Indima Ebalulekileyo Yenkululeko Yogwebo Ekwemaseni Ukungalingani Kobutyebi Ngoomatshini Abasemthethweni

Ukungalingani kwemivuzo yemali eninzi kuye kwafikelela kwinqanaba elingokwembali kumazwe amaninzi, kunye ne-1% etyebileyo enesabelo esithe nqo kwimpahla yomhlaba wonke. Oku kuxhamla kwezoqoqosho akuthethi nje kuphela ukugqwetha iimarike kodwa kukwaphelisa ukulawulwa yidemokhrasi kunye nokuhambelana kwentlalo-ntle yabantu. Ngoxa inkqubo yezorhwebo, imfundo, kunye neenkqubo zentlalo-ntle idla ngokukhankanywa njengezixhobo zokulungisa ukungalingani, indima yejajinga isoloko ityeshelwa. Ukuzimela-mali okuzimeleyo akusebenzi njengesiseko somthetho wenkqubo elungele ukunyanzelisa ukunikezelwa kwemali ngokulinganayo. Ngaphandle kokuba abagwebi abalawula ngokungakhethiyo kwimicimbi yezoqoqosho, kwanento eqhubekayo ingenamsebenzi. Imithetho eqhubekayo iqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo olusemthethweni lungasetyenziswa rhoqo — ukusuka ekuchaseni kwerhafu yerhafu — isetyenziswa ngokulinganayo, ukulwa kwemiqatha, ukulwa kwemiqoqo.

Ukuqonda Inkululeko Yomgwebo: Inkcazelo Nemilinganiselo

Inkululeko yezomthetho ibhekisela kumgaqo wokuba abagwebi bamele bakhululeke ukugqiba ngamatyala asekelwe kumthetho nakwiinyaniso kuphela, ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa zezinye iinxalenye zikarhulumente, iinjongo zobuqu okanye uluvo lukawonke-wonke. Le ngcamango ineendidi eziliqela:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Inkululeko engokwasemthethweni: Ijaji njengeqela lisebenza ngokwalo ukusuka kwigunya eliphetheyo nendlu yowiso-mthetho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkululeko yobuqu: Abagwebi ngabanye abanyanzelekanga kwingcinezelo yangaphandle xa benika izigqibo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uzimeleyo lobuqu: Abagwebi banandipha ukhuseleko olunento yokwenza, ukubuyiselwa ngokwaneleyo, kunye nokuzikhusela ekuziphindezeleni.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Inkululeko yaseburhulumenteni: Abagwebi abaNkulumbuso okanye abalawuli benkundla abaphembeleli ngokungafanelekanga abagwebi abasezantsi benkundla.

Ezi milinganiso zidityanisiwe zidala isigcini-sango esikhusela umthetho kwintelekelelo yezopolitiko okanye yemibutho etyebileyo. Iziganeko zembali ezifana noMthetho wozinzo 1701 eNgilani, owamisa isigwebo ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle, ufanekisa umzabalazo odede ugquma iinkundla kwintambo zokumkani. Iinkqubo zedemokhrasi zale mihla zifake ezi khuseleko kwimithetho-siseko nakwimimiselo, nangona iqondo lenkululeko yokwenene lihluka kakhulu ngaphaya kwemiqathango.

Isizathu Sokuba Inkululeko Yejaji Ibaluleke Ngenxa Yokusasazwa Kobutyebi

Uqhagamshelwano phakathi kokuzimela ngokwamatyala nokungalingani kobutyebi lusenokungabi cacileyo ngoko nangoko, kodwa lusebenza kwiindlela ezininzi ezigxekayo. Okokuqala, ijaji ezimeleyo ikwisikhundla esingcono ukunyanzelisa imithetho evavanya iimfuno zezoqoqosho eziqinisiweyo. Umzekelo, ulawulo lwerhafu oluqhubekayo lufuna ukuchazwa ngokuzinzileyo kwemithetho entsonkothileyo nokukhuselwa ngokungqongqo. Xa iinkundla zilawulwa ngabalawuli bezopolitiko okanye abadlali bezezimali, irhafu yerhafu isoloko ingekho ngqongqo. Okwesibini, ukuzimela ngokwezikhundla kukhusela amalungelo amaqela aphantsi kwezoqoqosho — njengabasebenzi abaphantsi, abaqeshiweyo, nabatyala ityala — abachaphaze kakhulu ekunganeni kwemithetho ephakamileyo. Ukuba abagwebi bayakwazi ukubulala abanini mhlaba okanye abaqeshisi begunyaziwe ngokungekho mthethweni kwemithetho ephantsi kwemithetho ephantsi kwegunyazwe ngokubanziwa phantsi kwegunyaziwe, ingulo ingulo ingulo ingulo ingulo, ingulo evumela ukuba ingulwa phantsi kwemithetho ephantsi yegunya elikhulu, ingulo e

Umthetho ogunyazisa ukunikela ingcebiso kubutyebi obungalinganiyo: Umgcini-sango wezejaji

Zininzi izixhobo ezisemthethweni ezikhoyo zokunciphisa ubutyebi, kodwa ukuphumelela kwazo kuxhomekeke ekunyanzelweni komthetho ongakhethi buso. Ezi ndlela zilandelayo zibonisa indlela iinkundla ezimele zisebenzise ngayo inkululeko yazo ukuze zihambisele phambili okusesikweni kwezoqoqosho.

Ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu nokuncitshiswa kobutyebi

Iirhafu zengeniso eqhubekekayo, irhafu yobutyebi, kunye nemfuyo yerhafu zizinto eziphambili ezisetyenziselwa ukunyusa ingeniso yemali. Kodwa le mithetho isoloko icelw'ucelw'udonga ngabaqeshi berhafu abasebenzisa iimpikiswano zomthetho ezintsonkothileyo. Ijaji ezizimeleyo iqinisekisa ukuba amagunya erhafu angaqokelela iimali ngaphandle kokuphazamisa. Uphando lwaseYurophu lwezoLuntu lwamalungelo abantu luye lwaxhasa ukufaneleka kwasemthethweni kwemigaqo yerhafuthelo ephantsi kwemfuno yepropati, ukuba ukuba asebenzele mvume yasekuhlaleni i-mali esemthethweni esemthethweni. Xa iinkundla zibonise ukuba abantu abakwi-nethiyo yonke i-mfektha, banokuthatha intelelo encinane elula elula ebangela ukuphembelela irhafuthelweni yerhafu. [[FT.0:]

Ilifa Nerhafu

Ubutyebi obuzuzwe njengefa bukhuthaza ukungalingani kwezizukulwana. Xa amatyala ehlawulwa ngokweemfuyo okanye amafa ehlawulwa kwirhafu ukuze kwaphulwe umjikelo, kodwa ukunyanzeliswa kuxhomekeke ekulondolozeni ngokuchanileyo imfuno yomgangatho ophezulu kunye nemithetho echasene nomthetho. Iinkundla ezizimeleyo zibalulekile ekuchazeni iimbambano malunga nokuthembeka, ii-akhawunti zonxweme, namashishini enzelwe intsapho. Xa abagwebi benokuhlola amatyala ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela ityala kwiintsapho ezihlala phantsi, basengozini yokuxhasa injongo yemithetho ephambili esemva kwerhafumente. [[FLT:] [FLT]] Ingxelo ye-ECD igxininisa imfuneko yokuba ulawulo oluvunyiweyo lwerhafuyo lufune iinkqubo zokuhlawula irhafu, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukukhuthulwa kwezo kwezo zezopolitiko.

Umthetho Ochasene Nobudlelane Nokhuphiswano

Ulwahlulo olubalaseleyo lwe-AT& kuma- 1980 lunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuba abagwebi abalwa nomthetho ochasene nomthetho wobugqwesi-mali bavumela iinkampani ezityebileyo ezityekeleyo ukuba zikhuphe irente, ziphelise imivuzo, ziphakamise namaxabiso. Ukunyanzelisa ukudinwa okusebenzayo kwemithetho elawulayo kufuneke ukuba kubekho intlawulo ephezulu. EUnited States, ukwahlulwa kwento ephawulekayo ye-AT&T koo 1980 kwakunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuba abagwebi abalwayo basebenzisa umthetho ochasene nomthetho wokusebenza ngokungqongqo. Ngokuchasene noko, izigqibo zakutshanje ezithelekisa ukuphatha ingeniso ezikhoyo. Isebe lezentengiselwano zezentengiso libalase ukungonwa okungafunwa ngabagwebi abagwebi bemeko zezoqoqosho.

Amalungelo emisebenzi kunye nokunyanzelwa komsebenzi

Ukungalingani kobutyebi kubangelwa yimivuzo emiselweyo kunye nokungalingani kwemithetho yezezimali. Imithetho yemisebenzi eqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi bafumana umvuzo ophantsi, ingeniso eyongezelelweyo, kunye namalungelo amaqumrhu omtshato yomelele kuphela njengomthetho wabo ogwebayo. Xa iinkundla zizimele, abasebenzi banokumangalelwa ngemivuzo engahlawulwayo okanye ngezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kokoyika ukuba abagwebi baza kuxhasa abaqeshi benkampani. EBrazil, iinkundla ezizimeleyo zimisela abasebenzi ukuba bakhusele abasebenzi ngegunya elikhulu, nto leyo enegalelo ekunikezeleni ingeniso elinganayo. Noko ke, ukuhlasela kwakutshanje kwezopolitiki kwinkundla yezomsebenzi ezizimeleyo kusongela ukuhlengahlenga. Ukuzi kwemithetho kuvumela abagwebi ukuba bachaze imigaqo engakumbi kubasebenzi, bezimisele ngenjongo yomthetho yokunciphisa ukungalingani.

Uhlolisiso Lwamatyala: Inkululeko Yogwebo - mthetho Ngokuchasene Nokungalingani

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene ibonisa indlela iinkundla ezizimeleyo eziye zanyusa ngayo ukulingana kwezoqoqosho, nendlela ukungahoywa kwazo okuye kwavumela ngayo umahluko ukuba ukhule.

INkundla yezomGaqo-siseko yaseMzantsi Afrika namalungelo entlalo nezoqoqosho

Inkundla yezomGaqo-siseko yaseMzantsi Afrika ifaka uludwe lwamalungelo entlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho, kuquka ukufikelela kwizindlu, ukunyamekela impilo, ukutya, namanzi. INkundla yezomGaqo-siseko inike imithetho echazayo eyanyanzela urhulumente ukuba afeze ezi mbopheleleko, kwanaxa icel ’ umngeni izinto eziza kuqala. [[FLT: 0]] Igunya leRiphabliki yoMzantsi Afrika, kuquka ukufumaneka kwezindlu, ukulawulwa kwempilo, ukunikwa konyango, ukunikwa konyango, ukutya, kunye namanzi. Inkundla ibonele ukuba ityala limele lithathe amanyathelo afanelekileyo okunika abo basweleyo imali eninzi. Isigqibo savuma ukuba ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho lilifa lekhethe localucalucalucalucalulo, kwaye imele ikhuselwe imisebenzi elungileyo yeNkuhlalo, ikhuselwe yinkqubo enzima yobomi, i-10, i-odmini yegunyaze i-ognezelele i-ofisi yemali eluncedo, i-ogqwebo.

Ilungelo Likawonke - wonke LaseIndiya Nobulungisa Bezoqoqosho

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseIndiya isebenzise amandla ayo okunika umdla woluntu (PIL) ukuthetha ngobugqwetha benkqubo. Olga Tellis v. UMasicipal Corporation [85]), iNkundla igqibe kwelokuba ilungelo lokuziphilisa licacile ekulungelweni kobomi, ukukhusela abahlala ezitratweni ekunyanzelweni kwemiqathango ngaphandle kokubuyiselwa kwimekobume. Esi sigqibo sivela kwi-judiary engakhange ibonwe yimiba yezakhono zokwenene. Ngokukhawuleza iNkulwa ne-demonthili yazi yemeko zobugxwayo-mali ngenxa yokuba ityala abasebenzi betyala elibi ngokugqithisileyo. Abagwebi baseIndiya bafumana ukhuseleko olunamandla, begunyaza ukulawula ngokuzinziswa kwe-oglorthsu. Aba bancediswa yimingxhwebi ye-oki ye-og.

Umzekelo Ophikisayo: ILochner Era eUnited States

Asikuko konke ukusetyenziswa kwemvume yokulawula okunciphisa ukulingana. Ngexesha leLochner (c. 1897-1937), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ngokuphindaphindiweyo yawisa umthetho oqhubekayo njengemithetho encinane ehlawulwayo kunye nemithetho ephakamileyo yeeyure, ikhankanya “imvume yesivumelwano” engafunyanwanga kumbhalo woMgaqo-siseko. Ngoxa iNkundla yayizimele ngokwesiko, izigqibo zayo zabonisa imbono yelaisez-faire eyanceda amaziko amaziko eshishini. Oku kubonisa ukuba ukuzimela kwenkundla yezakhono zezakhono zorhwebo kuphela akwanele; abagwebi kufuneka bazimisele ukutolika umthetho womgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho ongomthetho ngendlela enxulumene nemigaqo yedemo-demo-demo-m. Inkundla ephakamileyo yale mihla iphumele imigaqo yemali exhasa ingeniso, njengemiqatha yemali ekhoyo phakathi kwe-FTBR.[10]

Ucelomngeni Lokuzimela - geqe Kwinkululeko Yobulungisa Ngenxa Yokungalingani Kobutyebi

Phezu kwako nje ukubaluleka kwayo, inkululeko yokugweba ijamelana nezisongelo ezingapheliyo, ezininzi zazo ezibangelwa kukungalingani kobutyebi.

Ungenelelo lwezopolitiko nokupheliswa kweNkundla

Xa izityebi zifumana inkqubo yezobupolitika, zisenokuzama ukufumba inkundla yejaji elungelelaniswe ngokweengcamango okanye zikhuphe iinkundla zolawulo kwimibandela ethile. EHungary, urhulumente kaViktor Orbán uye wakunciphisa ngokulandelelana ukuzimela kwemithetho ngokuthoba isigaba sokulawula sabagwebi, ukuzalisa iziqesho nabaxhasi abanyanisekileyo, nokudala inkundla entsha yokusingatha amatyala olawulo. Oku kuye kwenza ukuba imithetho elwa nokonakala ingenelwe kulawulo lwerhafu, inceda abaphathi-oligractants nokungalingani okukhulayo. Oku kuye kwenzeka ePoland, apho utshintsho olungoomthetho luye lwabangela ukungqubana ne-Europe Union. Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba ukungalingani kobutyebi kunokwenza ukuba imigudu yezolawulo kuquququze imigaqo yokulawula.

Ukubanjwa Kwezigwebi Yimibutho Yezoqoqosho

Kwanamatyala azimeleyo ngokusemthethweni angabanjwa zizityebi ezingoovimba abasemthethweni ngokwezityholo, ukunyoba, okanye kwii-intanethi zoluntu. Kumazwe amaninzi asakhasayo, abantu abazizityebi kunye neenkampani basoloko benyoba abagwebi ngokufumana imigaqo elungileyo ekubhaqweni kwerhafu, ekufumaneni umhlaba, nasekuthobeleni imigaqo esemthethweni. Uphando olunxulumeneyo lungachazwa iBhanki yehlabathi [[[FLT: 1]] ibonakalisa ukuba ukunganyaniseki kwijaji ekwi-judiary kunxulumene ngokungqongqo nokungalingani kwengeniso ephezulu, njengokuba izityebi zinokuthenga okungalinganiyo.

Umahluko wamaxwebhu obuxoki

Ukungalingani kobutyebi kuchaphazela ubunjani bomelo olusemthethweni olukhoyo kumaqumrhu. Ukulwa nokuvela kwemibutho esemthethweni kunye nezityebi zingaqesha ezona zifekta zomthetho zilungileyo, amangqina oochwepheshe, kunye nokulibaziseka kweziphumo zokopha abophula umthetho. Abagwebi abazimeleyo bangaphenjelelwa luphawu lweengcali eziphezulu, kwanokuba umthetho ukwicala elinye. Ukulwa koku, iinkqubo zoncedo olusemthethweni, iimfuno zoobono, kunye neenkqubo ezilula zokufumana ii-antiligi eziphantsi zibalulekile. Amanye amacandelo, njengeKhanada, avelise iziphumo zobunyani bemithetho yenkundla ukuqinisekisa ukuba imiqobo ye-procdegate contration ayichanits.

Ukuqinisa Inkululeko Yomgwebo Kuluntu Olunokulingana

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba inkululeko yokugweba ikhusela ukungalingani kobutyebi, kufuneka utshintsho oluthile.

Ukukhuselwa kweZiko

  • Iinkqubo zokumisa ezicacileyo: iikomiti zokukhetha iijaji kufuneka ziquke abameli bebutho lasekuhlaleni, ibhari, kunye nendlu yowiso-mthetho, ezinemiqathango esekelwe kwisiseko esifanelekileyo kunye nokuchongwa kwabantu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Lungisa uxinzelelo kunye nokubuyiselwa: Abagwebi kufuneka basebenze de kube lixesha lomhlala-phantsi elinyanzelekileyo kwaye bafumane imivuzo engenakuncitshiswa ngexesha lexesha labo. Oku kubakhusela kwingcinezelo yezopolitiko okanye ukunyoba.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkululeko yemali: Iinkundla kufuneka zilawule uqingqo-mali lwazo, ngaphandle kwemvume yegunya, ukunqanda ukulamba kwezixhobo ukulinganisela ubuchule bazo.
  • Imilinganiselo kunye nokuziphendulela:[ Amaqumrhu oqeqesho anamandla angaphanda ukuziphatha okubi ngaphandle kokulalanisa kwinkululeko yokulawula. Ulungelelwaniso kufuneka lubethwe phakathi kokuziphendulela kunye nokhuseleko lwenkululeko yokwenza izigqibo.

Ukufikelela Okubanzi Kokusesikweni

Uzimeleyo lwezomthetho alunantsingiselo ukuba abemi abaqhelekileyo abanako ukufikelela kwiinkundla. Iinkonzo zoncedo olusemthethweni, iinkqubo zokwenziwa lula, kunye neenkqubo zodidi zinganceda ekunciphiseni ibala lokudlala. EMzantsi Afrika, iBhunga loNcedo loLuntu linikela umelo kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni enxulumene nezindlu, iminikelo yoluntu, kunye nomsebenzi. Ngaphezu koko, iinkundla kufuneka zisebenzise ubugcisa bokunciphisa iindleko kunye nolibaziseko, njengokusetyenziswa kwe-e-filfing kunye nento ecacileyo. United Nations Development Programment igxininisa ukuba ukufikelela kwimithetho esesikweni kungunovelwano lokunciphisa ukungalingani, kwaye okokuba nentongamele idityaniswe ngenkxaso eqinileyo. [[FLT]

Imfundo nengqwalasela yezeejaji

Abagwebi kufuneka baqeqeshwe ngamalungelo ezoqoqosho nangokwentlalo, ukungalingani kobutyebi, kunye nokungaboni nto. Iikholeji ezininzi ngoku zinikela izifundo zezoqoqosho, umthetho werhafu, namalungelo abantu. EBrazil, iSikolo seSizwe sokuDlulisa nokuLungisa ibandakanya iimodyuli zokungalingani. Ezo mfundo zinceda abagwebi baqonde iziphumo zehlabathi zokwenene zolawulo lwabo kwaye zibaxhobisa ukuba bahlangabezane neemeko ezintsonkothileyo.

Ingcinezelo Nempinda Yoontanga Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Amaqumrhu ehlabathi lonke angenza indima ekukhuseleni inkululeko yokulawula. IKhomishini yeBhunga laseYurophu inikela izimvo ngeziguqulo; iEuropean Union ixhasa iimeko ngemali ngokuthobela umthetho. ELatin America, iNkundla yaMazwekazi yaMazwe aseMelika ibethelele ukuzimela kwemithetho yokulawula kolawulo loburhulumente. Uxilongo lwangaphandle kunye noxinzelelo lwezolawulo lungathintela ukuhlasela kweenkundla, ingakumbi xa ibutho lasekuhlaleni libuthathaka.

Isiphelo

Ukungalingani kobutyebi asiyonto ingokwemvelo kodwa ibangelwa kukukhetha okusemthethweni nokusemthethweni. Nangona inkqubo yerhafu, ukusetyenziswa kwemali kunye nomthetho wokusebenza kusemngciphekweni, ukuphumelela kwabo kuxhomekeke kwijaji enokuthi inyanzelise imithetho ngokungakhethiyo ngokuchasene nawo onke amalungu anamandla ebutho labantu. Ukuzimela ngokwamajaji kuqinisekisa ukuba isiseko esisemthethweni esilungiselelwe ukuphelisa ukungalingani asithotyelwa kwezoqoqosho okanye ukuxhatshazwa kwezoqoqosho. Noko ke, ukuzimela ngokwako akukwanele: kumele kudityaniswe ngokuzibophelele ekugwebeni okungagwebi, ukufikelela kwamaqela angena emacaleni, nokuzilungisa okuqhubekayo kwezentengiselwano. Xa iinkundla zizimele, ziba ligunyaza elo tyala lezoqoqosho, lilungele ukudlala intsimiba phakathi kwezityebi namahlwempu. Njengokuba umsantsalo okhoyo uyaqhubeka ukwandisa ukuzimela-mthetho, akuyiyo inkqubo nje esemthethweni yenze ingumthetho yomthetho.