Isiseko sokulungelelanisa umGaqo-siseko

Umgaqo wokuhlola nokulungelelana umi njengenye yezona zikhuseli zihlala zihleli nxamnye norhulumente ophakanyiswayo. Iqinisekisiwe kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye elilawulayo, okanye ikomiti elawulayo. Ngokusasaza amandla nokudala iimbopheleleko ezicalucalucalulweyo, abalawuli bakha isakhiwo esilungiselelwe ukukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kulawulo lwegunya. Ukuqonda indlela le mida yesiseko esebenza ngayo kubalulekile kummi wabemi bonke abanqwenela ukuphendula kurhulumente wabo nokugcina inkululeko yedemokhrasi.

Imvelaphi yee-checks kunye nolungelelwano ibhekisele ngqo kwingcamango yezobupolitika ecacileyo, ingakumbi imibhalo kaBaron de Montesquieu. Kumsebenzi wakhe wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asibhozo. Umoya woMthetho , uMmandla woMthetho , Montesquieu waphikisa ukuba inkululeko igcinwe kakuhle xa amandla ohlulwe kwimisebenzi eyahlukileyo. Abaqululeki baseMelika, abaphenjelelwa kakhulu zezi ngcamango, bazifakela kwisakhiwo esisebenzayo esihamba ngaphaya kolwahlulo kuphela. Njengoko uJames Madison wachaza ku Flust.[51], "Imfutho, "Injongo enzulu kufuneka yenziwe ukuba ilwe." Oko kuhlala kukhuselwe ulawulo lwe-Melikane."

Amasebe amathathu neendima zawo zomGaqo-siseko

UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. wahlula urhulumente wamasebe amathathu alinganayo. Isebe ngalinye linamagunya akhethekileyo, kodwa loo magunya alinganiselwe ngabom ligunya elinikwe amanye. Oku kuxhomekeka kumalungu omzimba kudala amandla apho inyathelo lifuna ukuxoxwa, ukulalanisa, kunye nemida yomgaqo-siseko.

Isebe Lomthetho: Abenzi Bomthetho

Inqaku I lamagunya owiso-mthetho kwiNgqungquthela, eyilwe yiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso.

  • Ukumisela umthetho ongowokuhlawula irhafu, worhwebo nowokukhusela ilizwe.
  • Ukunyusela iveto engumongameli ngesibini sesithathu sobude benqanawa kumacala omabini.
  • Ukuqinisekisa okanye ukungamkeli umongameli, kuquka abagwebi besizwe, oonobhala boburhulumente noonozakuzaku.
  • Izivumelwano ezigunyazisayo zathethwa lisebe eliphetheyo ngekota yesithathu evoti.
  • Ukuyekelela nokususa amagosa karhulumente, kuquka umongameli, ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nabasebenzi abagqithileyo.

IBhunga likwabamba "amandla esipaji"" -- igunya elipheleleyo kwimali efanelekileyo. Akukho senzo solawulo oluphezulu esinokuxhaswa ngaphandle kwemali edityanisiweyo, uvavanyo oluye lwangqinela ukugxeka ukunqanda ukuphangwa komongameli ukutyhubela imbali.

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu: Abanyanzelisi

Inqaku II laseka isebe eliphetheyo, elikhokelwa ngumongameli. Umsebenzi oyintloko womongameli kuku "kunyamekela ukuba imithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembeka. Ukuvavanywa kwesebe kuqukwa:

  • Umthetho ogunyazisa ukumiswa yiNgqungquthela, unyanzelisa abenzi bomthetho ukuba baphinde bahlolisise okanye bahlanganise imilinganiselo ephakamileyo.
  • Ukumisela abagwebi bephondo, amajaji eNkundla Ephakamileyo, namagosa aphakamisayo ngokuvumelana neNkundla yeNtlanganiso.
  • Ukuqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe, ukucebisana, nokuyalela amajoni axhobileyo njengentloko.
  • Ukuxolela nokuphinda ucele ulwaphulo-mthetho lukarhulumente, ukuxilonga kwisigwebo setyala.

Ulawulo lomongameli luvavanyo oluthe ngqo lowiso-mthetho, kodwa iBhunga lingawulawula. Ngokufanayo, imiyalelo elawulayo ithwala amandla omthetho kuphela ngaphakathi kwemida yegunya elikhoyo lomthetho okanye lomgaqo-siseko; zingacelw'icilongo enkundleni okanye zipheliswe ngumthetho olandelayo.

Isebe Lejaji: Izaphuli - mthetho

Inqaku III lenza inkundla yetyala yephondo, neNkundla ePhakamileyo kwincopho yayo. IiNkundla zichaza imithetho zize zigqibe enoba ziyavumelana kusini na noMgaqo-siseko. Amagunya eejaji aquka:

  • Ukuhlola ubugqeba bomgaqo-siseko wemithetho yorhulumente norhulumente ngohlolo lwezahlulelo, olumiselwe ku Marbury v. Madison (1803).
  • Ukucombulula iimbambano phakathi kwemimandla okanye phakathi korhulumente norhulumente.
  • Ukuchotshelwa kwamatyala abandakanya umthetho karhulumente, izivumelwano namalungelo omGaqo-siseko.
  • Ndingunozakuzaku wokugqibela kwimibandela yokutolika ngomgaqo - siseko.

Abagwebi bamiselwe ubomi, babakhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. Kodwa ke, amandla abo avavanywa ngamandla eNgqungquthela yokucebisa utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko, ukutshintsha igunya leenkundla ezisezantsi, kunye nabagwebi abangachananga ngenxa yehambo engafanelekanga.

Indlela Iindlela Ezikhusela Ngayo Amalungelo Abantu

Inkcubeko yesixokelelwano sokuhlola nokulinganisela ihlala ingekho ekuthinteleni ulawulo olucinezelekileyo kuphela kodwa ekulondolozeni ngokukhutheleyo amalungelo abemi abaqhelekileyo. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye lingaphazamisana nenkululeko, umGaqo-siseko udala umaleko omninzi wokhuseleko.

Ukuthintela Ukucinezelwa

Amandla aqwalaselweyo ngokungenakugwetyelwa asongela inkululeko. Ngokususa igunya kumacala amathathu, izidama zenza kwaba nzima kakhulu nakweliphi na iqela okanye umntu ukubamba ulawulo olupheleleyo. Ngenxa yoko, nokuba elinye isebe lisebenza ngobundlobongela, elinye linezixhobo zokuxhathisa. Umzekelo, ukuba umongameli uyalela inkqubo yokuhlola okungekho mthethweni, iBhunga lingayiphelisa, kwaye iinkundla zinokuyivakalisa ukuba ayiyifuni i-stituni. Oku kuguqula oku kungumqondiso, hayi isiphene.

Ukuphendula Ngokulawula

Isebe ngalinye lingaphanda lize libhenca ukuziphatha okubi kwezinye. Iikomiti zeBhunga ziqhuba ukuchotshelwa kwamatyala, amaxwebhu angaphantsi kwe-poena, lize linyanzele ubungqina obuvela kumagosa aphetheyo. INdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi engongomane abangafaneleyo okanye abasongela inkululeko yasekuhlaleni. Indlu ingaqalisa ukutyhola oomongameli okanye abagwebi abasebenzisa kakubi igunya labo. Ezi nkqubo zibangela ukuba kubekho inkcubeko yokuziphendulela ekudibaniseni amalungelo ngaphambi kokuba avele.

Ukuhlolisisa Isigwebo Njengesikhuselo

Amandla okuhlola okugweba mhlawumbi lolona khuselo luthe ngqo kumalungelo omntu ngamnye. Xa umthetho uphazamisa inkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko yonqulo, inkqubo efanelekileyo, okanye ukhuseleko olulinganayo, abemi abachaphazelekayo bangaluvavanya enkundleni. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954] [ukungakhangeli)] iphendule urhulumente okhuthulweyo, ukubetha imithetho engafuniyo ukuba abantwana abantsundu bafunde. Ngokukhawuleza, iNkungele imithetho ekwaphula umthetho ekwakheni ulwalamano olufanayo nolwaluhlanga okanye ucaluvo oluvalelweyo ngaphandle kokugwetywa. Ngaphandle kovavanyo olugwetyelwa, iiKhohlolo-mthetho okanye urhulumente zinokwenza imimiselo ecinezekayo.

Imizekelo Ebonisa Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Esetyenziswayo

Imbali inika imizekeliso ecacileyo yendlela uvavanyo nomlinganiselo okhusela ngayo amalungelo. La matyala abonisa indlela esebenza ngayo njengoko kufunwa(/ kwaye maxa wambi kuvavanywa ngokwemida yayo.

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954)

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, izikolo ezicalulwe ngokwee-screenshort zazisemthethweni phantsi kwe "imfundiso ehlukeneyo kodwa elinganayo" eyasungulwa ku Pnety v. Ferguson (1896). Xa amatyala acel ’ umngeni umlomo eTopeka, Kansas, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba ukuba izahlulo zemfundo zahlukeneyo zazingalingani ngokwemvelo, zaphula uHlaziselo lweMphetho lwe 1450 lweSikhuseli sokhuseleko luka Claus. Esi sigqibo sabonisa amandla ejasticiary yokuphelisa imithetho karhulumente eyayilwa ngamalungelo angundoqo, kwanaxa loo mithetho ixhasa uwonke wonke.

Isikwenkwe Samanzi

Ekuqaleni konyaka ka-1970, uMongameli uRichard Nixon, owayebandakanye uthotho lwempatho engekho mthethweni, kuquka ukuphulwa kwikomkhulu leKomiti yesizwe yeDemocratic kunye nogqumo olulandelayo. Ingqungquthela yaqalisa uphando, iikhasethi zendlu emhlophe ezincinci ezibekwe phantsi kwenqanawa, kwaye ekugqibeleni yaqalisa iintlawulo ezingezomthetho. INkundla ePhakamileyo, eUnited States v. Nixon[FLT][FLT] [19774]), yayalela umongameli ukuba akhulule iikhaselele iikhasethi ze-khasethi ze-khase. Ityala elithenjiweyo lijongenelo liphezulu, i-Nixon. Eli thuba libonisa amandla adityaniweyo equququzeyo kunye nomphathi-mthetho wokuhlola ukuziphatha okubi kwe-nga.

UMthetho wokukhathalelwa oNgalinganiyo kunye noKhuseleko

I-ACA, uMthetho we-Intelligence and Affordal Care Act (ACA), otyikitywe kumthetho-mthetho ngo-2010, wajamelana neengxaki ezikhawulezileyo zomgaqo-siseko. Abachasi baphikisa ngelithi umyalelo womntu ngamnye ofuna ukuba amaMelika athenge i-inshorensi yonyango ogqitha amandla eBhunga lorhwebo. I-National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [2020], iNkuMkhosi ePhakamileyo ixhasa ukusetyenziswa komthetho werhafunxa kodwa isithintela yeMédisko yemithetho. Isigwebo ibonisa indlela uphatho olunokucombulula, ukhuseleko lwezimo lwezimo ngelixa libetha phezu kokwenza amalungiselelo.

Inkqubela ye Trump

Kutshanje, uMongameli uDonald Trump wacetyiswa kabini yiNdlu yabameli (*."ekuqaleni ngo-2019 ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya kunye nesithintelo soMbutho onxulumene nengcinezelo eUkraine, kwakhona ngo-2021 ukukhuthaza ukuvukela emva kohlaselo lwe-Capitol. Ngoxa iNdlu yeNtlanga yakhulula uTrump ngamaxesha omabini, inkqubo yokungaququki kwayo ibonisa ukuba iBhunga ligcina isixhobo somGaqo-siseko sokuba ligcine umongameli enokuba netyala lokuziphatha okubi, kwanaxa i-Roxisse lithintela ukuthembeka.

Ucelomngeni Lwale Mihla Kule nkqubo

Naphezu kokuzinziswa kwayo, isakhiwo sovavanyo kunye nomlinganiselo wobunzima obunzulu kulawulo lwangoku. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kubalulekile ekukhuseleni imida yomgaqo-siseko.

Name

Ulwahlulo olukhulayo lwezimvo phakathi kwamaqela ezobupolitika luye lwaphelisa izithethe ezingacwangciswanga ezazisoloko zisenza kube lula ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamasebe. Ulawulo lweBhunga ludla ngokubonwa ngelebhu elijikelezayo, yaye amaqela amaninzi ayamathidala ukuphanda ngoomongameli beqela lawo. Amadabi okuqinisekisa amagosa agwebayo kunye namaqumrhu alawulayo aye akhuphisana ngokukrakra, ngokulibaziseka nokuthintela ukukwazi komphathi-mthetho ukuba ngumbutho. Xa ukunyaniseka komthetho kuphazamisa umsebenzi wequmrhu, iinkqubo zokuzilungisa inkqubo yenkqubo zibuthathaka.

Ufikelelo olungaphezulu

Abalawuli bobabini bawandisa amandla olawulo oluphezulu ngemiyalelo yolawulo, ngezenzo zolawulo, nangezigqibo zomgaqo-nkqubo wamanye amazwe. Ngeli xesha la manyathelo esenokuba ngasemthethweni kumongo omxinwa, bangayigqitha inkqubo ecacileyo ecetywa ngabalawuli. Ukusetyenziswa "ukusayina iingxelo" ukuvakalisa injongo yokunganyanzelisi amalungiselelo athile emithetho, kunye nokukhutshelwa kwemeko yongxamiseko yesizwe ukulungiselela imali, kuye kwanyusa inkxalabo yokuba isebe eliphetheyo lingene kwiimfuno zombutho.

Ukugweba Nokuxambulisana Okungalawulekiyo

Indima efanelekileyo yejaji ihlala iphikiswa. Abahlalutyi bezenzo zogwebo baphikisa ngelithi maxa wambi iinkundla zigqitha ngokuwisa imithetho yedemokhrasi esekelwe ekufundweni okunzulu komGaqo-siseko. Kwelinye icala, abameli bokwenza uhlolo olomeleleyo baphikisa ngelithi ukukhusela amalungelo amancinane ngokufuthi kufuna iinkundla zifune ukuhlehlisela umva nxamnye nokugqithisa okugqithisileyo. Uxinezeleko phakathi kokuthintelwa kwekomiti kunye nesenzo sokwenza i-avivince lungangeni kwinkqubo, kodwa izigqibo ezitsha eziphezulu ziye zandisa impikiswano kawonke-wonke.

Ukubhinqiswa kweNorms neZiko

Ngaphandle kokuxilonga okusemthethweni, inkqubo ixhomekeke kwizithethe ezingabhalwanga ngokomthetho . njengokuhlonelwa kwemithetho yokugweba, ukuphepha ukuphakanyiswa kweSebe leJaji, nokwamkelwa kobuveleli obusemthethweni. Xa le migaqo ingahoywa, i-scrinings. Ukuthelekisa ukukholosa koluntu kwimibutho enjengeBhunga, umongameli, kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo kulula ukuphelisa ukuthembeka kwee-chekelelwa kunye nolungelelwano. Inginya ekholelwa ukuba inkqubo ixhotyiswe yinkqubo ayifane ibandakanyeke kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi, kudala umjikelo oyingozi.

Indima Yemfundo Nesabelo Semimimi

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ukusebenza ayixhomekekanga kubalawuli kuphela kodwa kubemi abanolwazi. Ulwazi lomGaqo-siseko lunika amandla abantu ukuba baxhathise utyekelo lolawulo olungqongqo nokufuna ukuphendula.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Nezicombululo

Ummi ngamnye kufuneka awaqonde amalungelo akhe asisiseko phantsi kweBhili yamaLungelo kunye nezilungiso ezilandelayo. Ukwazi ukhuseleko loMphetho wokuqala wokuthetha, lokucofa, kunye nowombutho; ukukhuselwa koMgaqo-nkqubo wesine ekuphandweni okungekho ngqiqweni; kwaye inkqubo yeNkqubela-guquko yesihlanu iqinisekisa ukuba abantu bafanele baqonde ukwaphulwa nokufuna ukubuyiselwa kwiinkundla.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwinkqubela Yedemokhrasi

Ukuvotelwa konyulo lweBhunga, umongameli, nee-ofisi zikarhulumente kuchaphazela ukwenziwa korhulumente. Xa abavoti bevuza abo bahlonela imiqathango engokomGaqo-siseko baze bohlwaye abo bagqitha inyathelo, baqinisa ingqibelelo yenkqubo. Ngaphezu koko, ukunxibelelana nabameli abanyuliweyo, ukunikela ubungqina ekuchotshelweni, nokudibanisa imibutho yezomthetho-mvume neyokwandisa amazwi abami.

Ukubandakanyeka kwiiNkundla

Imfundo ye-CPF kufuneka iquke uxabiso ngendima yokugweba. Izakhamuzi zinokuya kwiingxoxo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo, zifunde izigqibo, zize ziqonde indlela amatyala abuchaphazela ngayo ubomi bazo. Imibutho exhasa ukusetyenziswa koncedo olusemthethweni okanye ukwenziwa kwengxelo yemiba yamalungelo inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkundla zihlala zifikeleleka.

Ukufunda ngeendaba Nentetho Eyinyaniso

Kwixesha lobuxoki, abemi kufuneka bafune imithombo ethembekileyo malunga nezenzo zikarhulumente. Abameli bemfundo njengeZiko lomGaqo-siseko wesizwe [[FLT:], , [[FLT]] ugcino-lwazi lweSizwe [, kunye neFULT] Jedudiary Educations [[ inika ulwazi oluchanekileyo, olungachananga. Inkcuba ngolwazi oluphakathi kogcino-ndaba lunceda abemi bahluleke phakathi kolawulo olusemthethweni kunye nohlaselo lwe-FLT.

Ukuqinisa Umlinganiselo Wekamva

Ukugcina imida yomgaqo-siseko kufuna umgudu oqhubekayo. Icebiso lokuqinisa inkqubo liquka:

  • Amandla alawulayo anika imvume:[ IBhunga kufuneka lihlaziye imithetho elawula ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yegunya, iingozi zesizwe, kunye namandla emfazwe ukubuyisela igunya lomthetho.
  • Ukuncitshiswa komququzeleli: ikomishini yokukhetha ezimeleyo ingenza unyulo lwaseNdlu lukhuphiswane kakhulu, inciphisa izihlomelo zobuzwe obugqithisileyo.
  • Ukunyanzela imilinganiselo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha: Ukuqinisa imithetho yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kuwo onke amasebe amathathu nokuseka imibutho ezimeleyo yokuvelela ingaphinda ithembeke kuluntu.
  • Imfundo yoluntu: Amazwe kufuneka agunyazise i K-12 yesikolo efundisa isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi wovavanyo nolungelelwaniso, kwakunye nemizekelo yembali yokusebenza kwawo.

Isiphelo

Iingqinipho kunye nolungelelwano asiyongcamango engekho ngqiqweni kodwa sisakhiwo esiphilayo esilawula zonke iingxoxo phakathi kwabemi norhulumente wabo. Ukusuka kwiingxoxo zokuqala kwiNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko ukuya kwisigqibo samva seNkundla ePhakamileyo, umgaqo wokuba amandla amele alinganiselwe kwaye ahlulwe uhlale ubalulekile ukuze kukhuselwe amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Ngoxa imingeni efana nokuhlala ngokwezikhundla, ukuphamba nokungathembani, umGaqo-siseko unika abasebenzi bezixhobo zokuphendula. Umbutho, ummi ofundileyo nguvavanyo opheleleyo we-/okanye omele usetyenziswe ngokuvota, uthetha, umele uphendule onke amasebe. Ukusinda kwenkululeko yedemokhrasi kuxhomekeke kuwo.