Ukwazisa: Isizathu Sokuba Ukutolika Kubaluleke

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States ubusebenza njengomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Umbhalo wawo umisela isiseko sokulawula kwesizwe, ubala amandla amasebe amathathu, kwaye ukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Kodwa uxwebhu asilokuzibulala. Abagwebi, abenzi bemithetho, kunye namagosa aphezulu kufuneka basebenzise amalungiselelo awo kwiingxubano ezithile, kwaye loo nkqubo ibandakanya ukucaciswa. Indlela uMgaqo-siseko ochazwa ngayo yonke into ukusuka kumalungelo okuvota kunye nolawulo lwemipu, ukulawula igunya lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lorhwebo kunye nemidaliti.

Kubemi, ukuqonda ezi ndlela zokutolika asiyondlela yokufunda. Inika isibonakude sokuhlolisisa izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo, ukuvavanya iingxoxo zezobupolitika, nokubandakanyeka kwintetho yezentlalo yengingqi enolwazi oluphezulu. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa izikolo eziphambili zokutolika komGaqo-siseko (ukuchaza umGaqo-siseko, ukuchaza imibhalo, indlela yokuphila, kunye nezinye iindlela zesibini zokuchaza indlela impembelelo nganye engokwasemthethweni esetyenziswa ngayo.

Ubuxoki

Ingcamango Yokuyila

UbuGaqo-siseko bukholelwa ukuba umGaqo-siseko kufuneka uchazwe ngokwentsingiselo owawunayo xa wagunyaziswa. Abaxhasi bathi le ndlela ihlonela ukufaneleka kolawulo-lwazi lwedemokhrasi koxwebhu olusunguliweyo: kuba umGaqo-siseko wamkelwa ngenkqubo yedemokhrasi, intsingiselo yawo kufuneka ihlale ilungisiwe ngaphandle kokuba ilungiswe ngokusemthethweni phantsi kweGatya V. AmaProfeti aphikisayo athi ukusuka kuloo ntsingiselo yantlandlolo kuphinda kubhalwe ngaphandle kwemvume yabantu.

Intsingiselo kawonke-wonke yantlandlolo

Kubukho boqobo, kukho imisonto emibini engundoqo. [[FLT: 0] Injongo ecacileyo yoqobo yobuGcisa ibhekisa koko abaFramesi babekucebe ngasese benenjongo xa bebhala icandelo ngalinye. Le ndlela yaxhaswa ngamanani afana no-Attorney Edwin Meese kwi 1980s. intsingiselo kawonke-wonke yentsingiselo yoqobo yemvelaphi yento [[, ngokuphikisana, uhlalutya indlela umGaqo-siseko ocacileyo obewunokuqondwa ngayo ngumntu onengqondo ngexesha lobalo. Umthetho Antonin Scliatia, mhlawumbi odumileyo odumileyo namhlanje, waxhasa intsingiselo yasekuhlaleni. Wayiphikisa ukuba usuke ukwenziwa kwemvelaphi engokwabantu abaninzi, kwaye uxhomekeke kwinzululwazi yenkcuku.

Ityala Elingundoqo Nemizekelo

Ukuqiqa koqobo kuphembelele izigqibo zencopho. kwidikshinari zeColumbia v. (2008), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba ukuba uLawulo Lwesibini lukhusela umntu ngamnye ilungelo lokuphatha umpu wokuzidubula. Uluvo lukaBangameli Scalia lwaxhomekeke kakhulu kwiincwadi zembali, ukusungula-centurrity nkcazelo, kunye nomthetho oqhelekileyo wokuphatha izixhobo, ukuze kufunyaniswe intsingiselo yokuqala ye-mendmentmentment. Ngokufanayo, urhulumente we-New York u-Rleast & mampmp; Phistsonv. Bruten[FFLT][FFLT][2][202]

Abahlalutyi bobuNgqina bembali babonisa ubunzima bokufumana intsingiselo yembali, ingakumbi ukwenzela amalungiselelo asebenza nobugcisa bezi mini okanye izakhiwo zentlalo. Umzekelo, uMbeko weSine ukhusela ekuphandeni okungaqiqiyo nokuxhuzula, kodwa abaQaphi abazange bacinge ukuba bayakwazi ukumpompa okanye ukuchaza ugcino-lwazi lwamanani. Izazi zoqobo ziphendula ngokwahlula phakathi kokusetyenziswa komgaqo nentsingiselo yawo esisiseko, ziphikisa ukuba uphando namhlanje lusaqhubeka “ukuphengulula” ngengqiqo yantlandlolo.

Uxanduva lweziko

I-Diaryism idla ngokumisela umda womgaqo-siseko wokugweba ngokudibanisa izigqibo kwimbali. Oku kunokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezigcina ukuzimela okanye ukuthintela amandla karhulumente. Abagwebi abaninzi abaqulunqileyo bakwaxhasa ukuthintelwa kwemithetho yokugweba, ithetha ukuba bayathanda ukubetha imithetho emiselwe ngedemokhrasi ngaphandle kokuba ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko kucacile. Ukuqonda isiseko soqobo kunceda abemi balapho bahlola amatyala nokucaphula imithetho yeNkundla yeNkundla ekhankanya amaPhondo, inkcaza ekwayalulo, okanye inkqubo yokuqala yowiso-mthetho.

Ubhalo

Ukugxininisa Kumbandela Wombhalo Kulwimi Olucacileyo

Inkcazo inxulumene ngokusondeleyo noluvo kodwa yahlukile kwindlela yayo yolwazi. Ijaji elungisa imibhalo igqiba amatyala ngokubhekiselele kwintsingiselo eqhelekileyo yemithetho okanye yomgaqo-siseko, ngaphandle kokubhenela kwimbali yowiso-mthetho okanye kwimigaqo-siseko. Igxininisa koko kuthethwa ngamazwi, hayi koko abaqhubi bedipoyinti babenethemba lokukufeza. IJaji Scalia yakha yagqabaza ukuba “umGaqo-siseko asiluxwebhu oluphilayo; luxwebhu olusemthethweni, kwaye njengawo onke amaxwebhu asemthethweni, ithetha oko ikutshoyo”.

Ukubhalwa kwemibhalo v. Purposivsism

Kwinkcazelo yemithetho, ubhalo luchasene nomlinganiselo wobukho bomthetho. ukhuphiso lwemithetho, oluzama ukuchaza injongo ebanzi esemva komthetho. Abachazi bombhalo baphikisa ngelithi i purposition imema abagwebi ukuba bafake iimbono zabo, kuba iinjongo zingachazwa kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo e-onke. Kwimiqathango yemithetho-siseko, ubhalo lusoloko lungqubana nentsingiselo yantlalo kawonke wonke: intsingiselo ecacileyo yombhalo iyafana nentsingiselo yayo eqondwa ngokwembali. Kodwa ubhalo alusoloko lufuna ukubuzwa ngokwembali.

Izigqibo Ezibalulekileyo Zendlela Yokubhala

Enye imbono edumileyo yengcaciso yokubhala yeJaji Hugo Black imbono engaziwayo nguMgwebi uHugo Ovaliweyo ku- Griswold v.Connecticut (1965). Mnyama waphikisa ngelithi ilungelo lokuzifihla alifunyanwanga ndawo ebhaliweyo emgadweni woMgaqo-siseko kwaye ngoko akanakukwazi ukuthethelela ukubetha umthetho karhulumente othintelayo wokuthintela ukuthintela ukuthintela. Kutshanje, [[FLT: 2] Bostock v. County[[FLT:][FLT] [20], uMasipala Neil Gor Gorfore wabhala imbono yokuba iSihloko sombhalo esingu VII sibambe ukuthi ucalucalucalu lululo “ngenxa yocalucalu lululo localuko."

Amandla Nobuthathaka Bokubhala

I-textary ithembisa ukungaguquguquki nokubonakala. Xa abagwebi bebambelela kumbhalo, abaxhasi kunye nabemi bangaxela kwangaphambili iziphumo ezisekelwe kulwimi lomthetho. Noko ke, abagxeki baphawula ukuba umphako omninzi womgaqo-siseko awucacanga: yintoni kanye ebumba “isohlwayo nengaqhelekanga” okanye“inkqubo yokuqala yomthetho”? Itekisi ayisoloko inikeza iimpendulo ezicacileyo, kwaye abagwebi basenokunyanzeleka ukuba bathembele kwezinye izixhobo zokutolika. Abaxhasi bayavuma ukuba ukudideka okunjalo kungumthetho, kodwa ubuncinane ubukho bemithetho buyiyo ngokokubophelela kokulawula ngokudibanisa amagama abhaliweyo kunokuba asekelwe kwizinto ezibalulekileyo.

UmGaqo-siseko Ophilayo

Ukutshintsha Lo Mbhalo Nanamhlanje

Indlela ephilayo yokungena komGaqo-siseko, eyaziwa ngokuba yingcamango engeyoyoyamvelo, iiprosites zomGaqo-siseko ukuba umGaqo-siseko ufanele uguquke ngokuhamba kwexesha ukuze ubonise ukutshintsha izithethe kunye namaxabiso abantu abaqhelekileyo. Ngaphantsi kwale mbono, uxwebhu lubanzi ngenjongo kwaye lufakwe phandle. IFramers yashiyela izizukulwana zexesha elizayo indawo yokuzalisa iinkcukacha. IJaji William Brennan, umxhasi ophambili, waphikisa ngelithi inkcuba nengqondo yomGaqo-siseko ilele kumandla ayo okusetyenziswa kwiimeko ezintsha ngaphandle kokupheliswa okusesikweni.

Iindlela Zokutolika Ngaphakathi KomGaqo-siseko Ophilayo

Abaxhasi bomgaqo-siseko basebenzisa iindlela ezininzi. ukuqiqa okungacacanga kuchaza amagama afana nothi “ukhuseleko olulinganayo” ngokukhanyiselwa kwemilinganiselo yendlela yokuziphatha ejikajikayo. Inkcazo ecacileyo[[ ijonge ukwenziwa kwemithetho yezomthetho jikelele yezomGaqo-siseko ukungachazwanga ngqo. [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] ithelekelela ukuqiqa-ukisa okungaguquguqukiyo kwityala elinyukileyo elisele liguqulele umGatho kwiimeko zangoku. Umzekelo, isikolo esiphezulu sokutshintsha kwesigqibo [FLT:] BBB v.[5]

Ummiselo womGaqo-siseko oManga

Izigqibo ezininzi eziphendulwayo ezingokwentlalo zigwetyelwe ngokuphila ngomgaqo-siseko. Roe v. Wade [773]) wafumana ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokuqhomfa phantsi kwe-Curtive Claus, ukuzobela kwiingcamango ezicacileyo zemfihlo kunye nokuzilawula. Obergefel v. Hodges (2015] wamkela ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko wokukhupha isisu phantsi komxokelelwano womtshato omnye, kwakhona uxhomekeke kwingcamango yokuba iziHlanumGqikelelo zenkululeko kunye nokulingana. Zombini iimbono zimele ziqondwe kumo lwexesha eliqhelekileyo. Zombini iimeko zivuma ukuba umbhalo awusombululangasombululi, kodwa umgaqo-siseko ube usetyenziswa ngamandla.

Ukugxekwa KomGaqo-siseko Ophilayo

Abachasi baphikisa ngokuthi umGaqo-siseko ophilayo unika abagwebi amandla amakhulu. Ukuba uxwebhu lungathetha nokuba ngabanini na abagwebi abafuna ukuba luthethe, ngoko umthetho uyathotywa. Abahlalutyi boqobo bathi le ndlela ifana nokubekwa kwemigaqo yezomthetho. Abanye abaxhasi bemithetho yezomgaqo-siseko abaphili baphikisa ukuba indlela isenyanzelwa ngokubhaliweyo, ngemizekelo, nangesithethe. Abanye bamkela ngokuphandle iqhinga lokugweba, bephikisa ukuba aliphepheki kwaye linokukhangelwa kuthethwa ukuba lityala ledemokhrasi kunye nengxoxo kawonke wonke.

Kubemi, indlela ephilayo yomGaqo-siseko isoloko inxulunyaniswa neziphumo eziqhubekayo, kodwa kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba abagwebi abangaguquguqukiyo baye bayisebenzisa ngamaxesha athile, kwakhona. Umzekelo, Lochner v. New York [0] [0] [0]) yabulala umthetho oweeyure eziphezulu usebenzisa inkqubo esezantsi yokuqiqangatha engaphelelanga kwintsingiselo yantlandlolo. Ukuqonda le ndlela kunceda abemi baqaphele xa iinkundla zithethsa utoliko olupheleleyo okanye igunya lombhalo.

Ezinye Iindlela Zokutolika

Utoliko olusekelwe kuqwalaselo (Izikhuseli Ezingagqibekanga)

Umgaqo we [[FLT: 0] uququzelelo lwedecis `I-Latin “ukuma ngokwezinto ezigqitywe ""/iinkomyuti ezilathisayo ukulandela imithetho edlulileyo. Inkundla engaphambili inika uzinzo nokuxelwa kwangaphambili. Kwanejaji yakuqala isenokuziva ibotshelelwe ngemodeli ende engagqitywanga kakuhle, ngenxa yokuba ingenza isiphithi engxaki okanye ijonge inkcitho. Noko ke, i decis ayiphelelanga. Inkundla ephakamileyo ilawula imizekelo yayo xa iqwalaselwe kakubi, ingasebenzi, okanye ingasahambelani nocatshulo oluchanekileyo lomgaqo olungileyo. [[FFF] [10] [F] [10], umzekelo, [FF]

Uhlalutyo lokwakha

Ingcaciso yesakhiwo isuka kulwakhiwo lwesiseko jikelele. Kunokuba igwebi licalucago ibinzana elinye, lihlola indlela uxwebhu olunika ngayo amandla phakathi kwamasebe kunye namaqondo karhulumente. Impikiswano yobume ivela ku [[FLT: 0] Mcloch v. Maryland[[[FLT:]] [1819], apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo uJohn Marshall yaqikezela ukuba amandla okubeka ibhanki ayeboniswa yindlela efanelekileyo nefanelekileyo yokusebenzisa amandla. Uhlaziyo lukwakhenkela kwakhona luxhasa imigaqo enjenge-aunionism kunye nokwahlukana kwamandla. Umzekelo, iNkuNkundla ephakamileyo isebenzise ukuqikelelwa kwemithetho phantsi kwe-Classicast Clauss [FF:] [2] [12]

Uqheliselo Lwembali

Ngamanye amaxesha iinkundla zikhangela kuqheliselo olude olumisiweyo lukarhulumente ukusombulula umgaqo-siseko. Ukuba elinye isebe likarhulumente liye lasebenza ngendlela ethile ngaphandle kocelomngeni, elo khondo lingathathwa njengobungqina bentsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko. Le ndlela isoloko idibana nenkqu kodwa isenokusetyenziswa ngokwayo. Umzekelo, [[FLT: 0] NLB] NLB v. Akukho sebe liye lasebenza ngendlela ethile ngaphandle kocelomngeni [2014], iNkunye iNkugqiba ukuba imigaqo yokumisa embalini ijonge ummiselo wesigxina soMongameli ukugqiba amandla okususa iintlanganiso ngexesha leBhunga. Inkundla yawisa umthetho wokuba uMongameli angenza amadinga okuhlangana kuphela phakathi kweentlanganiso, kungekhona kwinxalenye emfutshane yokwaphulwa, ngenxa yokumiswa kwemeko yembali.

Ingcaciso ecacileyo

Utoliko lwe Pragmatic luqwalasela iziphumo ezisebenzayo zesigqibo. Ngexa kunqabile ukuba indlela ekhethekileyo, ukusetyenziswa komgaqo kuphembelela abagwebi abafuna ukuphazamisa ulindelo oluzinzisiweyo okanye ukuseka imithetho engokwasemthethweni engasetyenzwayo. I-Casey[ imbono eninzi iyaziwa ngokuba ithe ukugqithisa [ Roe [ ingenza “bubuthathaka ngamandla eNkusebenziseni amandla enkundla." Le yimpikiswano epheleleyo emalunga nokufaneleka. Abanye abaphengululi baxhasa indlela ecacileyo engundoqo, kodwa inkoliso yabagwebi bakhetha ukusebenzisa izigqibo okanye indlela ecacileyo yokulungisa.

Utoliko olusekelwe kwi-Ethos

Indlela engaqhelekanga kodwa esebenzayo kukuzichaza umGaqo-siseko ngokubhekiselele kumaxabiso okanye kumsebenzi wohlanga. Ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba yi- “ethos” yomGaqo-siseko. Le ndlela isebenzisa imixholo ebanzi yoxwebhu, efana newonga, inkululeko, nokulingana, ukusombulula imibuzo. Inkundla ibhenela into enje kunyakatho Lawrence v. Texas [2003], xa ibonise intlonelo eqhubekayo ngesidima sabantu abangamafanasini njengesizathu sokubetha imithetho ye-sodoma. Abagxeki bayijonga le ndlela njengengachaziyo ngokuyingozi, kodwa abaxhasi bayiphikisayo into yokuba ithembekile kulwimi lomgaqo-osigrac.

Indlela Ukutolika Okuwuchaphazela Ngayo Umthetho WomGaqo-siseko Namhlanje

Ingxaki YeRehnquist Neenkundla ZikaRobert

Ukususela ngo-1980, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yalawulwa ngokukhulayo ngabaququzeleli bembali kunye neenkcubeko zokubhala. Ukumiswa kweJajis Scalia noClarence Thomas kwaphawula ukutshintsha okugqibeleleleyo. Phantsi koMgwebi omkhulu uJohn Roberts, i-Breatorism iye yaba yindlela ephambili yokuhlalutya kwanakuzo zonke ii-Pincentrists. Kwangaxeshanye, indlela yoMgaqo-siseko ophilayo ayizange inyamalale. AmaJaji uStephen Breyer, uElena Kagan, noSonia Totomayor iyaqhubeka nokucaciswa okuzichaza okubhekna, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezibandakanya amalungelo eyimfihlo, ukuvota, kunye nokufumana ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Impikiswano

Ulwahlulo olucacisayo ngoku ludlala kwimiba yeqhosha elishushu. AmaDobs, uninzi lwasebenzisa ukuqiqa kokuqala ukugqiba kwelokuba umGaqo-siseko awuwakhuseli amalungelo okuqhomfa, ngelixa ulwahlulo oluphikisayo lokufunda umGaqo-siseko ophilayo osekelwe kwinkululeko nokulingana. Ngokufanayo, kwiimeko zamalungelo empu, uninzi lwamagophelo luye lwandisa ukhuseleko lwesibini, loxa uvuselelo lwezingxingo zenkululeko. Kwinkululeko yokuthetha, ingcaciso yenkululeko kunye nezokuqala inyani luye lwakhusela ngokupheleleyo ukhuseleko lwentetho engundoqo, ngokufuthi ababukeli abamangalisayo abalindele ukuba ubuGawula bokuqala baphume iziphumo ezithe ngcelelene.

Oko Abemi Bafanele Bakulinde

Abami abafuna ukulandela ezi mpikiswano kufuneka banikele ingqalelo kwizinto ezine. Kuqala, umbhalo ngokwawo. omabini amacala athi athembekile kumazwi omGaqo-siseko. Funda ibinzana elinxulumeneyo ngokusondeleyo. , ingxelo yembali.[FLT:] [FLT]] iimbono zobuGaqo-siseko zipakishwe ngokufaka ingcaciso ukuseka imithombo. Evalute ukuba loo mithombo ixhasa ngokwenene injongo ekhoyo. [[FLT:], iziphumo ezisebenzayo.[FLT][FLD:5] idla ngokubalase isiphumo solawulo lwehlabathi lomthetho-mthetho. Cinga indlela eya kuchaphazela ngayo ubomi babantu. [FFT][6], iprojective translated translated translated translation.[5]

Isiphumo: Ukusebenzisana nengcaciso yoMgaqo-siseko

Ukuqonda iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezichazwayo umGaqo-siseko kuxhobisa abemi ukuba babe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kubomi bedemokhrasi. Kukunceda ukuba ufunde iimbono zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ngeliso eligxekayo, uvavanye iimpikiswano zezobupolitika ezithi “ziingcali zolwakhiwo” okanye abaxhasi boMgaqo-siseko ophilayo,” nokuyila izahlulelo zakho eziqiqayo malunga nendlela umgaqo-siseko wokuseka wesizwe omele usetyenziswe ngayo.

UmGaqo-siseko uhlala uluxwebhu oluphilayo ngengqiqo yokuba uyaqhubeka umile kwaye uloyiswe sisizukulwana ngasinye. Kodwa iindlela ezisetyenziswayo ukutyhila intsingiselo yawo azinazintloni. Zisekelwe kwiingxoxo ezinzulu zentanda-bulumko malunga nemo yomthetho, indima yabagwebi, kunye nolungelelwano phakathi kwesithethe kunye nokutshintsha. Ngokufunda ezi ndlela, awungomntu nje othe qwayo kwinkqubela engokwasemthethweni.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga kwiZiko loMgaqo-siseko wesizwe osebenzisanayo weSiko loMgaqo-siseko wesizwe , onika izincoko ngokweembono ezininzi. Ungahlola [ Oyez[ ukushwankathelana kwengxelo kunye neengxoxo zesandi, kwaye uphinde uhlole [[[FLT:]] iCornell Information yolwazi olusemthethweni [] ukwenzela iimbono ezipheleleyo. Ezi zinto ziya kukwandisa ukuqonda kwakho indlela yokucacisa indlela esebenzayo.