Ingcamango yokuhlola nokulinganisela ligumbi lesiseko somGaqo-siseko waseUnited States, ukhuseleko lokwakha oluyilelwe ukukhusela ukuxilonga amandla kwisebe elinye lorhulumente. Ngokusasaza igunya phakathi kowiso-mthetho, isebe elilawulayo, kunye namasebe agwebayo, le nkqubo yenza amandla okuphathana okunzima ukufikelela. Ukuqonda indlela eziye zavela ngayo iinkulungwane ezingaphezulu kwezibini. kwaye indlela eziye zaguquka ngayo zifuneka ukuxabisa ukuqina kwedemokhrasi yaseMelika. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imvelaphi yentandabulumko, iindlela eziluncedo, kunye nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo lwalo mgaqo wesiseko.

Imvelaphi Yeepetroli Nolungelelwano

Imvelaphi yobuchule bovavanyo nolungelelwano lwamaFrentshi yayibuyela kwingcamango yamandulo yezobupolitika. Umbhali-mbali ongumGrike uPolybius wahlalutya iRome Republic̱ umgaqo-siseko oxubeneyo, odibanisa ulawulo lookumkani, izikhulu, kunye nedemokhrasi ukwenza uzinzo. Kodwa eyona mpembelelo engqalileyo kubaseki bamaMelika yayisisithandi sobulumko saseFransi uBaron de Montesquieu. Kumsebenzi wakhe wewaka eli-178:0 [UMoya woMthetho , uMntesquieuthelo ukhuselekile xa umthetho, isigqeba, isigqeba, namandla okugweba ayekwazi ukukhangela omnye. Walumkisa, Ü xa amandla olawulo lwemithetho kunye nolawulo lumanyeneyo, okanye kumzimba ofanayo, i-mastimess, i-ne.

Ezi ngcamango zabuguqula ngokunzulu abalayishi be-freaders zomGaqo-siseko wase-U. uJacob Madison wachaza ngokuphandle ukuqiqa nokulinganisela u-Federalist No, ukubhalwa: i-#820; i-Ambrition mayiyenziwe ukulwa nebhongo. ” izigubukeli zakwala ukwahlukana okunyululekileyo kwamandla kwinkqubo apho isebe ngalinye lizakuba neqondo lokulawula ezinye, ngokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho nto inokuba inyani ilawulayo. Oku kwakufuneka kususwe ngokwewo kwiMigaqo yeNtelelo yeNcelo, eyadalwa ngurhulumente onamandla.

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente

Urhulumente wase-U.S. wahlula igunya lakhe phakathi kwamasebe amathathu alinganayo, ngalinye elineembopheleleko ezihlukeneyo zomGaqo-siseko. Oku kwahlula kusisiseko apho inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisa ihlala khona.

Isebe loMthetho

Isebe lowiso-mthetho, eliyilwe yi Corer (Indlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso), linikwe amandla okwenza imithetho. Inqaku I lomGaqo-siseko liwabala amandla alo, kuquka irhafu, ulawulo lwezorhwebo, kunye nokuvakalisa imfazwe. IBhunga likwaphethe amandla esipaji-mali-ezi---awuthili--akho mali enokuthi isetyenziswe ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwayo. Isakhiwo se-bidameral ngokwaso sisebenza njengovavanyo lwangaphakathi: Indlu neBhange-ngquthela kufuneka ivumelane kumthetho ofanayo phambi kokuba ithunyelwe kumongameli.

Isebe eliphethe i-Advice

Isebe eliphetheyo likhokelwa yi umongameli, okhonza njengentloko yezwe, umphathi-ntloko, kunye nomphathi-mikhosi wemikhosi. Inqaku II libeka umongameli ityala ngokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphumezeke ngokuthembekileyo. Umongameli unezixhobo ezibalulekileyo ezingachazwanga mntu, kuquka imiyalelo yabalawuli, u-veto, kunye nekhono lokumisela abagwebi besizwe namagosa aphezulu (ngokungqinelana kweNtsimbi). Ekuhambeni kwexesha, isikhulu sikwandisile ukufikelela kwaso, ingakumbi kwimigaqo yangaphandle nokhuseleko lwesizwe, senza ubuhlanga kunye nolawulo olucetyikelele kakhulu.

Isebe Lejaji

Isebe lejaji, elikhokelwa yiNkundla yezomthetho [[FLT:] ephakamileyo [[FLT] ixhaswa ziinkundla ezisezantsi zezwe, ichaza imithetho kwaye igqibe imigaqo-siseko yayo. Igalelo III limisa icandelo lejaji elilawulayo neyona nto ibalulekileyo kubomi babagwebi, elizigquma kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. Uvavanyo olunamandla lu [[FLT:] luyi-[[FLT]] uhlolo lwendlela-mthetho [iiindlela yokulawula]] , ukukwazi ukubetha imithetho okanye izenzo zempatho zempatho ezichasene nomGawulayo. Eli gunya lamiselwa kwityala lento elingu-1803 [FLT:].[FLT]

Indlela Osebenza Ngayo Nolungelelwano

Le nkqubo isebenza ngewebhu yamandla athile avumela isebe ngalinye lisikelwe umda okanye liphembelele amanye. Ezi nxulumano zenza ukuba isenzo esingagqibekanga sibe nzima kwaye zikhuthaze ukucinga nokulalanisa.

Ingqwalasela yoMthetho kwiSebe eliphetheyo neSikolo

  • O ukushwabana kweVtoes: Congress ingagqithisa umthetho phezu komongameli onendawo engaphezulu nenani eliphindwe kabini kwisithathu sobuninzi kumagumbi omabini.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuququzelela nokukhupha: Indlu ingawahluza amagosa karhulumente (kuquka umongameli kunye nabagwebi) ngoninzi olulula; iCamp Cate ivavanya kwaye ingasuswa ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu.
  • Ukuqinisekisa amadinga: Indlu yengqungquthela kufuneka iqinisekise ii-compant concials zobumongameli ukwenzela izikhundla zekhabhinethi, iinqanawa zolawulo zesizwe, kunye nezigwebi zeNkundla ePhakamileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imvumelo e-'FLT': Indlu yemikhosi kufuneka ivume izivumelwano ezixoxwe ngumongameli ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu.
  • Amandla ePusela: iBhunga lilawula ukuxhasa ngemali yonke imisebenzi karhulumente, kuquka amaqumrhu aphetheyo kunye nejaji.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ulawulo olunobungqinelani: iikomiti zeBhunga-ngqungquthela zingaphanda izenzo zesebe eliphetheyo, amaxwebhu e-subpoena, kwaye zinyanzelisa ubungqina.
  • Isivumelwano se Jurisdiction: Congress zingaguqula igunya lolawulo lweNkundla ePhakamileyo, kumda womgaqo-siseko.

Icandelo elilawulayo lihlola iMithetho neSikolo

  • Ulawulo lwe-VEto: umongameli angalwamkela umthetho odluliswe yiBhunga, enyanzelisa umgudu onokuthi uphumelele.
  • Amandla ePardon: Umongameli angaxolela aze aphinde afumane ii-parice kulwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwe, olunokuthi luthintele isigwebo setyala.
  • [[UMTL:0] A amandla okuqulunqa: Umongameli ubeka abagwebi bezwe, ebumba ijudiary ’ ukwenziwa kwamashumi eminyaka.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imiqathango esebenzayo: Umongameli angakhupha imiyalelo ethwala amandla omthetho, ephantsi kohlolo lwezomthetho kunye nokungavunyelwa kwemali.

Ukuhlolisisa Umthetho Nolawulo

  • [[UMTL:0] Impinda yeJudicial:[ Iinkundla zingavakalisa imithetho engekho mgaqweni, ephelisa zombini izicwangciso zombutho kunye nezenzo zolawulo.
  • Ukwenziwa kwemithetho: Icandelo lichaza oko kwakuthethwa yiBhunga xa kubhalwa umthetho, ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo elungele ukuxonxwa.
  • Ubomi busebenza ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle, bukhusela ukuphindezela kwamanye amasebe.

La mandla aphinda-phindayo enza ulungelelwano olunamandla. Umzekelo, ukuba umongameli usayine umthetho ongqinela ingxaki kamva, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingawubetha; kodwa iKhomishini ingaphendula ngokugweba umthetho okanye ngokumisela ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko. Ngokufanayo, ukuba iNkundla icel ’ umngeni umthetho ophikisayo, iBhunga lingawudlulisa umthetho omtsha othetha ngeNkundla i̱ inkxakezo okanye ithintela igunya layo.

Ukubaluleka Kokukhangela Nokulungelelana

Le nkqubo isebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo kwiRiphabliki yedemokhrasi. Eyona iphambili phakathi kwayo kukuthintelwa kolawulo olucingisisiweyo − injongo ekwathethwa ngayo kanye uMadison kuMlawuli woBukhosi uNo. 51. Ngokuqhawula amandla nokufuna intsebenziswano, uhlolo nokulungelelana kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba nabani na okanye na okhoyo athabathe ulawulo lukarhulumente uphela.

Ukukhuselwa Kwinkcitho

Imbali izele yimizekelo yoorhulumente abacinezelayo ngenxa yokuba akukho buchule bangaphakathi obathintela amandla abo. Abalawuli babeyazi kakuhle le ngozi, benolawulo lwe-ronest phantsi kwemithetho ye-fontinel ekwaziyo ukukhupha imithetho yendlu yowiso-mthetho. UmGaqo-siseko i’ iingqino zenziwe zokukhusela nayiphi na into elinganayo yangoku. Umzekelo, umongameli akakwazi ukuvakalisa imfazwe; ingqungqungquthela kufuneka igunyaze ilwe. Umongameli akanakugunyazisa abemi ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo; umlawuli wejadicatary angakhupha i-wbeas corpus. Ezi zizinto azivavanywanga zimeko ezinje njengemfazwe yamakhaya, imfazwe yamaJaphani ngexesha lemfazwe yehlabathi II, kunye nee-posi ze-posi zemfazwe, ixesha ngalinye elingoomatilo-o-othoba , ingxpesenti yemfazwe ephinda i-neyo i-neyo-#17;

Ukukhuthaza Inkululeko Nokulalanisa

Ngenxa yokuba isebe ngalinye kufuneka lifune intsebenziswano yelinye isebe ukuze liphumeze iinjongo zalo, ukuhlola kunye nokulungelelana. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngumzekelo oyintloko: ityala elifuna ukudlula ngawo omabini amagumbi eBhunga, lilandelwe yimvume kamongameli. Ukuba umongameli umongameli, iBhunga linokuqhuba kuphela ngemisebenzi emikhulu. Le mikhosi inyanzelisa abaphathi bomthetho ukwakha imidibaniso ebanzi, ukudibanisa izicelo ezigqithisileyo. Ngokufanayo, ikomiti yekomiti yekomiti ifuna ukuba kubekho ubupolisane kunye nesiqinisekiso sobuNtsimbini, nto leyo ekhokelela kwinkqubo yokuphakamisa i-Rhulumente ezinokunyusa ukuvuma okanye ukungqubana okukrala okukrazayo.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Iingxinano kunye nolungelelwano lukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye. IBhili yamaLungelo ibala ngokukhethekileyo ukhuseleko olufana nokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, ukuqhelisela unqulo, kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo, kodwa la malungelo aya kuba phupha ngaphandle kwesakhiwo esithintela naliphi na isebe ukuba liwanyathele. Ibhodi yesebe ezimeleyo, enendawo ephezulu, ebaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kule nkalo. Iinkundla zikarhulumente zingahlola izenzo eziphazamisa abemi ̱ amalungelo, njengakwimeko yesakhiwo esifana [FLT: 0] Brown v. Brown yemfundo yezemfundo [54] [FLT:]] [54]) .[FLT] i-Rov [FFFFOM].[3] [3]

Ucelomngeni Kule nkqubo

Nangona inamandla, inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ijongene nocelomngeni olungapheliyo. Ukuhlala emazantsi ehlabathi kuye kwanda kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kube nzima ukusebenzisana kwamasebe.

Utshixo lwe Grid

Xa umongameli kunye neBhunga lilawulwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo, okanye xa amaBhunga amakhulu eeKhontrakthi enciphile, iqhina elinqabileyo lisoloko liphumele kwiziphumo. Urhulumente uvala/njengoko kuvala u-2013 kuMthetho wesikhathalelo ongenakuthintelwa kunye nonyaka ka-201818-192019 wokuvalwa kwemali engaphaya kodonga lomda .

Ufikelelo olungaphezulu

Abalawuli bomabini amaqela baye bafumana uxanduva kwinkundla, ingakumbi ngokusebenzisa imiyalelo yabalawuli kunye nezenzo zolawulo ezingathathi nxaxheba kwimiba yangaphandle. Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi oku kuthoba isebe lewinogration ’ indima. Umzekelo, imiyalelo yabalawuli ekufudukeni, ulawulo lwemekobume, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe ivavanywe enkundleni, ngempumelelo eyahlukeneyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye ngamanye amaxesha yabuyiselwa kwimiqathango ye-injini, njengaku-[FLT: 0] ukhuseleko lwe-Homenti; Tube Co. v. Sawer[[FLT:] [12] [ngendlela], eyahlasela uMongameli uTru & #217; ukuphazanyiswa kwentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea, [VT] kunye ne-Rectlandswords, i-Frangent ye-Frangendla ye-Cal.[20]

Izenzo Zomthetho Nezowiso-mthetho

Ijaji ngokwayo ijongene nezityholo zokwephula imida yayo. Xa iinkundla ziwisa imithetho edumileyo, abagxeki bayazityhola ngokuthatha inyathelo lokugweba elingunomthetho osemthethweni, kwaye bephikisa ukuba iinkundla zimele zinyanzelise imida engokomGaqo-siseko naxa iziphumo zingathandwa. Iimfazwe zokuqinisekisa kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo ziye zaqalisa ukuphembelela, yaye iqela ngalinye lifuna ukubumba icandelo lejaji elilawulayo kangangamashumi eminyaka. Ukungavumi konyaka ka-2016 ukuqwalasela uMerrick Garland ̱ ukuchasa isiqinisekiso kunye nokuqinisekiswa okulandelayo kuka-Amy Coney Barrett ngo-202020 kubalase indlela uvavanyo oluye lwaba yisixhobo sezobupolitika ngayo.

Ukubhijabhija kweminwe

Ngaphandle kwamagunya omgaqo-siseko asesikweni, uninzi lweengxinano luxhomekeke kwizithethe ezingabhalwanga. Umzekelo, oomongameli ngokwesithethe bayakuhlonela ukuzimela kweSebe lezeMithetho, bayakuphepha ukusebenzisa amandla okuxolela ukungenelela amaqabane atyholwa ngobuqhetseba, kwaye bafuna imvume eququzelela umkhosi ngaphaya kwempendulo emfutshane. Xa le migaqo yokwaphulwa, inkqubo i̱ ukuphumelela kuyancipha. Ukuhlola okusesikweni, kuye kwasetyenziselwa ukuphendula ukusetyenziswa kakubi, kodwa ukuphumelela kwayo kuxhomekeke ekuzimiseleni kwabaquququzeleli ukubeka ingqibelelo yeqela.

Ukuthotywa Kwale Mihla Nekamva Leengcebiso Nolungelelwano

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelanisa ayimi ndawonye; iyajika-jika ngoqheliso kunye nokutolika. Iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ezimalunga namandla olawulo, ukumiswa kwekomiti, kunye neqhina lemithetho ligxininisa imfuneko yokuba abemi bahlale bebophelelekile. Unyulo oluyiliweyo luyingqikelelo yobeko, njengokuba uluvo lukawonke-wonke lunokubaphembelela abenzi bemithetho kunye noomongameli ngokufanayo.

Izindululo eziliqela ziye zaphuhliswa ukuze zomeleze uvavanyo kunye nolungelelwano, kuquka imida esetyenziswa ngamagama eejaji zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, utshintsho kwikholeji yonyulo, kunye nemilinganiselo yokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-offranti. Okwangoku, ukuvela kwezixhobo zonxibelelwano lwezentlalo-ntle kunye nemijikelo yamasebe eyure ezingama-24 itshitshitshile indlela amasebe anxibelelana ngayo kwaye akhuphisana ngayo ukuze axhase uluntu. Ukuqonda ezi zenzo zibalulekile ekulondolozeni umgaqo-siseko.

Isiphelo

Iintsonkothe kunye nolwahlulo zihlala ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yolawulo lwamaMelika, uyilo lwamaqumrhu olucetyiswayo olusetyenziselwa ukukhusela ubuzwilakhe nokukhusela inkululeko. Ngeli xesha lenkqubo ijongene nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo ekuhlalisekeni kwemimandla engaphandle, ulwando oluphezulu, kunye nongquzulwano oludibeneyo, luye lwangqineka luqinile ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Ifremrs ’ ingqiqo.=ukuziquququzelela ngokwayo kunokwenziwa kokusebenza kwephulo loluntu ukuze kusebenze okulungileyo koluntu lonke.

Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, hlolisisa [[FLT: 0] izibonelelo zobuzwe ̱ ikopi yoMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., umbhalo opheleleyo we Fateralist No. 51 nguJames Madison[[[FLT:]], iNkangeleko ePhakamileyo & #817; isigqibo [[[FLT:]] [4]] bribury v.[12] [185] [iiii-[FLT], uhlaluzo lwangoku [[FL:]] kunye nomlinganiselo wekhulu lama-21 [FLT] ukusuka kwinkulungwane ye-FOK:7], kunye nemvelaphi yembali [FT] [FT]