Isiseko sokwenza imithetho kaRhulumente: Ukuqonda umGaqo-siseko kaRhulumente

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe usebenza njengamaxwebhu angowona mgaqo-siseko aphezulu kumaphondo awo ahlukeneyo, umisela isiseko esisisiseko sendlela edalwe ngayo imithetho, onegunya lokuyenza, kunye nemigaqo-siseko elawulayo eqinisekisa ulawulo olulungeleleneyo. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko we-U.S. umisela imida engaphandle yamandla karhulumente, umgaqo-siseko ngamnye wezwe ulungiselela iplani ecwangcisiweyo yenkqubo yomthetho, igunya elilawulayo, kunye nokuhlola okusesikweni. La maxwebhu achaza isakhiwo solawulo lukarhulumente, ukwahlula iimbopheleleko phakathi kwamasebe, kwaye ngokufuthi aquka iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo ```ezibumba iinkqubo zedemokhrasi) zedemokhrasi ezithe ngqo zesizwe. Ukuqonda indlela imimiselo emisela ngayo ukuba imigaqo-mthetho yemithetho ebekwe ngayo kwaye ibaluleke ngayo kuye nakuwumthetho, kwindlela ekwawubandakanya ngayo nabani nabani nakuqhelise umthetho, okanye inkqubo yezomthetho.

Ukwahluka-hluka komgaqo-siseko wesizwe kuyamangalisa. Ezinye, njengeKhalifoniya, zinde kwaye zineenkcukacha, ziquka yonke into ukususela kwinkqubo yerhafu ukuya kumgaqo wokusingqongileyo, ngoxa ezinye, njengeNew Hampshire, zimfutshane ngokwentelekiso kwaye zifana nomzekelo wesizwe. Enoba bubude buni, umgaqo-siseko ngamnye wezwe uphendula umbuzo ongundoqo: liliphi iqumrhu okanye inkqubo enamandla okumisela umthetho, yaye ngawaphi amanyathelo amele alandelwe?

Indima Yomthetho KaRhulumente

Phantse kulo lonke iphondo, iqumrhu eliyintloko lokwenza umthetho liyindlu yowiso-mthetho, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yingqungquthela jikelele, ingqungquthela yowiso-mthetho, okanye nje indlu yowiso-mthetho. La maziko aquka abameli abanyuliweyo abasebenza njengelizwi labantu, abahlohlileyo, abaphikisanayo, abathengisela, kwaye ekugqibeleni bavote kwiindleko eziba ngumthetho. Ukwenziwa, isakhiwo, kunye namandla akhethekileyo ala maqela owiso-mthetho achazwa kumgaqo-siseko ngamnye wesizwe.

Inkqubo ye-Unicameral

Uninzi lwamazwe (amashumi asixhenxe-nene) aphuma kumashumi amahlanu , asebenza phantsi kwendlu yowiso-mthetho ye-bamaral, okuthetha ukuba anamagumbi amabini ahlukeneyo: indlu esezantsi (ebizwa ngokuba yiNdlu yabameli, iNdibano, okanye iNdlu yabathunywa) kunye nendlu ephezulu (iNdlu yeNtsimbi). Esi sibuko sesixokelelwano sezwe silungiselelwe ukunikezela ngomaleko ophindwe kabini wokucinga, ufuna ukuba umthetho udlule kuwo omabini amagumbi ngemo efanayo phambi kokuba ithunyelwe kwirhuluneli. INebraska ihlala yedwa nendlu yendlu ene-uncameral, isidumbu esinye esisaziwa njengeUnicameral, eyamiswa ngumgaqo-mgalmgal-msmend wezomthetho womthetho womthetho-193434. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba elinye igumbi lendlu lendlu linciphisa i-plock nomthetho.

Umelo kunye noKhuseleko

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe ukwamisela imithetho yokumela. Bakhankanya inani lamalungu emithetho, indlela ezizotywa ngayo izithili, nendlela ekwandiswa ngayo emva kobalo-nyaka ngamnye. Umzekelo, iTexas inendlu eyi150 kunye neNkundla ephakamileyo yeNkundla yeNkundla, ngelixa indlu esezantsi yeNew Hampshire ineqela elikhulu lama-400 . [iqumrhu elikhulu lowiso-mthetho kwilizwe.] Imimiselo yezomGaqo-siseko iqinisekisa ukuba imimandla nganye yephondo lowiso-mthetho ilingana ngokulinganayo nakubemi, oko kugxininiswa yiNkusebenza kweNkundla ePhakamileyo enjenge [[FLT.:0].Reyns v.[FLT][FLD1]

Amandla Nezinto Ezisikelwe umda

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe zinamandla amakhulu . ziyakwazi ukudlulisa nawuphi na umthetho ongalelweyo ngurhulumente okanye umgaqo-siseko wesizwe. Noko ke, umgaqo-siseko worhulumente usoloko ubeka imiqathango ecacileyo. Umzekelo, umgaqo-siseko omninzi uquka umthetho omnye oyintloko, othintela iindleko zokugquma ngaphezulu kwesihloko esinye, ngaloo ndlela uthintela ukuqengqeleka komqali kunye nokulungisa umkhweli. Eminye ifuna ukuvota okuphezulu kwentlobo ezithile zomthetho, njengoko irhafuthelo lunyuka. [[FLT: 0] Ingqungquthela yesizwe yomthetho yeSizwe inika ulawulo oluphezulu olungaphezulu

Inkqubo Yokwenza Umthetho: Ukusuka Kwingcamango Ukusa Kwimithetho

Ngelixesha urhulumente ngamnye elandela inkqubo yakhe eneenkcukacha, inkqubo esisiseko yokwenza umthetho ayiguquguquki. Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente umisela amanyathelo okuthatha ityala ukuze abe ngumthetho, uqinisekisa ukuba ucace gca kunye nokuphendula.

Ukwazisa Nokufunda Okokuqala

Ityala liveliswa ngummisi-mthetho (okanye, kwamanye amazwe, ngenyathelo lokuqala elivela kubemi). Linikwa inani kwaye lifumana ukufundwa kokuqala kumgangatho wegumbi, lichaza isihloko nenjongo yalo. Imiqathango emininzi ifuna ukuba kufundwe amatyala kwiintsuku ezintathu ezahlukeneyo, inika ixesha lokuqwalaselwa.

IKomiti

Emva kwentshayelelo, ityala libhekiswa kwikomiti . njengeKomiti yeJadicary, yempilo, okanye yeNdlela kunye neNdlela. IiKomiti zibamba iindlebe apho iingcali, amaqela okuphatha inzala, kunye nabemi bangangqina khona. Ikomiti ingavuma ukuba ityala lilungiswe okanye lingalungiswa, igophe lenjiva (lifake ngokungenamsebenzi), okanye ilibhekise kwilungu elingaphantsi lekomiti ukuze lifunde ngokunzulu. Eli qonga licebel'ezona zibalulekileyo ekulungiseni umthetho, kwaye imigaqo-siseko yesizwe isoloko igunyazisa ukuba kuvulwe iintlanganiso kunye nokugcinwa kwengxelo ukuqinisekisa inkqubo ukuba ayifihliwe.

Ingxoxo yeNkcubeko noLuvo

Xa ikomiti ichaza ityala, iqhubekela kwigumbi elipheleleyo lengxoxo. Imithetho yezomgaqo-siseko karhulumente imisela ubude bengxoxo, indlela yokulungisa, nomqobo wokuvota ofunekayo. Kwiindleko ezininzi, uninzi olulula lwanele, kodwa ezinye . Zifana nezinyusela imali okanye ezilawula iveto/requrerere iivoti ezimbini-isithathu. Kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, emva kokudlula kwenye igumbi, ityala lihamba kwelinye ukwenzela inkqubo efanayo.

IiKomiti zeNkomfa kunye nokudlula kokugqibela

Ukuba amagumbi amabini agqitha iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho omnye, ikomiti yenkomfa `iqokelele amalungu avela kuzo zombini izindlu'. Ukuyekelela oku kumele kuvunywe ngawo omabini amagumbi kanye njengoko kubhaliwe. Umgaqo-siseko wephondo usoloko umisela umda wengxelo zekomiti yengqungquthela ukuze ukhusele utshintsho lokugqibela.

Isenzo Serhuluneli

Emva kokudlula kohlobo olunye lwamagumbi omabini, imvume ithunyelwa kwirhuluneli. Irhuluneli ingayityikitya umthetho, iwuvumele ukuba ube ngumthetho ngaphandle kotyikityo emva kwexesha elikhankanyiweyo, okanye ulwenze. Ukuba ifakwe, ityala libuyela kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, enokuzama ukukhupha iveto-/ifuna isibini sesithathu somntu ophezulu kwigumbi ngalinye. Ezi zicwangciso zikhuselwe ngaphezulu ziyahluka; umzekelo, [FLT]] Michigan ifuna kuphela uninzi lokudlula ezinye iivoti, ngexa uninzi lufuna iivoti ezimbini- .

IMithetho yomGaqo-siseko yokwenziwa koMthetho: Ukhuseleko

Umgaqo-siseko wezwe umisela imithetho elawula “ngendlela” yokwenza umthetho. Le mithetho ikhuthaza ucwangco, ithintela umthetho ongxamisekileyo, kwaye ikhusela amalungelo amancinane.

Iimfuno Zequoum

I-demoralrum(*) elona nani lincinci lamalungu amele abekho ukuze indlu yowiso-mthetho iqhube ishishini(is) yesizwe ngasinye. Ngokwesiqhelo, i-quoraum yi-orem elula uninzi lwamalungu anyuliweyo. Amanye amaphondo, njenge Arkansas, afuna uninzi lwamalungu anyuliweyo, hayi nje lawo akhoyo, ukuba enze ishishini. Ukuba ilungu elingekhoyo laphula i-caromerum, indlu yowiso-mthetho inganyanzelwa ukuba i-athon.

Imida Egqabhukayo

Ngaphandle kobuninzi obuqhelekileyo, umgaqo-siseko ugunyazisa imida ephezulu ukwenzela izenzo ezithile. Umzekelo, uninzi lwamazwe lufuna ukuba kuvotelwe abantu ababini abathathu kwigumbi ngalinye ukukhupha umthetho wexesha likaxakeka othatha isiphumo ngoko nangoko kutyikityo lwerhuluneli. Unyuko lwerhafu lusoloko lufuna inkcitho ephezulu: eColorado, iBhili yamaLungelo (ATABOR) ifuna ukuba umvoti avotelwe nakweyiphi na irhafu, ngoxa eKhalifoniya, ivoti ezimbini-3 zovoti zifuneka ukunyusa irhafuno yezwe elithile.

Imithetho ekhethekileyo yeeBhili zeNgeniso

Umgaqo-siseko omninzi wesizwe uqulathe “umthetho we-": amatyala emali kufuneka avele kwindlu esezantsi, isithethe esibolekiweyo kumGaqo-siseko wesizwe. Oku kujoliswe ekubekeni amandla engxowa-mali kufutshane nabantu. Amanye amaphondo, njenge New York, avumela irhuluneli ukuba ikhuphe amatyala oqingqo-mali athathe indawo yokuqala kunomnye umthetho.

Veto Engazinakiyo Iiproceeds

Inkqubo yokulawula i gubernonatorial vento ichaza ngokucacileyo kwimithetho-siseko karhulumente. Emva kokuba irhuluneli ibuyise isibhengezo esivingciweyo esineempikiswano, indlu yowiso-mthetho ingasiqwalasela kwakhona. Ukuba umgaqo-siseko ufuna ii-3 ezimbini zovota kwaye lo mqobo uhlangatyezwa, irekhoti iba ngumthetho phezu kweveto. Amazwe ambalwa avumela indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba ilawule kuphela iindawo zeveto (umgca- intoto), kodwa iintambo ezinjalo ezikhethekayo zinqongophele.

Imigangatho eyongezelelweyo yoLawulo: IiNkxaso noLulinganiso

Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho ayipheli kwindlu yowiso-mthetho nakwirhuluneli. Umgaqo-siseko karhulumente umisela ezinye iziqalelo zokwakha eziphembelela indlela ekwenziwa ngayo nephunyezwa ngayo imithetho.

Igunya le-Vito leRhuluneli kunye ne-Line-Item-Vito

Phantse bonke abalawuli banamandla okubeka umthetho ngokuphandle. Ukongeza, abalawuli abaninzi banelayini- iteyitha yocalulo, bevumela ukuba bacime izinto ezithile ezichithwayo ngaphandle kokubiza zonke iindleko. Esi sixhobo sinika impembelelo engundoqo kuqingqo-mali. Ezinye imigaqo-siseko, njengakwi Wisconsin, zide zandise iprojekthi-mtetho yento ukuvumela irhuluneli ukuba ibethe amagama okanye amanani, amandla ebephantsi kokucalula.

Iintlanganiso zoMthetho neShedyuli

Umgaqo-siseko wesizwe umisela ubuninzi, ubude, kunye nobungakanani bemimiselo yowiso-mthetho. Amanye amaphondo aneentlanganiso zaminyaka le (umz., iKhalifoniya, iTexas, idibana rhoqo ngeminyaka engaqhelekanga kuphela), ngoxa eminye idibane ngokweemeko ezikhoyo. Imimiselo emininzi ilinganisela inani leentsuku indlu yowiso-mthetho enokudibana, njengemihla engama-60 okanye engama-90 kwiseko nganye. Le miqathango izimisele ukuthintela ukwenziwa komthetho ngokuqhubekayo kwaye ikhuthaze impumelelo. Ukongeza, abalawuli bangabiza iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo zemicimbi engxamisekileyo, kodwa ummiselo ugcinwe kwimibandela emiselwe yirhuluneli.

Umthetho ongxamisekileyo

Xa kuvela imicimbi engxamisekileyo . "njengeentlekele zemvelo, iindyikitya zezifo ezimandundu, okanye inkcitho yemithetho yesiseko somthetho welizwe"iimithetho-siseko yelizwe inika ubuchule bokwenza umthetho ngokukhawuleza. Amatyala exesha likaxakeka angadlula kumanyathelo athile angxamisekileyo, kodwa afuna umqobo ophezulu wokuvota (umz., iivote ezimbini ezi-3) kwaye zinokuba phantsi kwesiphumo esikhawulezileyo kutyikityo lwerhulu. La malungiselelo alungelelaniswa kakuhle ukuvumela impendulo ekhawulezileyo ngaphandle kokuthomalanisa idemokhrasi.

Idemokhrasi Ethe Tye: Iingcebiso, Iinyathelo Ezibalulekileyo, Nokukhumbula

Mhlawumbi owona mgaqo wahlulayo womgaqo-siseko wesizwe wonke kukufakwa komgaqo-siseko wedemokhrasi ngqo. Isiqingatha sorhulumente sivumela abemi ukuba bamisele baze badlulise imithetho ngokuthabatha inyathelo eliqhelekileyo, bagqithe indlu yowiso-mthetho ngokupheleleyo. Imithetho-siseko yesizwe ichaza iimfuno zosayino, iinjongo zokugqiba ixesha, kunye neenkqubo zokuhlola inyathelo. AmaReferendendingm avumela abavoti ukuba bavumele okanye bawugatye umthetho odluliswe yindlu yowiso-mthetho ngaphambi kokuba usebenze. Ezi zixhobo zinika abemi bobume bomthetho ngqo kodwa baba ngamalungu engxoxo enxulumene nempembelelo yabo kulawulo lwe-libralibradia. [[FLT:] i-Baltiantia. Iindlela eziphambili zemisebenzi zemisebenzi zibonelelo kunye noluhlu lwamathelela kuwo wonke umsebenzi.

IziHlaliso noHlaziyo loMgaqo-siseko: Ukutshintsha iMithetho

Kanye njengokuba umgaqo-siseko wesizwe uchaza indlela eqhelekileyo eyenziwa ngayo imithetho, kwakhona bamisela imithetho yokutshintsha umgaqo-siseko ngokwawo. Iinkqubo zokuhlaziywa kwemithetho zinzima ngabom kunomthetho oqhelekileyo. Inkoliso yemithetho-siseko karhulumente ifuna ivoti yesithathu kwigumbi ngalinye lowiso-mthetho ngamnye ukucebisa ukubuyiselwa, ilandelwa yimvume yabavoti abaninzi kwi-avensum. Amanye amaphondo avumela ukutshintshwa kwengqungquthela ngentlanganiso yesiseko, iqumrhu elikhethekileyo elinyulelwe kuphela leyo njongo. Ummiselo wokuhlaziywa kwemithetho ubalulekile kuba agqiba ukuba isakhiwo sokwenza umthetho sinokwenziwa ngokutsha.

IziHlaliso eziHlakulelweyo zoMgaqo-siseko

Kumaphondo anjengeKhalifoniya, iFlorida, ne-Arizona, abemi bangawugqitha umthetho-siseko baze bacebise ukuba kulungiswe utshintsho ngqo ngokuqokelela intsayino. Ukuba kuqokelelwe utyikityo olusebenzayo, intengiso ecetyisiweyo ibekwa kwi-colot. Le nkqubo isetyenziselwa ukumisela imida yegama, imiqathango, kunye nemithetho egqwethekileyo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi utshintsho olunjalo lungangqubana nomgaqo-siseko ngezigqibo ezimele zishiywe zisuka kumthetho.

Impembelelo yemiGaqo-siseko kaRhulumente ekuphumeleni iziphumo zoMgaqo-siseko

Imithetho ecwangcisiweyo efakwe kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe ineziphumo ezinzulu ezinzulu. Umzekelo, iimfuno ezinkulu zokwandisa irhafu zikwenza kube nzima ukunyusa ingeniso, enokukhokelela ekunqumleni iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke okanye ekuxhonyekeni kwemiqathango. Imithetho ekwintloko enye ithintela umqulu wesigqeba kodwa inyanzelela abalawuli ukuba benze urhwebo olunzima kwiindleko zokuma. Imimiselo yengozi iye yabaluleka kakhulu ngexesha le-CHOVID-19, njengoko amabamba esebenzisa igunya lawo lesiseko somgaqo-siseko ukukhupha imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo, kwaye ingqungquthela iphikisana ngobubanzi bendima yabo.

Ngaphezu koko, amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko wemeko yokwahlula amagunya kunye nemigaqo yenkululeko yemithetho yezomthetho. Kumaphondo anegunya elinamandla lesebe lemithetho yemithetho (njengeNew York), apho indlu yowiso-mthetho ingayilawula khona irhuluneli ngokuvota okuzii-3 ezimbini, umlinganiselo wamandla ujonge kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Kwezinye, njengo-Indiana, irhuluneli inolawulo olunamandla. Oku kuphembelela yonke into ukusuka kwimigaqo yerhafu ukuya kumgaqo wemekobume bentlalo.

Ukuqonda ukwakhiwa komgaqo-siseko wokwenza imithetho asiyonto nje efundiswayo. Ichaphazela ngqo indlela ecetywa ngayo imithetho, ephikiswayo, emiswayo, kwaye ecelw'ingeni. Enoba ungummi ojonge ukuxhasa unobangela othile, umxhasi wenkqubo yomthetho, okanye igqwetha elichaza umthetho, indawo yokuqala yokuwujonga ngumgaqo-siseko wesizwe ophendula umbuzo wesiseko: ngubani owenza imithetho kwaye iyenza njani?