Ukwazisa: Isizathu sokuba ugcino-lwazi lobalo lufune ilizwi lomntu ngamnye

Ugcino-lwazi oluchanileyo lusisiseko solawulo-demokhrasi. Lumisela indlela ezisasazwa ngayo amawaka ezigidi zeerandi ezibonelela ngemali ezikolweni, kwizibhedlele, iindlela, neenkonzo zoluntu. Lubumba ukumela ingqungquthela kunye nezalathi zemigaqo echaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi boluntu. Kodwa olunye ucelomngeni oluzingisileyo lusongela ukuthembeka kwale nkcazelo ibalulekileyo: amanani aphantsi ekuphenduleni abantu abangengolwimi lwamaNgesi. EUnited States kuphela, abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-25 bathathwa njengoMphathi-siNgesi olinganiselwe (LEP), kunye nabantu abaninzi abathetha ulwimi oluninzi ngaphandle kwesiNgesi ekhaya. Xa aba bantu bengabalwa ngokupheleleyo, basengozini yokubalelwa phantsi kwegunya lezobupolitika naphantsi kolawulo lwezibonelelo.

Amaphulo okufikelela ahlukeneyo aphumele njengecebo eliqinisekisiweyo lokuvala lo msantsa. Ngokunika izixhobo zobalo-bantu, uncedo, kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo kwiilwimi ezithethwa ngabantu, la maphulo aphucula ngokuphawulekayo ukuthatha inxaxheba. La maphulo angaphezulu kunokwenza uguqulelo---/akha uloyiko, anciphisa uloyiko, kwaye aqinisekisa ukuba wonke ummi unethuba elifanayo lokubaliswa. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa umlinganiselo opheleleyo weengenelo, imingeniselo, kunye noqheliso olungcono lokusebenzisa iinkqubo zokukhupha iziphumo zobalo-lwimi ngeelwimi ezininzi eziqhuba amaqela okuqhuba iimpendulo zobalo kwaye zivelise ngokuchanekileyo, ulwazi olulinganayo.

Ukuqonda Iphulo Lokufikelela Ebangeni Elininzi

Amaphulo okufikelela abantu ngeelwimi ezininzi alungelelaniswe nemigudu yokunxibelelana ngobalo lwabantu ngeelwimi ezininzi ukufikelela kuluntu oluneelwimi ezahlukeneyo. Ngokungafaniyo nokuguqulelwa okulula kohlobo oluthile, la maphulo aquka ukuthumelelana imiyalezo ngokwenkcubeko, amaqabane oluntu, kunye namajelo okuhambisa abantu. Bayaqonda ukuba ulwimi alusosixhobo sokudlulisela ulwazi kuphela. "Iyadityaniswa nokuzichaza kwenkcubeko, ukuthemba, kunye namava aphilayo.

Amalungu angundoqo okuphuma kolwimi oluninzi

  • [[UMTL: 0] Amacebo akhethiweyo: iifomu ezisemthethweni, izikhokelo zomyalelo, iiFAQ, kunye nolwakhiwo lonyuselo oluvezwe ngeelwimi ezijoliswe kuzo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Abasebenzi abajikelezayo kunye nemigca eshushu: Izixhobo ezichazayo, uncedo lwefowuni, kunye nenkxaso-ephesenti ekhoyo ngeelwimi ezininzi.
  • [[NTL: 0] Isehlo esilungiselelwe ngokomthetho sokuthumela imiyalezo: esibonisa amaxabiso, inkxalabo, kunye neendlela zonxibelelwano zoluntu oluthile. Umzekelo, izixhobo zolwimi lweSpanish kwiintsapho zase-Mexico-Merika zingagxininisa umanyano lwentsapho, ngexa ukufikelela kwe-American kungajolisa kwimfihlelo yogcino-lwazi.
  • Umanyano: lunxulumene neenkcazelo zobuzwe, imibutho esekelwe kukholo, amaziko oluntu, kunye neenkokeli ezithembekileyo ukunyusa imiyalezo.
  • [[NTLA: 0] Usasazo lweMultchannel: Ukusetyenziswa kukanomathotholo, umabonwakude, unxibelelwano, iziganeko zoluntu, ukulayishwa kweseyile kumnyango, namaphephandaba asekuhlaleni ukufikelela abantu apho bekhona.

Imfuneko Eyandayo Yokufumana Iilwimi

Ubalo lwemiba lubonisa ukuba iintsapho ezithetha isiSpanish kuphela zazinesantya esiphantsi sobuqu bomntu ngamnye kunemibutho yamaNgesi kuphela. Ngokunjalo, amakhaya ase-Asia athetha ulwimi oluninzi (ii-Asiya). Ngokungafaniyo athetha isiTshayina, isiVietnam, kunye nesiKorea--skasemuva) abonisa ukuba ezi intsapho zithetha iSpanish zinezingathathsi zincinane kunemiqobo yamaNgesi [.

Amazwe anemigangatho ephezulu yokufuduka ngezantsi njengeKhanada, iOstreliya, iUnited Kingdom, kunye namazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, ajongene neengxaki ezifanayo. Ngenxa yoko, abameli bamanani abathetha ulwimi baye basebenzisa icebo eliza kufikelela kulo, kodwa umlinganiselo kunye nokuphumelela kwalo kuyahluka-hluka. Iphulo elisebenzayo alihambelani nako ukufikelela kolwimi olusemthethweni; ayabandakanywa ngokukhutheleyo abantu kunye nokususa imiqobo yokuba nenxaxheba.

Iingenelo Zamaphulo Olwimi Oluninzi

Iingenelo zokutyalwa kwengeniso esetyenziswa kwiilwimi ezininzi zidlulela ngaphaya kokwanda okulula kwamanani okuphendula. Inzuzo nganye iqinisa abanye, ibangela umjikelo wokuthembana, ukuba nenxaxheba nomgangatho wogcino-lwazi.

1. Ukwanda ngqo kwisantya sokuphendula

Eyona nzuzo ikhawulezileyo kumgangatho ophezulu phakathi kwabemi abajoliswe kubo. I- U.S. Bureau yanikela ingxelo yokuba amakhaya awafumana izimemo kunye neencwadi zemibuzo eSpeyin abonakala ekhetheke kakhulu ukuphendula kwi-intanethi. Kwi 2020 Censurees, i-bureasure yase-intanethi yanika iimpendulo zemibuzo kunye neenketho ezikhethwayo ngeelwimi ezili-12, kunye nezikhokelo zevidiyo ngeelwimi ezingama- 59. Oku kuzihlawula kuthelekisa ngokwako: amazinga okuzilungisa ngokwawo ehlala eqinileyo phezu kwesambumba, kwaye uluntu oluqinileyo lubonise impumelelo eluncedo.

Ngokomzekelo, kwimimandla enezininzi zabathethi baseSpeyin apho uhlolo olunzulu lwezithethi ezithetha iilwimi ezininzi lwenzeka khona `kuquka unxulumano nezikhululo zikanomathotholo kunye nemibutho yasekuhlaleni'. "Amaqondo ee-stramponse] ayengu 5-10 eepesenti ezingaphezulu kweendawo ezifanayo ngaphandle kokufikelela. Ngeelwimi ezifana nesi-Arabhu, isiTagalog, nesiVietnam, iintengiso zamanani kunye nezibhengezo ezishushu ngolwimi olushushu zaqhubela phambili unyuko oluphawulekayo kwii-posi kunye neempendulo ze-intanethi.

Ukwakha Ukuthembana Noloyiko

Uninzi lwabaphambukeli kunye noluntu olune-LEP lunoloyiko olunzulu ngokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi lukarhulumente. IMishformation, amava angaphambili namagunya, kunye nenkxalabo ngokuncedisana nogcino-lwazi kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwabantu abafudukayo zingathintela ukuthatha inxaxheba. Amaphulo amaninzi okuqhatha ngolu loyiso ngokusebenzisa abathunywa abathembekileyo /iinkokeli ezithembekileyo, abefundisi, abantu bezezezeze-mediadians, bazisa imiyalezo ecacileyo, engaguquguqukiyo malunga nokugcinwa kwemfihlelo neengenelo zokubalwa.

Xa izinto zinikezelwa ngolwimi lomthonyama lomntu, umyalezo unika ukuthembeka okungakumbi. Isenzo nje sokunika imiqondiso yotshintsho enomgangatho ophezulu sihlonelwa kwaye siqukwa. Iphulo elikwathetha ngenkxalabo ethile yenkcubeko . njengokugxininisa ukuba ugcino-lwazi lwababalo alwahlulwanga namaziko afuna abantu abafudukayo, kwaye iimpendulo zikhuselwa ngumthetho . Ukuthemba, xa kwakhiwe, kuguqulelwa ngqo kwinani eliphezulu lempendulo kunye nexesha elide kwinkonzo zikarhulumente.

3. Ubunjani bogcino-lwazi obungcono kunye nomelo

Ukuphendula okuphantsi phakathi kolwimi oluncinane kwenza izithuba ezicwangcisiweyo kugcino-lwazi lobalo-bantu. Ezi zikhewu zikhokelela ekubaleni phantsi, okugqwetha yonke into ukusuka kubemi basekuhlaleni ukuya kwiimfuno zoluntu. Ukufikelela okuninzi okuphuma ngaphandle kolwimi kunciphisa ikhethe elingangeni gwenxa ngokuqinisekisa ukuba udidi olungaphezulu olumele ukunqumla abantu luqukiwe.

Ngaphezu koko, ugcino-lwazi oluchanileyo luvumela ukuba kunikwe imali engakumbi yobuncwane obuthe ngqo. Umzekelo, ukuba abemi besixeko abathetha isiVietnamese abambalwa, basenokungafumani nkxaso eyaneleyo kwiinkqubo ze-ESL, iikliniki zempilo ezinceda olo luntu, okanye ukufikelela kolwimi kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke. Ngokuphucula ukugqibelela kwabasebenzi, amasebe athetha iilwimi ngeelwimi ezininzi anceda amasebe karhulumente ajongene neenkqubo ezifunekayo kakhulu.

4. Ukunciphisa umahluko kumelo nakuovimba

Ukusetyenziswa kwaphantsi kolwimi oluncinane kukhuthaza ukungalingani. Xa abathethi abangengolwimi lwesiNgesi bephendula kubalwa, abantu abahlala kulo bafumana inkxaso encinane yemali karhulumente kumntu ngamnye kwaye bangaphulukana nomelo lwezopolitiko ngokufaka umgaqo-siseko. Ukufikelela okuninzi okulula kwezi zinto ngokwahlulayo ngokucutha ibala lokudlala.

Utyalo-mali lwe-2020 CVS kwinkxaso yolwimi luye lwanciphisa “umahluko phakathi kwexabiso lokuphendula phakathi kweentsapho zolwimi lwesiNgesi nolungelolo kuphela ngeencopho ezininzi ezithelekisa no-2010,” ngokweCubian Research Center[. Ngexesha kusekho intsingiselo ecacileyo: ukufikelela kolwimi olujoliswe kuko.

5. Ubandakanyeko lwexesha elide

Xa abantu abasuka kuluntu oluthetha ulwimi lunenxaxheba ekubaleleni abantu baze babone iinzuzo ezibonakalayo `ipaki ezintsha, izikolo ezingcono, ukuphuculwa kwezonyango-ukungaphucuki kwempilo-----asenzi basengozini yokubandakanyeka kwiinkqubo zoluntu lwexesha elizayo. Ngokuthe kratya imbewu yokuthembeka ezinabela ekuvoteleni, ekulungiseni uluntu, nasekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwezinye ii-asethi zexesha.

Ucelomngeni Lokuzalisekisa Iphulo Lolwimi Oluninzi

Phezu kwazo nje iinzuzo ezicacileyo, ukwenza nokuphumeza iilwimi ezininzi kunezithintelo. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kunceda imibutho yabelwe izinto yaye yenze iinkqubo ezinamandla.

Amaxabiso kunye nogcino-lwazi lwezibonelelo

Iinkonzo zokuguqulela kunye nokutolika zibiza imali eninzi. Ukusebenzisa izixhobo ngeelwimi ezininzi, ukuqesha abasebenzi abathetha iilwimi ezimbini, nokuqhuba izibhengezo kwiimarike ezininzi kufuna uhlaziyo olubalulekileyo. Oomasipala abancinane okanye amazwe angenamali elinganiselweyo asenokutsala nzima ukumisela ukufikelela kolwimi. Noko ke, ixabiso lokufumana intlawulo ephantsi kwe-$(ukulahlekelwa yimali), ugcino-mali oluthe kratya, iingxaki ezingokwasemthethweni zingaphezulu lee ezo ngeniso.

Ukuphuhlisa ubunjani bokuguqulela kunye nokugqalwa

Uguqulelo loqobo alwanelanga. Imiyalezo kufuneka iguqulelwe ngokwesithethe ukuze ivakalise uluntu ngalunye. Umzekelo, ingcamango “yokubuyisela uhlobo” isenokuba ayiqhelekanga okanye ayithenjwa kwizithethe apho iinkqubo zasemva zingathembekanga. Ngokufanayo, imifanekiso ekwizixhobo zorhwebo kufuneka ibonise umahluko wezizwe nobomi bemihla ngemihla babaphulaphuli abafunwayo. Uguqulelo olungelulo lungabangela ukudideka okanye kwanokonzakalisa, ukuthembana okungakhohlaziyo kunokuba lwakhe.

Ukufikelela Abemi Ababodwa Nabanqindiweyo

Amanye amaqela eelwimi mancinane, asasaza, okanye anamanani aphantsi okufunda kwanakwiilwimi zawo zomthonyama. Ukufikelela kula maqela kungafuna ukutyelela isango ukuya kwindlu ngendlu, iziganeko zoluntu, okanye unxulumano noluhlu lwezixhobo zobuzwe olunceda iidiasporas. Isifo se-COVID-19 sithe sanengxaki, sinyanzelisa iphulo elininzi lokuhamba kwi-intanethi .

Imiqobo Yezobupolitika Neyasemthethweni

Kwamanye amazwe, kukho inkcaso yezopolitiko kwizixhobo ezithetha ngeelwimi ezininzi, isekelwe kuloyiko lokwahlukana kwesizwe okanye ukukhuthaza ukufuduka. Iinkqubo zomthetho zingalinganisela inani leelwimi ezisemthethweni ezimkelweyo. Inkamkelo kufuneka zisebenzise ezi ngcinga ngoxa zisazalisekisa usukelo lokuthabatha inxaxheba.

Ubuchule bokufikelela kumanani olwimi olunempumelelo

Sisebenzisa izifundo ezikwimizekelo engama - 2020 eUnited States neyamazwe ngamazwe, sinokubona iindlela ezingundoqo zokubala.

Chaza Iilwimi Ezingundoqo Nabemi

Asizo zonke iilwimi ezinokusetyenziswa ngokulinganayo. Sebenzisa ulwazi lwamanani abantu, uphando, kwaye ngaphambili luqokelelwe ukuze kubekwe iinkcukacha eziza kuqwalaselwa kwiilwimi ezinkulu okanye ezingaphantsi kakhulu. Kwakhona qwalasela iilwimi ezinezithuba ezinkulu. Indlela ejoliswe kuzo iyakuphepha ukunwenwa kwezibonelelo ezinciphileyo.

Izinto ezisebenzayo zenkcubeko

Umsebenzi nezithethi zomthonyama, izibonelelo zenkcubeko, kunye nabameli bengingqi boluntu ukuze bahlole izinto. Zilungise imizekelo, imifanekiso, kunye nezihlomelo zokubonakalisa umongo woluntu. Ngokomzekelo, iphulo leentsapho ezithetha isiSomali lingaquka imiyalezo yesandi ngenxa yomlinganiselo ophantsi wokufunda. Izinto zokuvavanya amaqela ajolise kusasazo olukhulu.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

IiCawa, iinkonzo, amaziko oluntu, iivenkile zezobuhlanga, kunye nezithethe zisebenza kunye. Sele zinentembelo kunye nengqalelo yabaphulaphuli abajolise kubo. Zinika izixhobo, izikripti ezizisampuli, kunye nokuqeqeshwa ukuba zibe zii-arhente zokubalwa kwabantu. U.S. i-Censational Bureau ye-Complete Count Committee ngokunempumelelo yahlanganisa amawaka eentlangano zasekuhlaleni ngale ndlela.

Sebenzisa indlela yokungena yesiqhagamshelanisi ezininzi

I-Facebook ne-Whatsch amaqela asebenza ngokunempumelelo ekufikeleleni abaphambukeli abaselula, abathathi-nxaxheba. Ngolwimi lwezibonelelo, i-media, ukukhupha ifowuni, kunye nokugcina umnxeba. Unomathotholo wesizwe nomabonwakude wesizwe uhlala unempembelelo enkulu kuluntu oluninzi.

Ungeniso kwiZixhobo zoLwimi lwamanani

Iifomu zonxibelelwano kufuneka zifumaneke ngeelwimi ezininzi ngolwimi olulula lokuxhuzula. Sebenzisa amaqonga oguqulelo agcina ukhuseleko logcino-lwazi. Qwalasela ii-ia-aI ezinamandla engxoxo ukwenzela imibuzo esisiseko, kodwa qinisekisa ukuba abatoliki abangabantu bakhona ukwenzela izinto eziyingxaki. I-website yababalo kufuneka ilandele imigangatho yokufikelela kwewebhu ukwenzela abasebenzisi abaneziphene ngolwimi ngalunye.

Ufundo lwetyala: Impumelelo yokwenene yehlabathi

Ubalo lwama-2020 e-U.S.

I-U.S. Censure Bureau yamisela umgangatho omtsha ngephulo layo lama-2020. Yanika i-nai e-intanethi yemibuzo ngeelwimi ezili-12 (isiNgesi, isiSpenia, isiVietnamese, isiKhoriya, isiRashiya, isiTagalog, isiPolish, isiFrentshi, isiCreole, nesiPhuthukezi), kwaye yanika izikhokelo zevidiyo ngeelwimi ezingama- 59. Ngoonomathotholo welwimi lwezi: umabonwakude, kunye nezibhengezo zamanani e-michiza zafikelela izigidi-zigidi. I-filimfori elandelwa yimimimimini engahambi. Isiphumo: phezu kwayo i-Arabhu, isi-Speyin, i-afrease, i-injini yemin, i-iphaza-i-ekhorase, i-ekhozi, isantya semishi, i-spesenti ezincinane kuphela kwiindawo ezine ezithethayoliye-mangesi-mangezo zolwimi zaseSpeyin, ukutho 2016 ngo-2010.

Uhlaziyo lwama-2021 eKhanada

Ingxelo yamatyala yaseKhanada yavelisa izinto ngeelwimi ezingama-28, kuquka iilwimi zobuGcisa ezifana ne-Inuktitut ne-Cree. Basebenzisana nemibutho yesizwe kwaye badala iileta ezingqalileyo ezizizo ezihloneleyo ulwazi lwesithethe.

2021 Ubalo LwaseOstreliya Kuqala

I-Australia yanika ifomu yokubala ngeelwimi ezingama-31 kwi-intanethi, kunye nephepha lesiNgesi kuphela ngencwadana ethi “uncedo lolwimi”. I-Australian Bureau of Statistics yenza amaphulo ashukumayo kwi-TV nakunomathotholo wezizwe ngezizwe. Ngoxa kwakukho iimpikiswano ngokufumaneka kwenkcazelo yobuqu, icandelo lokufumana iilwimi lanconywa ngokuba nenxaxheba kubantu abasandul ’ ukufika kunye neembacu.

Ukulinganisa Impembelelo Yamaphulo Olwimi Oluninzi

Ukuze kuthethelelwe ukuveliswa kotyalo-mali oluqhubekayo, abasemagunyeni kufuneka balandele ii-meter ezithile:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Amaqondo-e-epropente ngolwimi: Thelekisa isantya seentsapho ezifumene izinto ngolwimi lwazo. Ezo zingafumananga.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ihambo yoncedo- efunayo: ukusetyenziswa kweminxeba eshushu yolwimi, utyelelo lwewebhusayithi, kunye nokudibana kwencoko.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uguquko kumgangatho wokuthemba: Ihambo yangaphambi kunye nohlolo lwasemva kobalo lokulinganisela ulweyiseko kwimfihlo yobalo.
  • ucoselelo lwekosta: Sebenzisa uhlolo lwasemva kotyumbo ukuqikelela ukubaleka okungaphantsi kolwimi oluncinane.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isiphumo: ixabiso ngempendulo egqityiweyo kulwimi ngalunye. Ixabiso eliqhelekileyo.

Ugcino-lwazi olusuka kwezi nkcukacha lungakhokela kulwabiwo lwezibonelelo zobalo lwexesha elizayo kunye nokwazisa imigaqo-nkqubo yokufikelela kolwimi olubanzi kurhulumente.

Indima yobuxhakaxhaka ekufikeleleni kwiilwimi ezininzi

Ubuxhakaxhaka buguqule oko kunokwenzeka kumaphulo ababalwa ngeelwimi ezininzi. Uguqulelo lwematshini, ngexa lungafezekanga, lunokusetyenziselwa iidrafti ezirhabaxa kunye nezinto ezisisiseko. Uguqulelo lomntu olungoochwepheshe lusafuneka kwiifomu ezisemthethweni kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo erhabaxa. Iingxoxo ezinamandla a-AI zingayisingatha imibuzo emininzi ngeelwimi ezininzi, zikhulule abathunywa babantu kwiimeko ezinzima. Amaqonga amanani avumela ukuqhubekeka okuhamba ngamandla ngenzululwazi yelizwe, ulwimi, nomdlalo wokusebenza kolwimi lwaseChina kuphela kwisixeko esithile esithetha isiTshayina.

Noko ke, ubugcisa asiyondawo yokucoca. Ukwahlulwa kwamanani kuthetha ukuba ezinye ingingqi zisafuna iifomu zephepha kunye noncedo olusuka kwi-person. Inkxalabo yogcino-lwazi oluluvo-lwazi − ingakumbi xa usebenzisa icandelo lesithathu leqonga elicacileyo nenkqubo ekhuselekileyo. Indlela engcono yokudibana kwezixhobo eziphezulu zebhanti kunye nokugana komntu okuphezulu.

Isiphelo: Ukubala Wonke Umntu, Ngeelwimi Zonke

Ubungqina bungamandla: amaphulo okufikelela ngaphandle ngeelwimi ezininzi abalulekile ekufumaneni intsebenziswano ephezulu phakathi kwabemi abangeyosiNgesi abathethayo. Anyusa inxaxheba, alwakhe ulwaneliseko, aphucula umgangatho wogcino-lwazi, kwaye anciphisa umgangatho wokwahlukahlukana kwenkqubo. Ngelixesha ucelomngeni lukhona ``intengo, ukuntsonkotha kwezithethe, ukuxhathisa kwezopolitiko-zobupolitika/ukungathathi nxaxheba kukhulu kakhulu. Ukubalwa kwabantu okungachananga kunciphisa iziseko zolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Njengoko imimandla isiya ihlukahluka ngeelwimi, amaziko ababalwa kufuneka aqinise ukuzinikela kwawo ekufikeleleni ulwimi. Oku kuthetha ukuqokelela imali kwinguqulelo yezobugcisa, umanyano olukhoyo lwentlalo, ubugcisa obusetyenziswayo, kwaye aqhubeke ehlola impembelelo. Wonke umntu ufanele abonwe, aviwe, kwaye aqaliswe (nendlela yokufikelela kwimibalwa yezizwe) yindlela esisenza ngayo eso sithembiso sibe yinyaniso.