Imvelaphi Yamalungelo Omtshato: Imbali Emfutshane

Umbutho wale mihla wokulingana komtshato awuzange uvele ngesiquphe. Iphulo lokuqala eliphambili lomthetho elisekelwe kumashumi eminyaka onyaka ka-200, latshintsha uluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye nenkqubo yomthetho. Phakathi kwenkulungwane yama-20, ulwalamano olufanayo lobufanayo lwaphunyelelwa kwinkoliso yomhlaba, kwaye ingcamango yokutshata phakathi kwabantu ababini besini esifanayo yayingacingeki. Impumelelo yokuqala engokomthetho yabakho ngo-2001 xa iNetherlands yaba lilizwe lokuqala ukubhalisa ngokusemthethweni umtshato osemthethweni. Ukususela ngoko, amazwe angaphezu kwama-30 aye alandela, esuka eYurophu ukuya eMelika, eAfrika, nase-Asia. Olu tshintsho lwehlabathi lonke aluzange lwenzeke ngengozi. Yabakho ngengozi. Yayiziphumo zokuxhaswa, inkqubo elungele ukusetyenziswa kwengca edityaniswe ngoo kwamaqela angokwasemthethweni kunye nezopolitiki.

Ukukhuliswa Kwenkqubo Njengendawo Ebalulekileyo Yotshintsho

Inkqubo yokulawula ibhekisela kwimigudu yamaqumrhu abantu ngabanye, imibutho, kunye namaqumrhu okuphembelela indalo, ukuphuculwa, okanye ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo. Kumongo wamalungelo omtshato, abaphathi-mthetho abajongene nomthetho, abagwebi, kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukugqalwa okusemthethweni kwamaqhina afanayo. Ngokungafaniyo namaphulo aqhelekileyo okanye amaphulo okuqonda, inkqubo yokuxhasa ifuna ukudityaniswa okunzulu nomatshini wokulawula: ukudityalwa kweendleko, ukungqinela iindleko, ukungqinela amagosa, ukuquququzelela amagosa anyuliweyo, nokurhola amatyala amafutshane kwiinkundla zenkundla. Amandla ayo aguqula inkxaso yoluntu kwinkxaso egunya eligunya eligunya eligunyazisa imigaqo-mthetho.

Ukubopha Ngqo Nokubandakanyeka Ngomthetho

Enye yezona ndlela zingqalileyo zomthetho wokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho kukuphembelela. Abaxhasi bamaGcisa kunye namatsha - ntliziyo ancedisayo badibana nabamisi-mthetho ukuze banikele uphando, babe namabali obuqu, bachaze impembelelo yoluntu yemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho. Kumazwe apho umtshato omnye osemthethweni ungakabi ngomthetho, abaxhasi basoloko besebenza ukuzisa amatyala, ukuvalwa kweekomiti, kunye nokuvota ngesabhoko ukuze kudlule. Umzekelo, iphulo eliphumelelayo lokubhalisa ngokusemthethweni umtshato ongowobuqu e-Argentina ngo-2010 libandakanya ukuvuselelwa ngamandla kwamalungu eBhungani leBhunga, kunye nabaxhasi bomthetho omnye odibana nomnye, abaquququzeli bentlanganiso omnye-onele ukuphendula amatyala ngenkululeko yonqulo nomthetho wentsapho. Umzamo ohlawulwayo: Argentina waba yilizwe lokuqala kwi-Latin America ukuze ufikelele umgangatho womtshato.

Ukhuthuzo lukawonke-wonke kunye neMikhankaso yeNkcubeko

Inkqubo yokungafundi inyani akwenzeki kwi-athom. Kufuna uxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke ukwenza uluvo lobupolitika lotshintsho. Amaphulo eGrasroot akhuthaza amawaka abaxhasi ukuba babize, i-imeyili, okanye batyelele abameli babo. Ii-Rallies, umboniso wekratshi, kunye nezicelo zengingqi zengingqi zengingqi zengingqi zekhompyutha nemiqondiso yokuba ukulingana komtshato kuyinto ethandwayo. E-Ireland, uqikelelo olufanayo lwe-dentententeum lwe-ex lwandulela ngephulo elikhulu lendlu ukuya kwiphulo elisendlwini apho amavolo athetha ngevoti, abaninzi babo baphenjelelwa ngokobuqu yincoko e-LBGTQ neentsapho zabo. Uvotiwe ngokuphumelelayo.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Xa izibonelelo zendlu yowiso-mthetho zingazimisele okanye zingakwazi ukuthatha amanyathelo, abameli badla ngokuphethukela kwiinkundla. Ilixa elifanelekileyo lisebenzisa amatyala okuvavanya amatyala okuvavanya ulwaphulo-mthetho njengelokungawi wiso-mthetho njengelophu leNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko yaseMzantsi Afrika kumgangatho ophezulu, ngokwesondo, okanye isidima. Imithetho yeNkundla ePhakamileyo efana ne-U. uLawulo lweNkundla ePhakamileyo [[FLT]] [[200]] [200] [200] [iiiiiiindawo ezithe kratya]. [i Hodegegn's's'. [[Fodvoctage] [[Foctacy:1] [iiiiiiii.] [imeko eqinileyo okanye ingqwenga ityala elingongongongongongongongo zasemthethweni, isenokusetyenziswa rhoqo ukuba kungene imigaqo yetyala, ivunwe, ingumeko engomb.

Ukwakhiwa komanyano kunye nomanyano oludibeneyo

Amalungelo omtshato anqabile ukuphumelela ekuzikhetheni. Kusebenza kakhulu xa i-LGBTQ idibanisa intlangano yoluntu namanye amaqumrhu asesikweni. Amaqabane asenokuquka amaqela alwaluko, imibutho yamalungelo amabhinqa, amaqumrhu asebenzela amagosa omsebenzi, kunye neenkonzo zonqulo ezixhasa ukufumaneka kwe-okthoba. E-United States, iphulo lokulingana komtshato lomelezwa yi-NAACP, intlangano yeSizwe yamabhinqa, kunye nentlangano yokholo oluqhubekayo njengeUnited Church of Christ. Le ntlangano izisa ubuncwane obuthengwayo, ukuthembeka, kunye nokufikelela kwezobupolitika. Iqinisekisa ukuba ukutshata akubi ngumgudu omnye, kodwa kunxulumene nokulwela ukulingana kwabantu. ElaseMelika, i-mizalwa nemikhosi elungeleneentlania amalungelo abantu elungele ukulingana neyokumazweniwa kuwo amazwe angoo-Costa Rica.

Uhlolisiso Lwezinto Ezinokuphumelela

EUnited States: IObergefell v. Hodges

Indlela yokulingana emtshatweni eUnited States yathatha ngaphezu kwamashumi amabini eminyaka yokufumana imvume. Ngoo1990, abameli bajolise ekuphumeleleni iingenelo zobudlelane basekhaya nasekulweni nokhuselo lomtshato (DOMA). Impumelelo yabakho ngenkqubo elungelelanisiweyo yelixa lobuzwe kunye nemfundo kawonke-wonke. Ngonyaka wama-2004, iMassachusetts yaba lizwe lokuqala ukubhalisa umtshato omnye kwinkundla elawulayo. Amanye amaphondo alandela, kodwa inkqubela yayingalinganiyo. Abaphathi babejongele ukukhusela ukhuselo lomtshato, baphumelela uloyilo olungundoqo [[FT.FFoct:0] v.[5].[5][5] i-Esgrom'[FFFFFFF.[1] kunye nezigwebi ezingaphezulu ze-ograngendla, uGwayidengu-odwa ngumthetho womtshato, umqulu othelelwe phantsi kolawulo oluphantsi kolawulo oluphezulu lwezigwegwegwegwegwegwegwe, u-o oluthelelweyo, u-o-o- - lwe-O

ITaiwan: IAsia

Ngo-2019, iTaiwan yaba lilizwe lokuqala e-Asia ukubhalisa ngokusemthethweni umtshato ongokwasemgaqweni. Oku kuphumelelwweni okubalulekileyo kwaba yimveliso yeminyaka yobuhlanga kwibutho labantu elinobugqeba obunamandla bonqulo kunye nobuqhelekileyo. Ngexesha elo, iNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko yadlala indima ebalulekileyo: ngo-2017, iJudian yagqiba kwelokuba imithetho ethintela ukulingana komtshato. Ithetha ukuba umthetho owenziwe ngomlinganiselo omnye nowokugqibelelana kwamalungelo osemthethweni kunye nelungelo lokutshata. Inkundla yanika iko intlanganiso yemithetho yemithetho yezomthetho iminyaka emibini ukuze imisele imithetho emitsha. Ngexesha elo xesha, abameli bajongene ngokuqatha ingqokelela yamawaka abaqokelele-waka abaqokeleli-stelectum ukuze bathintele ukulingana komtshato. [i-AnFoffum, edityaniswe ngomthetho woburhulumente boburhulumente boburhulumente obuthenjiweyo, kodwa ingumthetho wowiso sowiso sowiso sowiso soburhulumente-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho, uthellll

UMzantsi Afrika: Uloyiso lweNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko

Uhambo lomtshato waseMzantsi Afrika luphawuleka kuba kwenzeka kwisivumelwano esibanzi sasemva komtshato kumalungelo abantu. UMgaqo-siseko welizwe ka-1999 waba ngowokuqala ehlabathini ukuthintela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo. Noko ke, malunga neminyaka elishumi, izibini ezingokwasemgangeni azinakutshata. Ngowama 2002, iLesbian neGay EaseSpecial Project kunye neminye imibutho yabangela ukuba ukuncitshiswa komthetho omnye womtshato kungaphulwa ngokwamalungelo amalungelo ahlukeneyo. Imeko, [[FLT:] i-FOurse v. [iemperencessssty inkurtstion , idityaniswe ngumtshato ofanelekileyo. Inkundla yawisa umthetho wokuba ukususwa kwemithetho-yokunye ye-edemo-yo elungele ukulingana nokwaneyo. [umthetho-ogralitivement womtshato womhlaba wonke i-odwa i-esamele ityala lomthetho-we-we-we-we-we-2004]

Ucelomngeni Nezinto Ezichasene Nemeko Yokufuduka

Phezu kwazo nje ezi mpumelelo, inkqubo yokubhalisa amalungelo omtshato ijongene nocelomngeni olukhulu. Kwimimandla emininzi, inkcaso yenkcubeko neyonqulo ihlala inzima. Ukulwa nokuthatyathwa kwemibutho yesizwe neyonqulo kusoloko kuxhaswa yinkqubo yezizwe ngezizwe ezixhaphakileyo ." Ukusebenza okuthintela okanye ukuhlengahlengisa ukulingana komtshato. Kumazwe anjengeRashiya, iHungary, nePoland, oorhulumente baye bamisela imithetho eqinisa ucalucalucalulo nokumisela iLBT+ iziqululo. Kwamazwe amaninzi apho umtshato ofanayo usemthethweni usemthethweni, abameli kufuneka bakhusele ukukhuselwa kwemi kumthetho. Ngomzekelo, emva kweNkukhundla ePhakakhulu yezo zomtshato 2022 [[FLT] iJank [FLD] iJanbossonkt [Fond:1] isigqibo somthetho womthetho womthetho ogunyazisa ukurhoxina kwezelela i-mthetho.

Inkcaso Yesithethe Neyonqulo

Omnye weyona miqobo ingapheliyo yinkcaso yesithethe neyonqulo. Iimbono ezininzi ezingokwesithethe ngomtshato zijongene nenkcaso engqongqo phakathi kwendoda nomfazi, ngokufuthi esekelwe kwimfundiso yonqulo. Ukunganyaniseki ngokwezi meko kumele kuthethe ngezi nkolelo zinzulu ngaphandle kokudibana kweminye imibutho. Kumazwe amaninzi amaKatolika afana neItali nePoland, iphulo lokwalingana komtshato liye lachaswa ngamandla yiinkokeli zeCawa. Abameli baye bawagxininisa ngokugxininisa ukwahlukana komtshato wamakhaya emtshatweni wonqulo, nangokwakha izivumelwano neenkokeli zonqulo ezimayela phambili. Kwezinye iimeko, njengaseMalta nasePortugal, incoko ebonakalisa umonde, intlonelo kunye nokumanyana okuziko okuhlala kunyuko okuzinzileyo ekugqibeleni kwakhokelela ekuqulunyulweni okusemthethweni.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika Nokuphazanyiswa

Amalungelo omtshato anokuba yimbambano yezopolitiko esusela phambili, ingakumbi kumazwe anamaqela anamandla anokulwa okanye imibutho elawulayo. Ngokomzekelo, eBrazil, umtshato ongokwabelana ngesondo wagunyaziswa ngokusemthethweni ngesigqibo seBhunga lesizwe soMasipala, kodwa imozulu yezopolitiko yelizwe iye yaba yimfazwe engakumbi kwiLGBTQ+ amalungelo. UMongameli Jairshonaro, owasebenza ukusuka kuma-2019 ukuya kuma-20222, wavakalisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuchasana nomlinganiselo womtshato kunye nabagwebi abatyebileyo. Abameli kufuneka ngoku bakhusele imigaqo esemthethweni kwi-Rognmental okanye ukukhukuliseka kwe-mthetho. Oku kufuna ukuqwala okuqhubekayo, imfundo kawonke, kunye nokukhutshwa kwemali eNtshona Yurophu.[1] EMpuma Yurophu, njengaseHungary, ucazululo lomthetho-mGre, ulwelo olunzima phakathi komntu owemanyeneyo.[0]

Imiqobo Esemthethweni Nemiqobo YomGaqo-siseko

Kumazwe amaninzi, indlela esemthethweni yokulingana emtshatweni ithintelwe ngamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko achaza umtshato kuphela njengeqhina lendoda nebhinqa. Ukubeka umthetho-siseko ngokuqhelekileyo kufuna umanyano olukhulu kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, i-arhente, okanye zombini. Umzekelo, eJapan, iGatya 24 lomGaqo-siseko lichaza ukuba umtshato “uya kusekelwa kuphela kwisivumelwano sobudoda bobabini.” Nangona iinkundla ezisezantsi ziphumele imithetho engqubanayo yokuba ngabalawuli abakwahluleli-mthetho omnye, ukuphelisa umgaqo-siseko kubonwa ngokuba kuyimfuneko kakhulu ukulingana okupheleleyo. Kumazwe anjengeGhana, Nigeria, ne-Uganda, kwaye i-conone kwaye itsha imisele imimiselo engokwaphula umthetho olwaphulo-mthetho owenziwe ngokwaseluhlangani, kwana kwanokwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho oluyingozi kusini ngokwala semthethweni lwala macala omthetho omthetho oyingozi.

Iindlela Zobuchule Zezahlukileyo Ezilandelayo

Njengoko umhlaba utshintsha, inkqubo yokulwa ityala kufuneka ilungelelane. Icandelo elilandelayo lokulwela amalungelo omtshato liza kufuna iindlela ezintsha zokulungisa imiqobo engapheliyo namathuba avelayo.

Ukuqhelanisa Nemeko Yasekuhlaleni

Akukho ndlela inye yokufumana ingeniso epheleleyo kwimitshato elinganayo. Kumazwe aneenkqubo zobulungisa ezomeleleyo, ukudityaniswa kwemithetho-mthetho kusenokuba yeyona ndlela ithembisayo. Kumazwe apho izikhululo zinokufumaneka khona, i-advocation kufuneka ijolise kwisebe lemali elixhasa imicimbi yemali kunye nokukhuthaza. Kumazwe anenkcaso enzulu enzulu yenkcubeko, amaphulo emfundo kawonke-wonke athe axhasa izibini ezingobuntu ezidibeneyo. Umzekelo, eMzantsi Korea, apho umlinganiselo womtshato ungaqashelwanga, abaxhasi bemitshato bemishini kunye nomelo lwe-mediasssssss, iprojectivesssssss. Uhlolisiso lwama 2023 lwabonisa ukuba ama-50% eex eex Korea ngoku, ukusuka kwishumi leminyaka elinayi10 ukuya phambili, kufuneka alandelele phambili, amagqwenga abo baphambili, amazwe omthetho, kunye nezithethe, amashishini, amashishini, ama-mathekstpol.

Imisebenzi yamalungelo abantu ehlabathi exhaphakileyo

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wehlabathi lonke unika isixhobo esinamandla sokulwa namalungelo abantu. Isindululo soMbutho Wezizwe Ngezizwe Samalungelo Abantu, uMvumelwano Wezizwe Ngezizwe Ngamalungelo Abantu, kunye nezixhobo zamalungelo abantu zengingqi ezinjenge-European Convention on Human Rights neInternational America on Human Rights. Isivumelwano se-American seSivumelwano sokwahlula izibini ezingokwasemtshato sisetyenziselwa ukuphelisa ucalucalulo nxamnye nomtshato. Inkundla yezezimali zamazwe ehlabathini jikelele ikhupha uluvo lwamalungelo abantu ngo-20181818186 isithi amatyala afanele aqaphele umtshato omnye-express kunye ne-American. Ngoxa ezi zingenzeli ngqongqo, ziveza ingcinezelo engokwasemthethweni nezobupolitika. Abameli bakwanokuzisa amatyala kwiimeko kwizizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe njengeeKomiti yee-UN zamaLungelo loluntu. [F.][0]

Ukwakha Umanyano Lwezizwe Ngezizwe

Ukulingana komtshato ngumbutho ozweni lonke, yaye kwilizwe elinye inkqubela idla ngokuxhobisa nokunceda abaxhasi belinye. Iinkqubo ezisetyenziswayo zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana ne-International Lesbian, Gay, Bibialial, Trans kunye ne Interssex Association (ILGA) ziyabelana ngemigaqo esemthethweni, ukuxhasa, ukuxhasa, kunye nenkxaso yezopolitiko. Xa iTaiwan ibhaliswe ngokusemthethweni, abaxhasi abasemthethweni abavela eJapan, eMzantsi Korea, naseThailand bahamba ukuya eTaipeia ukuze bafunde kwiphulo. Ngokufanayo, abaxhasi base-Latin America baye badala uluntu oluziko loqheliselo oluvela eArgentina, eBrazil, eColombia, eCosta Rica, nase-Ecuador. Olu manyano lunwebela kwimithombo yemali: izibonelelo nezinhlangano zomhlaba zomhlaba, kodwa luneenza imigudu elungele ukuxhasa amaqela asekuhlaleni asekuhlaleni kunokuba asekuhlaleni.

Isiphelo: Umlo Oqhubekayo

Inkqubo yokulawula i-Divocacy iye yangqineka ingumsebenzi ogqibeleleyo ekukhuliseni amalungelo omtshato ehlabathini lonke. Ukusuka kwiinkundla zenkundla zaseMzantsi Afrika naseUnited States ukuya kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho zaseTaiwan naseArgentina, ukubotshwa kwenkqubo engokwasemthethweni nezezobupolitika, ukudibana kombono wokulingana komtshato kuye kwawuguqula umbono wokulingana komthetho. Kodwa umlo ukude kakhulu. Kwimimandla emininzi, izibini ezitshatileyo ezingokwasexesheni zisajamelana nolwaphulo-mthetho, kungekhona nje ukuphuma emtshatweni. Kwanalapho umtshato usemthethweni, iLGBTQ+ abantu basoloko beswele imigaqo ebanzi yokukhusela izindlu, umsebenzi, ukunyamekela impilo, nokukhulisa, nokukhulisa. Isizukulwana esilandelayo somntu owenziwe ngokwakhelo lwezentengokwasexeko, kufuneka sakhe kwimpumelelo yangaphambili esabelweni olutsha. I-Psylcocioksiant ayiyiyo inkqubo yokhuseleko oluqhubekayo, ukukhusela ingca, ukukhuthaza ubuchule obusemthethweni, ukukhuthaza ukukhuthaza ubuchule, ukukhuthaza ukukhuthaza ubuchule obusemthethweni, ukukhuthaza ukuphumelela, ukukhuthaza ukuphumelela, ukukhuthazana,