Hlola

Inkqubo yomthetho idla ngokubonakala njengesakhiwo esiphakamileyo, esintsonkothileyo kwabo bangakhange bafune ukubandakanyeka kuso. Kodwa phantsi kwenkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo kunye nolwimi olukhethekileyo kukho ilungiselelo elilungiselelwe ukucombulula iimpikiswano, ukukhusela amalungelo, nokudlulisela okusesikweni. Nokuba ujongene nemeko yesizwe efana nempikiswano okanye ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuqonda amacandelo akwimo yomthetho okunika amandla okwenza izigqibo zolwazi nokusebenza ngokunempumelelo ngesiluleko esisemthethweni.

Oku kuhamba ukonakalisa lonke uhambo kumgaqo womthetho, ukusuka kulo mphicotho impikiswano inyuka ukuya kwisigqibo sokugqibela nakweziphi na izenzo zasemva komgwebo. Iqonga ngalinye lichaza iseti yemithetho, amacebo, kunye namathuba alo. Ngokufunda esi sikhokelo, uza kufumana imaphu ecacileyo, esebenzisekayo yoko unokukulindela nendlela yokulungiselela kwijiko ngalinye.

1. Ukuqonda Inkqubo Esemthethweni

Phambi kokungena kule nkqubo, kuyanceda ukwazi iintsika ezisisiseko ezixhasa inkqubo yomthetho. Amasebe amathathu angundoqo asebenza kwikonsathi: amasebe alawulayo adala imithetho, amasebe emithetho acacisa kwaye ayisebenzise, kwaye isebe eliphetheyo liyayinyanzelisa. Iingcali zomthetho — amagqwetha, amagqwetha, oonobhalane, kunye neparalegals — sebenzisana kule nkqubo ifanelekileyo.

Inkqubo yenkundla ngokwayo ingumlawuli. Iinkundla zetyala zisingatha izibakala kunye netyala lokuqala. Iinkundla eziqulunqile zihlola iingxelo zamatyala eempazamo ezingokwasemthethweni. Inkundla ephakamileyo (ngokufuthi inkundla ephakamileyo) ithetha ngamatyala esizwe okanye omgaqo-siseko. Ukuqonda ukuba yiyiphi inkundla elawula ityala lakho kubalulekile kwasekuqaleni.

  • Umthetho owiswe yiBhunga, iintlawulo zikarhulumente, okanye imibutho yasekuhlaleni ichaza ihambo eyalelweyo kunye nokuseka amalungelo.
  • [[NTLA] Umthetho weCape: izigqibo zejaji zitolika imimiselo kwaye zizalise izithuba apho umthetho ungekho. Le mizekelo idibanisa iinkundla ezisezantsi phantsi kwemfundiso ye stare decis[.
  • I-Chourte Hierarchy:[[FLT] 'Federal vs'. Iinkundla zorhulumente nganye zinolawulo olwahlukileyo. Iityala ezibandakanya umthetho wesizwe okanye ukwahluka-hluka kobumi zingahlala kwinkundla yephondo; uninzi lwempikiswano yemihla ngemihla luhlala enkundleni karhulumente.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Iingcali ze-Legion:[ Abacebisi bama-Attorney acebisa abaxhasi, amaxwebhu okwenza ifomu, kunye namatyala okuphikisana. ABagwebi baqinisekisa ityala elisesikweni. IiParelegali kunye nabancedisi basemthethweni baxhasa ukulungiselela amatyala.

Ukujonga nzulu indlela iinkundla ezilungelelaniswe ngayo, i-website yenkundla ye-U.S. inika ucalulo olunegunya lolwakhiwo lwenkundla yengingqi yengingqi yengingqi yengingqi.

Iindidi Zetyala: Ulwaphulo - mthetho lwangaphakathi

Umahluko obalulekileyo uqulethwe kwinkqubo yonke. Iimeko zamakhaya zibandakanya iimbambano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo e-— abantu abazimeleyo, amashishini, okanye imibutho i-— amalungelo eemfuno, izivumelwano, impahla, okanye i-oksi yomntu ngamnye. Unyango ludla ngokuba lukonzakalisa ngemali okanye umthetho ogunyaziweyo. Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho abandakanya ukutyholwa, urhulumente emangalela umntu othile okanye into ethile. Isigwebo singaquka intelekelelo, ukuvalelwa, okanye ukuvalelwa entolongweni.

Umthwalo wobungqina wahluka ngokuphawulekayo: amatyala angaphakathi kufuneka angqine imeko yawo nge uqikelelo lobungqina (ngokunokwenzeka kunangenjalo), ngexa abatshutshisi bolwaphulo-mthetho kufuneka babonise ukuba banetyala [ ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni.

2. Ukuqalisa Ityala Elingokwasemthethweni

Rhoqo lwasemthethweni luqala xa umntu ekholelwa ukuba umthetho waphulwe okanye unelungelo elisemthethweni. Loo mntu uba ngummangali (kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni) okanye umkhalazi (kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho). Inkqubo yokuqalisa ityala ifuna ukulungiselela ngenyameko nokunamathela ngokungqongqo kwimithetho yesithethe.

Ukuxilonga neAttorney

Inkoliso yabantu idibanisa igqwetha ngaphambi kokugqiba nantoni na. Ngexesha lokuxilonga kokuqala, igqwetha lihlolisisa izibakala, licalule iingcamango ezingokwasemthethweni, lize lihlole ummiselo wemiqathango i-— ummiselo ekumele kubekwe ngawo ityala. Ukungawugqibi lo mqathango ummiselo. Igqwetha likwathetha ngemirhumo, mhlawumbi neziphumo, kunye nezinye iindlela zokucombulula impikiswano.

Ukuba awunako ukunikela igqwetha labucala, imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni okanye iinkqubo ze-probo zinganika uncedo. I-American Bar Association igcina ubuncwane ukunceda ukufumana uncedo olusemthethweni olukhululekileyo okanye oluphantsi kummandla wakho.

Ukucima Isikhalazo Okanye Isifungo

Kwityala lasekuhlaleni, igqwetha likhupha idrafti ye- i-&mdash [[FLT: 1] uxwebhu oluchaza izibakala, isiseko esisemthethweni setyala, kwaye isiqabu sifunwa. Esi sikhalazo sigcinwa kwinkundla efanelekileyo kunye nomrhumo wefashoni. Inkundla yabela ityala nejaji okanye ijaji.

Kwityala lolwaphulo - mthetho, le nkqubo iyahluka: umtshutshisi unikela ubungqina kwiqumrhu eliphambili labachopheli - tyala, elisenokunikela ityala, okanye umtshutshisi afake inkcazelo ngokuthe ngqo.

Ukukhonza Ummeli

Emva kokuqokelela, ummangalelwa kufuneka anike ikopi yesikhalazo kunye nezicelo kummangalelwa. Eli nyathelo, elibizwa ngokuba lidlulisela inkqubela-nkqubo, lazise ummangalelwa ukuba ityala liqalile kwaye libazise ngembopheleleko yabo yokuphendula. Inkonzo mayilandele imithetho engqongqo i— ngokufuthi ifuna ukunikezelwa kobuqu okanye iposi eqinisekisiweyo. Inkonzo engalunganga inokubalibazisa umbalo okanye ibakhokelela ekugxothweni.

Ummangalelwa udla ngokuba neentsuku ezingama-21 ukuya kwezingama-30 zokubhala impendulo, ukuvuma okanye ukukhanyela ityala ngalinye. Ukungasabeli kungaphumela ekugwetyweni okungagqibekanga nxamnye nabo.

3. Iinkqubo zangaphambili

Xa amacala omabini evele, ityala lingena kwisigaba sangaphambi kovavanyo. Eli xesha lidla ngokuba yeyona ndawo inde yohambo kwaye lingagqiba ukuba ityala liyahlala okanye liyavavanywa. Izigqibo zeqhinga ezenziwe apha zibumba umhlaba wolwambuko lonke.

Umbuzo

Ukufumanisa okucwangcisiweyo yinkqubo elungiselelweyo apho umntu ngamnye afumana ubungqina komnye. Iqinisekisa ukuba amacala omabini ayazazi izibakala ngaphambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala, kunciphisa izinto ezingalindelekanga nokuhlaliswa kwezixhobo ezikhuthazayo. Izixhobo zokuhlola ziquka:

  • Imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo.
  • [[UMTLL:0] Izicelo zemveliso: Iimfuno zamaxwebhu, ii-imeyili, iifoto, okanye obunye ubungqina obubonakalayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukwakhiwa: In-person, ubungqina obufungelweyo obuthatyathwe ngamagqwetha, bubhalwe ngumcholacholi wenkundla.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zemvume: iingxelo omnye umntu amele azivume okanye aphike, acuthe umba wokuvavanywa.

Ufihlo lungaba luxanduva kwaye lubiza. Abagwebi basoloko belinganisela ukufunyanwa kokuthintela ukuxhatshazwa. Imithetho yeCandelo loluntu kunye nemithetho elinganayo inika izikhokelo ezineenkcukacha. Kwimbekiselo ebanzi, iCornell Information Institute [[FLT: 1] imema umbhalo opheleleyo weFederal Pages of Civil Procedale.

Uqheliselo lweNtshukumo

Ngapha koko iqela lingafaka ifayile yentshukumo efuna imithetho ethile esuka enkundleni. Iintshukumo eziqhelekileyo zangaphambi komthetho ziquka:

  • Ukukhupha: Ithetha ukuba isikhalazo asiphumeleli ukuchaza isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni esisemthethweni, nokuba zonke izibakala zinyanisile.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umbutho womgwebo wesishwankathelo:[[FT:1] Impikiswano yokuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene ngezibakala zezinto eziphathekayo, ngoko iqela elishukumisayo lifanelwe lugwebo njengomthetho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umbutho wokufumana: ufuna umyalelo wenkundla onyanzelisa iqela eliphikisanayo ukuba lithobele izicelo zokufumana.
  • [[UMTLL: 0] Imotion in Limine: izicelo inkundla ukukhupha ubungqina obuthile ekulingweni phambi kokuba inikezelwe.

Ezi zintshukumo zingayicombulula ityala ngaphandle kokuvavanywa. Ukuba ijaji inika umgwebo ofutshane, ityala liphela ngelo xesha. Ukuba inyathelo lokuthatha inyathelo eligqithileyo, ityala liqhubekela ekucinyweni.

Ukuzinziswa kwengxoxo kunye neSisombululo Sezinye Iingxabano

Uninzi lwamatyala abemi luzinza phambi kokuvavanywa. Uhlolo lungabakho nanini na, lusoloko luncedwa yi-mediation okanye ulwahlulo. uququzelelo , iqela elingoondileleyo linceda omabini amacala afikelele isivumelwano sokuzithandela. ulwahlulo. [[FLT: 3], umququzeleli ufumana ubungqina kwaye afumana isidibanisi okanye isigqibo esingagunyazi.

Iinkundla ziya zifuna ukuba amaqela azame ukuququzelela ngaphambi kokuba kuchotshelwe ityala. Ulungiso lokulondoloza ixesha, imali, namandla angokweemvakalelo. Noko ke, ukuba ukuhlawulwa kwetyala akunakufikelelwa, elo tyala liya kusiwa kwityala.

Inkqubo Yokuvavanywa

Ityala lelona qondo libalulekileyo nelisemthethweni lohambo olusemthethweni. Luvavanyo lukawonke-wonke lwetyala ngalinye, olunikezelwa phambi kwejaji okanye abachopheli betyala. Iityala zamakhaya nezaphuli-mthetho zilandela iinkqubo ezifanayo, nangona iityala zolwaphulo-mthetho zithwele ubunzima obungezelelekileyo bokulahlekelwa yinkululeko.

Ukhetho

Ukuba ityala labachopheli-tyala liyacelwa, inkqubo iqala nge itshabalalisa — ukuncinwa kwabasebenzi bejaji abanokuba nochokoza okanye abangakwaziyo ukuchonga. Ii-attorney zombini zisenokuvavanya abachopheli-mali (ukungacaci) okanye ukusebenzisa imingeni efunekayo (akukho sizathu sifunekayo, ilinganiselwe kwinani). Injongo kukubeka i-panean elungileyo nengakhethi jaji.

Kumatyala ebhentshi (umgwebo kuphela), akukho lukhetho lwam. Ijaji iyabuva ubungqina ize inikele isigqibo.

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Icala ngalinye linikela ingxelo yokuqala echaza oko bazimisele ukukungqina. Ingxelo yokuvula ayibobungqina; ziyindlela yokunceda abachopheli betyala baqonde ubungqina nemiboniso eza kulandela.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Umtshutshisi uchaza kuqala ityala lakhe. Oku kuquka ukubiza amangqina kunye nokwazisa imiboniso. Uvavanyo oluthe ngqo luvumela igqwetha leqela ukuba libuzwe ngamangqina. Ukuhlola umnqamlezo kulandelayo, ukuvumela igqwetha eliphikisayo ukuba licel ’ umngeni ukuthembeka okanye ubungqina bengqina.

Ubungqina mabufaneleke kwaye bungasetyenziswa phantsi kwemithetho yobungqina. Indlebe u-— uchazo olungaphandle loxwebhu olunikelwe ngenxa yenyaniso yetyala i— lusoloko lungaqukwa ngaphandle kokuba i-statiki iyasebenza. Emva kokuba ummangalelwa ehleli, anganikela amangqina awo kunye nobungqina, phantsi kwemithetho efanayo.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Emva kokuba amacala omabini enikele bonke ubungqina, amagqwetha anikela iimpikiswano zokuqukumbela. Ashwankathela ubungqina, agxininisa iingongoma ezingundoqo, aze aphikisane ngendlela umthetho ofanele usetyenziswe ngayo. Ummangalelwa uqala ngokuphikisayo, alandelwe ngummangalelwa. Kwezinye iindawo, ummangalelwa usenokuba nobungqina.

Imiyalelo yengoma kunye nonikezelo

Ijaji iyalela abachopheli-tyala ngomthetho osebenzayo. Le miyalelo ichaza imilinganiselo esemthethweni abachopheli betyala abamele bayenze kwizibakala. Abachopheli-tyala bandule ukuthatha umhlala-phantsi ngabom ngasese. Ukukhutshwa komthetho kusenokuthabatha iiyure, iintsuku, okanye kwaneeveki, kuxhomekeke ekuntsonkothekeni kwetyala.

Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, isigwebo kufuneka sihlangane. Kwiimeko ezininzi zasekuhlaleni, kufuneka ukungathobeli, nangona amanye amazwe evumela izigqibo ezininzi kwimicimbi ethile yasekuhlaleni.

5. Isifungo neSigwebo

Isigqibo siphawula incopho yetyala. Kwityala lasekuhlaleni, abachopheli betyala bagqiba ukuba banokutyala, yaye, ukuba kufanelekile, umlinganiselo womonakalo. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, abachopheli - mthetho bafumana ummangalelwa enetyala okanye engenatyala.

Izigwebo Zangaphakathi

Ukuba abachopheli-tyala bafumana ityala lomonakalo: ilahleko yokuhlawula ilahleko yokwenene, yaye maxa wambi isohlwayo sokubohlwaya ihambo engafanelekanga. Ukuba ijaji ifumene ummangalelwa, ummangalelwa akafumani nto kwaye angade ayalelwe ukuba ahlawule iindleko zommangalelwa kwezinye iindawo.

Izigwebo Nesigwebo Sezaphuli - mthetho

Isigqibo sokungabi natyala sithetha ukugwetywa kwaye ummangalelwa ukhululwa. Isigqibo setyala sikhokelela kwisigaba esahlukileyo sogwebo. Ijaji iqwalasela ingxelo yophando lwangaphambi kwemvume, iingxelo zempembelelo yexhoba, kunye nemigaqo yokugweba. Isigwebo singaquka intelekelelo, ukugcinwa kwetyala, inkonzo yoluntu, okanye ukuvalelwa entolongweni. Kwimeko ezimandundu, ubomi entolongweni okanye kwanesigwebo sokufa singasebenza (ngokuxhomekeke ekulawuleni).

ISebe leJaji leJaji lase-U.S. linika ucaphulo lweenkqubo zogwebo nokhokelo lwequmrhu lorhulumente.

6. Iinkqubo zasemva

Isigqibo asisoloko sisisiphelo. Iinketho ezininzi zasemva kovavanyo zikhona, kwaye ukuqonda kuzo kugxeka nabani na onganelisekanga ngesiphumo.

Intshukumo yeposi

Kwixesha elifutshane emva kwesigqibo, iqela elilahlekileyo lingayi fayile yentshukumo zasemva kovavanyo. Ezi ziquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuqulunqa umgwebo njengoMgaqo woMthetho (JNOV):[ I-Agues ukuba isigqibo asixhaswanga bubungqina.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuququzelela Uvavanyo Olutsha: Iziphumo ezibangela iimpazamo, ukuziphatha okubi, okanye ubungqina obusandul' ukufunyanwa buvumela ukuvavanywa okutsha.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Umqukumbelo kuMphathi okanye kuMgwebo oMenziweyo: ufuna utshintsho kumlinganiselo womgwebo okanye amabinzana.

Ukuba ijaji ivumela nayiphi na kwezi zenzo, ityala lisenokuphinda livulwe, isigwebo sirhoxiswe, okanye ityala elitsha liwiswe. Ukuba alivunywa, elo tyala lisenokubhenela.

Inkqubo Yesibheno

Isibheno asilotyala lesibini. Inkundla yetyala ihlola ingxelo ebhaliweyo yezono ezingomthetho ezinokuba nempembelelo kwisiphumo. I-apnellant (umbutho onomtsalane) ifakela impikiswano emfutshane yesizathu sokuba inkundla yokuvavanya iphambuke. Impendulo yetyala. Iimpikiswano eziqulunqayo zingavakala.

Inkundla ye-appellate ingaqinisekisa (umnyango), ukubuyisela (ukujika), okanye ukubuyisela (umva) ityala ukwenzela ukuqhubekeka kwetyala. Kwezinye iimeko, inkundla edlulisayo yenza umgwebo usebenze. Izibheno zingathatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka, kwaye ziphantsi kwemithetho engqongqo ecwangcisiweyo.

Ukuhlangulwa ngeNtlalo-ntle (Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho)

Kubantu abamangalelwayo abaye baphelisa izibheno zabo ezithe ngqo, isindululo sasemva kokuququzelelwa sisenokufumaneka. Oku kuquka izicelo ze-habeas corpus kwinkundla yesizwe (amabanjwa karhulumente) okanye ukuthatha inyathelo phantsi kwemimiselo yasemva kokuququzelelwa kwesizwe. Ezi zingcelele ukuchana kwemigaqo-siseko okanye isigwebo esisekelwe kuncedo lwesiluleko olungaphumeleliyo, ubungqina obusandul' ukufunyanwa, okanye ukuphulwa komgaqo-siseko.

Isiqabu sokukhulula emva kokukhupha sinyibilikisiwe kwaye kunzima ukusifumana, kodwa sisesona sikhuselo sibalulekileyo kwiinkolelo eziphosakeleyo.

7. Ukuthabatha Izinto Eziluncedo Zokufuduka Kwenkqubo

Inkqubo yomthetho ilungelelaniswa kodwa ifuna inkcazo kwinqanaba ngalinye, ukunamathela kwimiqathango ecwangcisiweyo, nokucinga ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo. Nalu uncomelo olusebenzisekayo kuye nabani na ongenela olu hambo:

  • Icebo elifanelekileyo elifanelekileyo kwangoko. Igqwetha elinamava lingabona umba onokuthi uphoswe kwaye uhambele phambili.
  • Gcina iirekhodi zobunono. Gcina zonke iileta, amaxwebhu, iilisithi, kunye nobungqina. Zicwangcise ngokwexesha lobalo.
  • Ngaphantsi kwexabiso. Ingxowa-mali iyabiza. Xoxa ngeendleko, iindleko, kunye neziphumo ezinokwenzeka negqwetha lakho phambi kokubhalisa.
  • Ukwenziwa kwetyala lokuqwalasela. Iimvavanyo azinakuqiniseki. Ubeko lunika ithemba kwaye lungagcina ixesha elibalulekileyo nemali.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Yazi amaxesha akho okugqiba. Imimiselo yomlinganiselo, imiqathango yokuphendula, kunye neefestile zokubhena azixoleli. Ukungakho kwento ingaphelisa imeko yakho.

8. ukuqukumbela

Uhambo oludlula kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni lulandela indlela elungelelanisiweyo: ulwakhiwo, ukufunyanwa kwangaphambi kwetyala kunye nokumiswa, ukuvavanywa, isigqibo, kunye nohlolo lwasemva kwetyala. Ngoxa ityala ngalinye lahlukile, isakhiwo sihlala sihambelana ngaphaya kwemeko yoluntu neyolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukuqonda le maphu yendlela kukunceda ulungiselele ingqondo, imali, kunye nelungeleleneyo ngoko kuza kwenzeka ngaphambili.

Akuqinisekiswanga ukuba okusesikweni kuyaqinisekiswa, kodwa ukuyiqonda kakuhle inkqubo kukwandisa amandla akho okunikela ngempumelelo ityala lakho. Enoba ungumntu osisingxengxe-ngxengxezo ofuna ukubuyiselwa, ummangalelwa, okanye ushishino oluqhutywayo lwesivumelwano, inkqubo engokwasemthethweni inikela i-fomati elungiselelwe ukuqulunqwa. Ngokufunda amanyathelo nokusebenza noochwepheshe, ungasondela kuhambo ngentembelo nangokucacileyo.