Umgaqo Wobomi Besityalo: Isizathu Sokuba Kubekho Imibandela Engomthetho KaRhulumente

Imithetho yezorhulumente ibumba phantse yonke inkalo yobomi bemihla ngemihla, ukusuka kwisantya esisigxina kuhambo lwakho kunye neemfuno ezifunekayo kumsebenzi wakho wokuxhasa imali kumntwana wakho i' isikolo kunye nemigaqo elawula inkxalabo yakho yempilo. Phezu kwayo nje le nkqubo enkulu, le nkqubo edalwe ngayo itshintsheka ihlala imfiliba kubemi abaninzi. Ukuqonda le nkqubo akuyondlela nje yemfundo; kuluncedo ekubopheni intengiso yesizwe. Xa ubamba isibhaka-mali esisuka kwingcinga yomthetho, uzuza ubuchule bokuxhasa ngokunempumelelo ukutshintsha, ugcine amagosa akho anyuliweyo ethembekile, amele aphendule, kwaye unikele ngokunentsingiselo kwintetho kawonke-wonke-wonke.

Uhambo lomthetho karhulumente alufane lube lumgca othe ngqo. Luhamba ngekomiti, ngapha nangapha, nangapha kwe-ofisi i-', kwaye ekugqibeleni lusiya kwirhuluneli ye-ofisi. Yinkqubo echazwa yingxoxo, ingxoxo, kunye nokulungelelanisa. Ngoxa le mithetho ichazwa ngokwahlukeneyo ngokwemeko yombuso nemeko (i-Texas isebenza ngokwahlukileyo kune-New York, eyahlukileyo kwi-Nebraskas ' inkqubo ekhethekileyo ye-uncameral), iziqalelo ezingundoqo zihlala zingqinelana. Le ndlela ikhokela yaphula isigqubu sobomi bomthetho, inika isakhiwo esicacileyo sokuqonda indlela enokwenziwa ngayo inkqubo kumgangatho wezwe.

Apho Kuqala Khona Konke: Umthetho Karhulumente Nokwazisa

I-generies yalo nawuphi na umthetho karhulumente ingumbono. Le ngcamango ingavela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo: umbutho olwa nomba wengingqi wobulali, iqela elinomdla okhethekileyo eliqhubela utshintsho lwenkqubo, umbutho karhulumente ochaza umsantsa wolawulo, okanye ummisi-mthetho i' umgangatho wenkqubo. Noko ke, kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi yawo, ingcamango ayinakuba ngumthetho ngaphandle kokuba ivezwe lilungu lendlu yowiso-mthetho.

Indima Yomphathi (ISiponsor)

Ummisi-mthetho ogqibayo ukuxhasa icebo uba ngumthetho wetyala i' i- umqhubi . Kumaphondo amaninzi, amatyala anokuba namalungu amaninzi, abonisa inkxaso ebanzi kwaye andise amathuba emali ethathwa nzulu. Umxhasi wemali ' umsebenzi ngukwalusa izicelo kuyo yonke inkqubo yomthetho, umsebenzi ofuna ubuchule bezobupolitika, i-console, kunye nokuzingisa. Umatshini we-Giviner usebenza nabasebenzi abasemthethweni ukuguqulela inkqubo kulwimi oluchanekileyo.

Uyilo lweBhili kunye nokwazisa

Olu guqulelo luphethwe yi- i-ofisi yeSiluleko somthetho (okanye igqwetha elibizwa ngokufanayo njengelo lingenapartislate). La magqwetha akwimeko yomthetho athatha ingqiqo yenkqubo aze ayiqhubele kwisivumelwano esisesikweni, epheleleyo ngamacandelo, iinkcazelo, kunye nokulungisa okuchanekileyo. Xa ebhaliwe, irejista ifakwe ngokusemthethweni kwi-Profectal ' igumbi (indlu okanye i-Camelo). Oku kudla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi- yokuqala yokufunda , linyathelo elithe lwenziwa ngokusemthethweni apho isibhengezo-mthetho singeniswe kumbhalo nakunombolo eyabelwe (e.g. HB1, okanye 100.). Le nto ibizwa njengembono engacacanga.

Iintlobo zeeBhili nezigqibo

Asiyonto yonke emiselwe umthetho. Ama-United States asebenzisa izithuthi ezahlukeneyo kwiinjongo ezahlukeneyo:

  • Ezi zizixhobo ezingundoqo zokudala imithetho emitsha okanye ezithengelayo. Zibopha kwaye zithwala ubunzima obupheleleyo bomthetho.
  • Izigqibo zoMngcipheko: Ezisoloko zisetyenziselwa ukubuyisela umgaqo-siseko wezwe, ukuphelisa utshintsho lwemithetho yequmrhu, okanye ukuphendula imicimbi yexeshana efana nokukhupha amaqhina.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Izigqibo zonyaka: ezisetyenziswa ukuchaza uluvo lwendlu yowiso-mthetho kumbandela othile okanye ukusingatha imicimbi yogcino-mthetho lwangaphakathi. Abanawo amandla omthetho.
  • Izigqibo ezilula: Idlula ngegumbi elinye ukuphatha eyalo imithetho yangaphakathi okanye ukuchaza iimbono zayo.

Inkqubo yeKomiti: Umgcini-mthetho

Emva kwentshayelelo, ityala libekwwe kwikomiti emileyo [[FLT: 0] esekelwe kumbandela wayo ongundoqo. Imali ekwimithetho yokusingqongileyo izakuya kwiKomiti yokusingqongileyo neZibonelelo zendalo, ngelixa izicelo zerhafu ziza kuya kwiiNdlela kunye neeMayile okanye iKomiti yeNgeniso. Oku kulapho uninzi lwezintlawulo disee [] kwaye ngesizathu esihle. Inkqubo yekomiti ivumela abalungisi bemithetho yezomthetho ukuba bahlolisise izicelo ezithile ngobuchule obuthe ngqo.

Ukuviwa YiKomiti

Ikomiti ithetha eyona nxalenye ifikelelekayo kawonke-wonke kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Lithuba lokuba uwonke-wonke, iingcali, kunye nabameli bale komiti baqwalasele. Umxhasi unikela ityala, alandelwe bubungqina obuvela kubaxhasi nabachasi. Abahlali bangatyikitya intetho okanye banikele ubungqina obubhaliweyo. Eli linqaku elinamandla lokungena nabani na ofuna ukuphembelela umthetho. Amalungu ekomiti abuza imibuzo, uxilonga, kwaye abonisa iimvakalelo zikawonke-wonke.

Ukuphawulwa Nokuhlaziywa Kwemiqathango

Emva kokuva, ikomiti ibamba intlanganiso ye-markpokup . Ityala lifundwa ngomgca, kwaye amalungu ekomiti anganika utshintsho ukuze atshintshe ulwimi lwayo. Kulapho ukwenza ii-soseji kwenzeka khona. Imali ingenziwa ngokuphawulekayo, yomelezwe, incitshiswe, okanye ibhalwe kwakhona ngokupheleleyo ngexesha lophawu. Le nkqubo ivumela ikomiti ukuba yakhe umdibaniso kwaye ibangele uhlobo lomthetho olunokudlula kwigumbi elipheleleyo.

INgxelo yeKomiti neNgxelo

Xa unikezelo lugqityiwe, amavoti ekomiti. Eyona miphumo iqhelekileyo iquka:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Phendula uxwebhu olulungileyo (Uncomo udluliso).
  • [[FLT: 0] Phendula uxwebhu ngokungalunganga (ukhanyelo oluncomekayo).
  • [[FLT: 0] chaza uxwebhu njengolungiso (owona mendo uqhelekileyo kwityala elikhulu).
  • Itheyibhile okanye umngxuma womlomo (ukuyibulala ngokunempumelelo ngaphandle kwevoti ngqo).

Ukuba ikomiti idlulisa imali, ibuyela kwigumbi elipheleleyo ngengxelo yekomiti echaza utshintsho olwenziweyo kunye nekomiti i' ingcebiso.

Isenzo somgangatho: Ingxoxo nesigqibo kwiCandelo

Xa isibhaka-mali sithe saxelwa ngaphandle kwekomiti, sibekwa kwigumbi le-pane ' ikhalenda yokuqwalasela umgangatho. Uhambo oluya kwivoti yomgangatho lunokuba lude, njengoko ukhokelo (iNkokeli ePhawulayo okanye uSomlomo) lulawula ucwangciso. IiBhili zingatyhafa kwikhalenda ukuba azinankxaso kwezobupolitika.

Imithetho Yempikiswano

Ingxoxo yefloor ilawulwa yimithetho engqongqo. Kwindlu, ingxoxo isoloko ilinganiselwe ngumthetho omiswe yiKomiti yeMimiselo, echaza ixesha eliza kuhlala incoko kwaye iziphi iinguquko ezivumelekileyo. IBhunga leNtlanganiso linengxoxo evulekileyo. Abaququzeli benza iintetho ze-arhente kunye nezomthetho, basoloko bebhekisa kubungqina obuviweyo kwikomiti neemfuno zeemfuno zabo. Eli lelona qondo libonakalayo lengxoxo, apho izikhundla zenjongo zibekwe khona ngaphandle kwaye kulwe iimfazwe zezobupolitika.

Ukufunda Nokuhlaziya

Ulawulo oluninzi lufuna isibhaka-bhaka ukuba sifundwe kwiintsuku ezintathu ezahlukeneyo phambi kwevoti yokugqibela. Oku kwaziwa njenge . Eyokuqala, eyesibini, neyesithathu ifunda. Emva kokufunda kwesithathu, amavoti egumbi. Iivoti zegumbi zingaba:

  • [[FLT: 0] ivoti yeVoti: Amalungu akhwaza i " Aye " okanye " Hayi, " kunye negosa eliphetheyo ligweba iziphumo. Lisebenziselwe iindleko zemali ezingezozozizo ezentengiselwano.
  • Amalungu ecandelo levoti, amele ukubalwa.
  • Isithuthi somnxeba wesicelo sovoti: Ilungu ngalinye ' ivoti ishicilelwe ngombane okanye ngegama. Le yindlela ekhanyayo kwaye ifunwa kumthetho omkhulu.

Ukuba unikezelo ludlula, lubekwe (ishicilelwe kwimo yayo yokugqibela, elungisiweyo) kwaye ithunyelwe kwelinye igumbi ukuphinda inkqubo yonke.

Ukuhamba kweCuba lesibini: Phinda kwaye uphinde

Ityala kufuneka lidlule zombini iNdlu kunye neBhunga leNdlu yeNdlu yeMikhosi [[FLT: 0] kuhlobo lweNtloko phambi kokuba ithunyelwe kwirhuluneli. Igumbi lesibini lisoloko linezinto eziphambili neembono ezahlukeneyo, ngoko ityala kufuneka lisinde kwenye intlanganiso zekomiti, iingxoxo zomgangatho, kunye nokulungisa. Oku kungumqobo omkhulu.

IKomiti yeNgqungquthela

Kuqhelekile ukuba amagumbi amabini adlulise iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho omnye. Xa oku kwenzeka, ityala alinakuqhubekeka. Ukusombulula umahluko, ukhokelo lwegumbi ngalinye lumisela iqela elincinane lamalungu kwi komiti yokwazisa ikomiti [. Le komiti, edla ngokuyilwa ngamalungu aphezulu kwiikomiti zenkqubo ezinxulumeneyo, idibana ngasese ukuxuba ulalanisa. Isiphumo [ imisela ingxelo yengxelo enye, edityanisiweyo yomthetho. Le ngxelo mayivunywe ngamagumbi omabini ngaphandle kokuqhubekeka kwemithetho-siseko. Le komiti isebenzisa i-metayile-okanye. Esi sixhobo esinamandla sivumela ukuba i-edityaniswe ekugqibeleni kwaye idityaniswe.

Ipensile yeRhuluneli: Umqondiso, i-Vito, okanye i-pocket

Xa omabini afumana umlomo ofanayo, ngu osongiweyo kwaye uthunyelwe kwirhuluneli. Irhuluneli i' indima inguvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla owiso-mthetho.

Imisebenzi

Xa ifumana ityala, irhuluneli inokhetho oluninzi, olwahlukayo ngomgaqo-siseko wesizwe:

  • Uphawu lomthetho: Umthetho uba ngumthetho, udla ngokuba ngumhla ochaziweyo osebenzayo.
  • Ifuna uxwebhu: Irhuluneli iyala ulwamkelo ngokupheleleyo kwaye ibuyisela kwindlu yowiso-mthetho nomyalezo weveto ichaza uphicotho. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ingawugqitha lo mgaqo ngevoti unyuso [[FLT: 3] (kunjalo ii 3- 3 zegumbi ngalinye). Imithetho yowiso-mthetho inqabile kodwa inokwenzeka xa indlu yowiso-mthetho ivakalelwa ngamandla ngembambano.
  • [[FLT: 0] Umba- mgca-indawo: Kumatyala amaninzi, irhuluneli ingarhoxa izinto ezithile zemigca kwi imposiso (ukunikezela) iindleko ngaphandle kokukhupha umba wonke. Oku kunika ulawulo oluphezulu amandla amakhulu phezu koqingqo-mali.
  • [[FLT: 0] vumela uxwebhu lube ngumthetho ngaphandle kotyikityo: Ukuba irhuluneli ayithathi nyathelo kwinani elimiselwe iintsuku ngelixa indlu yowiso-mthetho isekho kwintlanganiso, ityala lizenzekela ukuba ngumthetho. Oku kusoloko kungumqondiso wezopolitiko ukuba irhuluneli ayiwuxhasi umthetho kodwa ayifuni ukusebenzisa amandla eveto.
  • Pocket vento: Ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho i-awufa [ isikhonkwane [ (iphelisa intlanganiso) phambi kwerhuluneli i' ixesha lohlolo luyaphela, irhuluneli ayinakwenza nto, kwaye ityala lide life. Oku kwaziwa njengepokotho kwaye ayinakukwazi ukushwankatha.

Irhuluneli i' imvume kunye nendlu yowiso-mthetho ' amandla okukhupha iveto ekwenzeni uvavanyo olusisiseko nolungelelwano kurhulumente wesizwe. INgqungquthela yeSizwe yoMgaqo-siseko (NCSL) inika uqhekeko oluthe tye lwala magunya ngokwemeko[.

Ukutshintsha Kwemithetho Ekhoyo: Izicombululo, IiRepeals, Nolawulo - melo Olungqalileyo

Imithetho ayimi ndawonye. Kufuneka itshintshele kucelomngeni olutsha, ilungise iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga okanye ibonise utshintsho lwendlela yobume bentlalo. Indlela yokutshintsha umthetho okhoyo iyafana nokudala entsha.

Inkqubo Yokulungiswa

Utshintsho lusiso siso sisombululo esijolise kumthetho othile okhoyo. Ichaza kakuhle ukuba liliphi icandelo lomthetho elitshintshwayo kwaye ulwimi olutsha luza kuba yintoni. Umzekelo, indlu yowiso-mthetho ingagqithisa imposiso ukunyusa umvuzo wobuncinane borhulumente ukusuka ku $7.25 ukuya ku R1.00. Oku kupheliswa kulandela indlela efanayo/i-i-introduction, ikomiti, iivote, irhuluneli, i-/irhuluneli-m entsha.

Inkqubo yokuphinda ucofe

Ngamanye amaxesha imithetho ayisayimfuneko. Isenokungaphelelwa lixesha, ingaba yeyobuhlanga, okanye ingasebenzi ngokuzenzekelayo. ngumthetho osusa umthetho kwiincwadi. IRepeals inokuba yeyoqobo (ukususa wonke umthetho) okanye inxenye (ukususa imiqathango ethile). Ulungiselelo oluthi ngokuzenzekelayo luphinde lufumane umthetho emva komhla obekiweyo ngaphandle kokuba indlu yowiso-mthetho isebenzisana kwakhona, sisixhobo esiqhelekileyo sokunyanzelisa uhlolo lwexesha ngalinye lwezibonelelo neenkqubo.

Inyathelo Lokuqala Lebhola Neenkqubo Zokubuyisela: Isenzo Sommi Ongqalileyo

Kwisiqingatha sikazwelonke wase-U.S., abemi bangawugqitha ngokupheleleyo umthetho wowiso-mthetho ukuze benze okanye batshintshe imithetho. Le yinkqubo ye eyalathileyo idemokhrasi.

  • I-Intitive: Abami benza iphulo lomthetho ocetyiswayo okanye ulungiso-mgaqo-siseko kwaye baqokelele inani elifunekayo lotyikityo olusuka kubavoti ababhalisiweyo ukuze balubeke kwibhola yonyulo jikelele. Ukuba inyathelo eliphambili lidlula kunyulo jikelele, kuba ngumthetho. Imizekelo iquka iKhalifoniast ' iproces 13 (imida yerhafu) kunye nomgangatho osemthethweni wengingqi yezo zezamayeza.
  • Referendem: Le yivoti kumthetho osele udluliswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Kwamanye amazwe, abemi bangacela ukuba babe nomthetho otsha omiselwe kwibhola yokuvota ethandwayo ngaphambi kokuba isebenze. Kwamanye, indlu yowiso-mthetho ngokwayo izakubhekisa umthetho kubantu ukuze ivunwe.

Le ndlela inika isixhobo esinamandla sokutshintsha xa indlu yowiso-mthetho ibotshelelwe okanye ingazimisele ukwenza okuthile kumbandela othandwayo. iBallotteia igcina imaphu enenkcukacha kunye nembali yokuthatha inyathelo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-arhenteum ngaphaya kwe-U.S..

Injini Yeinguqulelo: Indlela Onokuwubumba Ngayo Umthetho KaRhulumente

Ukuqonda le nkqubo linyathelo lokuqala. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukuba ikwazi ukusabela kubantu kodwa kufuneka ube nenxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo. Akuyomfuneko ukuba ube ngumxhasi okanye igqwetha ukuze ube nempembelelo. Isenzo sobuchule, solwazi kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo sinokuba luncedo kakhulu.

Inkcitho ecwangcisiweyo: Ixesha neNdlela yokubandakanyeka

Isitshixo sokuphumelela kubuchule lixesha. Elona xesha lilungileyo lokuphembelela isibhaka-bhaka phambi kokuba ifike kumgangatho , ngelixa isekwikomiti. Oku kuxa abalawuli bemithetho beqokelela ulwazi kwaye beyila iimbono zabo.

  • Ukudibana noMyalelo Wakho: I-imeyili emfutshane, okanye umnxeba othe ngqo kumncedisi wakho okanye umnxeba yindlela engqalileyo yokwenza ukuba ilizwi lakho liviwe. Chaza inombolo yemali, chaza indawo yakho ngokucacileyo, kwaye chaza isizathu sokuba ibalulekile kuwe nakwingingqi yakho. Abaququzeleli banikela ingqalelo esondeleyo kwiposi ye-STARM.
  • [[FLT: 0] uvavanyo ku- Ukuvakala: Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, iikomiti zivakala ekuhleni. Sisayine ukuze uthethe. Lungisa amanqaku acacileyo, amafutshane (ngokuqhelekileyo imizuzu 2-3). Amabali obuqu anamandla. Ukuba awukwazi ukuya ngokomntu, nikezela ubungqina obubhaliweyo. Iba yinxalenye yengxelo yekomiti esemthethweni.
  • Ukwakha iNkokeli: amalizwi angawodwa anamandla, kodwa amaqela alungelelanisiweyo anamandla. Ukudibana okanye ukwenza umbutho nabanye abemi, amashishini, okanye iinzuzo ezabelana ngenjongo yakho kuyenza ibe yeyokukhupha umyalezo kunye nobuncwane bamachibi.

Ukufumana umgaqo-siseko nokhetho

Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zale mihla zinika izixhobo eziqinileyo kwi-intanethi ukwenzela ukulandelela amatyala. Ungaphendla amatyala ngamagama ayintloko, umxhasi, okanye ngekomiti. Ungatyikitya ukuze ulumkisiwe i email ukuze waziswe xa irekhodi oyifunayo ihamba. ivula i-United States licebo elingangeni partian elino-agggrein data yomthetho kuwo onke amazwe angamashumi amahlanu, ikwenza kube lula ukufumana iindleko zomkhondo kwaye ufumane abameli bakho.[

Ekugqibeleni, ungaze uwajongele phantsi amandla ebhokisi yeloti. Abamisi-mthetho abaxhasa, ingxoxo, kunye namavoti ematyala banyulwa nguwe. Irhuluneli ebagwebayo okanye ebanyulelayo inyulwa nguwe. Ukuhlala isazi ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bame phi kwimibandela engundoqo kunye nokuvota kunyulo ngalunye lwezwe. Quka nonyulo oluphakathi konyulo----"iyona ndlela iphambili yokuyila umthetho."

Umjikelo Oqhubekayo Womthetho KaRhulumente

Ukwenziwa nokulungiswa komthetho karhulumente kungumjikelo oqhubekekayo, onamandla. Ayilo candelo lweziganeko oluzenzekelayo kodwa xa isoloko ididekile, idideka, idibene, kwaye yenza izigqibo. Ukusuka kwintlambo yokuqala yengcinga ukuya kutyikityo lokugqibela okanye iveto, iqonga ngalinye liyindawo yokufumana inxaxheba. Ngoxa inkqubo ingathi icotha kwaye idimaza, indalo yayo yenzeka ngenkqangiyelo. Yakhiwe ukuba ikhaphule okanye ihlolwe kabuhlungu izicelo zecebo kwaye inyanzele ukuvavanywa kwendlela enzima. Ngokuqonda indlela yomlomo, uzixhobisa ngolwazi lokuqhuba inkqubo, uthethelela izilangazelelo zakho, kwaye inegalelo kwimpilo yemo yelizwe lakho. Umthetho awuhlelwanga kwityeli; ubhalwe kwaye uphinda ubhale intetho yakho.