelekileyo wokusebenza.

Umzekelo, ngexesha lenzonzobila eKentucky engama-2022, abaphathi bobulali basebenzisa isantya songxamiseko kunye neengxelo zomhlaba ukuzoba iindawo ezizele ngamanzi, ngeli xesha urhulumente kunye namasebe karhulumente asebenzisa olo gcino-lwazi ukucwangcisa imisebenzi yokuhlangula kunye nokuthumela amaqela ezindlu okwexeshana. Olu hlobo lwendlela yogcino-lwazi yokungena kwisantya sokuphendula nokuqinisekisa ukuba uncedo lufikelela kuluntu olufuna kakhulu.

Unxulumano nobulungisa

Onke amanqanaba karhulumente kufuneka abandakanye nabantu abachaphazelekayo ukuze baqonde iimfuno zabo ezikhethekileyo qha, ingakumbi abemi abaphantsi kwembali abanokujamelana nemiqobo eyongezelelekileyo ngexesha leentlekele. Ukufikelela kolwimi, iindawo zokuhlala ezikhubazekileyo, kunye nonxibelelwano olufanelekileyo ngokwenkcubeko ziyinxalenye ezifunekayo zokuphendula ngokulinganayo. Isicwangciso esitsha sobuchule seFEMA sigxininisa ukulingana njengomgaqo ongundoqo, kwaye urhulumente kunye namaqumrhu amaninzi okwakha uluntu kunye namaqumrhu asekuhlaleni aqinisekisa ukuba amazwi ahlukeneyo avakala.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Ukusabela Kukarhulumente Kusebenza

Iintlekele zehlabathi zokwenene zinika izifundo ezinamandla malunga noko kusebenzayo noko kufuneka kuphuculwe ekusabeleni kukarhulumente. Uhlolisiso olulandelayo lubonisa indlela eyahlukeneyo imigangatho karhulumente phantsi kweemeko ezimaxongo.

Inkanyamba uKatrina (2005): Ukusilela Komanyano

Inkanyamba uKatrina idla ngokuchazwa njengentsomi yoko kwenzekayo xa urhulumente eLouisiana namagosa karhulumente esizwe ayesothuswa sisaqhwithi, yaye urhulumente akazange asabelele kancinane yaye wasebenzisana kakuhle. I - 80 ekhulwini lelevee lazala iNew Orleans, yaye amawaka abantu aye asala engakwazi ukutya, amanzi okanye ukunyangwa kagqirha kangangeentsuku eziliqela.

Uphando lwasemva kohlolo lwabonisa ukungaphumeleli okuqatha kumgangatho ngamnye: ucwangciso lokufuduka olungafanelekanga lwamagosa asekuhlaleni, urhulumente onganele, kunye nokubekwa kwemali egqithisiweyo kwe-odoli. Intlekele yabangela utshintsho olutsha, kuquka ukudlula kwe-Post-Katrina Emergency Management Digion Act ka-200, eyaqinisa igunya le-FEMA kunye neenkqubo eziphuculiweyo zolwakhiwo-mthetho.

Imililo etshileyo yaseKhalifoniya (2018): Intsebenziswano yesizwe neFederal

Umlilo weKampu ka-2018, owatshabalalisa idolophu yeParadisi yaza yabulala abantu abangama-85, wabonakalisa amandla kunye nokusikelwa umda kwentsebenziswano karhulumente kunye norhulumente. I-Cal OES yakhawuleza yahlanganisa amawaka abacimi-mlilo namagosa omthetho, ngelixa i-FEMA yanikela uncedo lwemali kunye nezindlu zokwexeshana kwabasindileyo. Ukuphendula kwanconywa ngokubanzi ngesantya sayo, kodwa kwakhona intlekele yabalaselisa iingxaki ezikudala zokuthintelwa komlilo kunye nolawulo lwelizwe olufuna urhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nentsebenziswano yengingqi.

I-COVID-19 Pandemic (2020-2021): Impendulo yempilo yoluntu ekwiqondo elininzi

Isifo se-COVOID-19 asiyiyo intlekele yendalo ngokwengqiqo eqhelekileyo, kodwa yavavanya ukusabela kukarhulumente kumgangatho ngamnye ngendlela engakaze ibonwe ngaphambili. Amasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni ayenoxanduva lokuvavanya, lokunxibelelana, kunye nolwabelo lwezitofu. Oorhulumente basebenzisa iirockdown, ukuphatha izibhedlele, kwaye baququzelela ukufunyanwa kwezixhobo zokhuseleko zobuqu. Urhulumente worhulumente, esebenzisa iCDC ne-NIH, wanika ukhokelo, inkxaso yemali, kunye nenkxaso yophuhliso iyezamvo.

Le ngxaki ibhenca izithuba eziphawulekayo kwimiqathango yempilo yoluntu kunye nomanyano lwamasebe, kodwa ikwanyusa izinto ezifana netelemedicine kunye neeplatfomu ezilawula ugcino-lwazi eziza kunceda kwintlekele ezayo.

Ukulungiselela Iintlekele Zexesha Elizayo

Njengokuba ukutshintsha kwemozulu kubangela iintlekele zemvelo ezikhawulezileyo, oorhulumente kuzo zonke imigangatho kufuneka balungelelanise indlela abakulungele ngayo nendlela abasabela ngayo. Oku kunconyelwa kulandelayo kunokukunceda ukuba wakhe inkqubo ekwaziyo ukumelana nemozulu.

Ingeniso Kwizinto Ezizinzileyo

Ukuqinisa izibonelelo nxamnye neentlekele kunciphisa umonakalo kunye nokubuyela kwisantya. Oku kuquka ukuphakamisa iindlela nezakhiwo kummandla onomkhukula, ukuqinisa imigca yamandla nxamnye nemililo yemfazwe, kunye nokufaka izikolo nezibhedlele ukumelana neenyikima. IFMA Building Resculation Refractive and Community (BRIC) inkqubo enika inkxaso yorhulumente kwimisebenzi enjalo, kwaye amaziko kufuneka amisele iinkqubo ezithetha ngeengozi eziphezulu.

Imfundo yoLuntu neNkqubo yoLungiselelo

Ucwangciso luqala ngabantu ngabanye kunye neentsapho. Oorhulumente kufuneka bafake inxaxheba kumaphulo okufundisa uluntu aqhubekayo afundisa abemi indlela yokwakha amaziko ongxamiseko, ukwenza amalungiselelo onxibelelwano lwentsapho, nokuqonda iindlela zokufuduka. Iinkqubo ezifana ne-Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) amatsha - ntliziyo ancedisa abasebenzi abaqeqeshi abanolwazi ngexesha lentlekele, ukwandisa ubuchule bokusebenza nokukhuthaza indlela yokulungele ukufudumala.

Ugcino-lwazi lwe-everrage kunye nobuxhakaxhaka

Ugcino-lwazi oluqhubela phambili olunenkcazelo ecacileyo, ubukrelekrele obungeyonyaniso, kunye nezixhobo zokuhlola ixesha lokwenene zingaphucula zonke iinqanaba lolawulo lwentlekele. Ukuxela kwangaphambili kusenokuxela iindlela zoqhwithela kunye neengingqi zomkhukula, kuvumela ukufuduka kwangaphambili. Ukujonga intlalo-ntle yoluntu kunganceda amagosa aqonde iimfuno ezivelayo kunye nenkcazelo ephosakeleyo. Ukuveliswa kwezi ntlobo zobugcisa zobugcisa kuzo zonke imigangatho karhulumente kuya kuhlawula ingeniso ngokukhawuleza, ngokunempumelelo engakumbi.

Umanyano oluphakathi

Ulwahlulo alunakwenziwa ngexesha lengxaki. Oorhulumente kufuneka bamisele unxulumano ngezivumelwano zoncedo, ucwangciso lokuqeqeshana, kunye neeplatfomu zonxibelelwano. Imithambo yethepati yethepati ephezulu rhoqo ebandakanya icandelo lasekuhlaleni, urhulumente, kunye namaqumrhu azimeleyo kunye nemibutho engangeni ngeniso kufuneka ikwazi ukwakha ulwalamano kunye nokuthembana okufunekayo kwingcinezelo egudileyo.

Isiphelo

Iintlekele zemvelo azishenxi, kodwa indlela oorhulumente abasabela ngayo ingenza umahluko phakathi koluntu oluchachacha ngokukhawuleza kunye nolo luzama ukutyhubela iminyaka. Oorhulumente bongingqi banika impendulo ekhawulezileyo, kwimpendulo esemhlabeni esindisa ubomi. Oorhulumente bamazwe bandisa ubuncwane kwaye basebenzisana ngaphaya kolawulo. Urhulumente unikela inkxaso enkulu nenkxaso xa ubuchule borhulumente boluntu bonganye boyiswa. Xa le migangatho emithathu isebenza ngokunempumelelo, ngokomyalelo omanyeneyo, ugcino-lwazi, kunye nokudityaniswa kwebutho labantu, iziphumo zinika inkxaso engakumbi.

Kubemi, ukuqonda le misebenzi linyathelo lokuqala lokuba babe ngabathathi-nxaxheba abanolwazi nabakulungeleyo ukuphendula ngentlekele. Ukwazi ukuba yeyiphi intlangano ekufuneka idibane, indlela yokufumana izinto, noko kumele kulindelwe ngexesha ngalinye lentlekele kunokunciphisa ixhala kwaye kuphucule iziphumo. Ngokukhuthaza ukuba urhulumente alungele ukubonelela ngempumelelo nangentsebenziswano, abantu bayakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente babo bakulungele ukufikelela nantoni na ezayo.

Ulwazi oluninzi ngendlela yokulungiselela iintlekele zemvelo, tyelela Leading.gov kunye FEMA.gov