Impembelelo Engapheliyo Yobuhlanga Bezoqoqosho Kwimbambano YaseJapan Kawonke - wonke

Imeko yezobupolitika yaseJapan ikudala iphenjelelwa kukuxinana okungundoqo: imfuneko yokubandakanyeka ngokunzulu kwiimarike zomhlaba wonke ngokuchasene nomthetho wezopolitiko onamandla wokukhusela ushishino lwasekhaya kunye nokuzichaza. Ubuzwe bezoqoqosho, obuchazwa njengeseko lemigaqo-nkqubo kunye nentengiso ejolise ekuqhubeni phambili ushishino lwesizwe, ulawulo lwezoqoqosho, kunye nokuzixhasa, kusekho amandla angundoqo kule ngxaki. Ayiyongcamango ebanzi eJapan kodwa yingcamango enkulu yokuba inkqubo yeBroothsi, ichaza ubuchule bobugqeba, kwaye ichaza ngamandla ngezixhobo zorhwebo, ukhuseleko, nokuzichaza eJapan, umntu kufuneka alandele kuqala intengiso yembali kunye nendaleko yezoqoqosho yalonke phantsi kwelizwe lakhe.

Imvelaphi: Ukusuka ekuvuselweni kwakhona kwemfazwe yasemva ukuya ekufumaneni iqampu

IRhulumente yoPhuhliso kunye noNxantathu we-Iron

Imvelaphi yobuzwe bale mihla baseJapan ifumaneka kwiziphumo zemfazwe yehlabathi II. Ijongene nokuwohloka ngokupheleleyo kwezoqoqosho, urhulumente waseJapan, phantsi kokhokelo loBulungiseleli beMasipala nezoshishino (MITI), yakha ulungelelwaniso oluphezulu "lophuhliso lombuso wengqondo". Le nkqubo yakhiwa kwisivumelwano esinamandla esidla ngokuba bizwa ngokuba "Iron Triangration" ulwalamano olusondeleyo, oluxhasanayo phakathi kweLiberal Democratic Party (LDP), ii-bhuzam eziphezulu, kunye nenkomfama enkulu yembutho (Ketsure). Intetho yezopolitiki yeli yelitiki yalexesha ibizwa ngokuba "Iron" syntall": ulwalamano olusondeleyo, oluxhasayo lwesizwe nekratshi.

Imithetho yezopolitiko yayiyilelwe ngokucacileyo ukumisela utyalo-mali lwamanye amazwe, ukukhusela amashishini eentsana, kunye namajelo amakhulu kwicandelo elikwiziko njengentsimbi, ukwakhiwa kweenqanawa, kunye neenqwelo-mafutha. Oku kwakungeloqhinga nje lezoqoqosho; yayiyiphulo lobuzwe ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela kweJapan nokulwa kwakhona uhlanga oludanjiswe kukuthotywa. Urhulumente wakhusela imakethe yasekhaya kukhuphiswano lwamazwe angaphandle ngelixa efuna ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.

Iimfazwe Zorhwebo Nempi Yohlanga

Ngonyaka ka1970 nangowe-1980, inkqubo yezoshishino yaseJapan yavelisa iziphumo ezikhwankqisayo, iguqula ilizwe libe yindlu yamandla athunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Noko ke, le mpumelelo yabangela ungquzulwano olukhulu namaqabane orhwebo, ingakumbi iUnited States. Intetho yezopolitiko yatshintsha njengoko ilizwe laseJapan lalijamelene nengcinezelo yezizwe ngezizwe ukuba livule iimarike zalo kwaye linciphise intsalela yalo enkulu yorhwebo. IPlaza iSivumelo sorhwebo sangonyaka wama 1985 kunye neziphumo ezilandelayo "zikongeza ngokuzenzekelayo zokuthunyelwa kwenqwelo-mafutha kunye negesi zabekwa phantsi kwezenzo zengxingo zamazwe angaphandle enzelwe ukusohlwaya iJapan ukuphumelela kwayo.

Eli xesha libaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni intetho yanamhlanje. Ukukhuphisana kwezorhwebo kwakungeyongxoxo nje yobugcisa; kwaba yingxelo yesizwe. Abezobupolitika namajelo eendaba basoloko bephikisa ngelithi impucuko engaqhelekanga yezoshishino nezobuzwe laseJapan yayiphantsi kwentlupheko. Olu khuselo lobuzwe luqinisa inkxaso kawonke-wonke yemigaqo yokukhusela, ngokungakumbi kwezolimo nezemali, ezaqhubeka kakuhle ukuya kuma-1990.

Iintsika ezingundoqo zomsebenzi wezoqoqosho

Ubuhlanga bezoqoqosho eJapan asiyonkqubo enye kodwa buyinkqubo eyakhelwe kwiintsika eziliqela ezihlala zihleli eziqhubeka zibumba impikiswano kawonke wonke.

Ukhuseleko Lolimo

Zimbalwa iimbambano ezibonisa amandla obuzwe njengezolimo. Intetho yezopolitiko emalunga nezobuzwe eJapan isebenza njengeqela elikhulu lezobupolitika elinamandla elinokukwazi ukuqokelela abantu basemaphandleni abavoti. Nangona inamaxabiso aphezulu kakhulu okutya kwi-OECD, iJapan igcine iingxoxo eziphezulu kakhulu kwimveliso eziphambili ezifana nerayisi, ngokunempumelelo ithintela ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Le ngxoxo yezopolitiki kulo mbandela isoloko ikhuthaza ukukhuselwa kokutya, ilifa lenkcubeko, kunye nokhuseleko lwamakhaya. Imigudu yokunikezela icandelo lokulima phantsi kwe-Trans - PPPP) lidityaniswe ngenkcaso ekrala ekrala inkca kwinkcaso yesizwe, inyanze urhulumente athintela inqwelo - mafutha ekhethekileyo ukuze akhusele iimveliso ezichaphaza. Le ngxelo yesizwe ibonise indlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo ngokuneyo nenzuzo zezopolitiki kodwa inzuzo yeza.

Ulawulo lolawulo lwezibonelelo kunye neNkqubo yeKeiretsu

Inkqubo yesithethe Keiretsu, kunye neenxenye zayo ezintsonkothileyo ezinqamlezileyo kunye nezixhobo zemali ezinde zexesha elide, ekuqaleni yayisisixhobo sobuzwe esilungiselelwe ukukhusela ukuthatha indawo zangaphandle nokuzinzisa isakhiwo senkampani. Kwiminyaka engamashumi angamashumi, ukuchasana neM&A kwamiselwa njengekhuselwa ukukhusela abaphathi bamaJapan. Ngelixesha "Ishumi leshumi leminyaka" lee-1990 ezinyanzelele ukukhutshelwa kweminye ingeniso yamanye amazwe, intetho yezobupolitika isathwele ukukrokraza okunamandla komkhamkhamkhamkha wolwa abarhwebi kunye nobuchule bokulawula iNtshona. Ingxoxo ephambili ephambili yokulawula utshintsho idla ngokusetyenziswa "ienzalo" ngokuchasene nomthetho wesizwe, kunye nokuphikisana nokuthetha ngeshishini kwelizwe elimele likhusele iJapan.

Inkqubo Yamandla Nobuzwe Bezibonelelo

Ukunqongophala kwemichiza yendalo eJapan kudala uhlobo olukhethekileyo lobuzwe obusekelwe kukhuseleko lwamandla ombane. Intlekele yeFukushima ngo-2011 yanyanzela ukuvalwa kwamandla enyukliya, ukuxhomekeka kakhulu kwizinto zokubasa eziphuma kwamanye amazwe. Oku kwakhokelela ekunyukeni kwezixhobo zobugcisa zobuzwe ezibiza ukukhululeka. Intetho iye yaqhubela phambili ushishino lwezoburhulumente kubugcisa obuninzi obufana ne-hydrogen, i-ammonia i-fing, kunye nezixhobo zokukhupha amandla enyukliya ezilandelayo. Ngoxa iJapan iyinkokeli yehlabathi lonke ephambili ekwanempumelelo, ingxoxo yayo yezopolitiki elawula amandla ilawulwa ngulo nyakazo lwesizwe ekungangeni kweminye imfazwe, ingakumbi ukusuka kuMbindi Mpuma neTshayina, ukukhuthaza inkqubo edla ngokulawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali okanye ukukhupha i-carbon.

Impembelelo Kwintetho Yezobupolitika Yasekhaya

Impembelelo yobuzwe bezoqoqosho ifikelela kwimpembelelo yezobupolitika zasekuhlaleni neembono zikawonke wonke.

Ukuguqukela kuBuzwe bakwaNeo" Phantsi kwe-Abe

I- Shinzo Abe’s Abe’s Henarioder njengeNkulumbuso (202.20) yaphawula indaleko ebalulekileyo kuhlangano lwezoqoqosho. "Abenomics" yayingeyondlela yemacroums enzima; yayiyiprojekthi yezopolitiko ukubuyisela ikratshi lesizwe nentembelo. Isiqubulo sika-Abe "IJapani ibuya" ivakaliswe nguwonke wonke odinwe kukungalawuleki kwemida yezoqoqosho. Urhulumente wakhe walandela inkqubo engqongqo yezoshishino, kuquka ukusetyenziswa kwemali kunye notshintsho lokwakha, kodwa usoloko usebenza phakathi komongomdla wesizwe.

U-Abe ngokunempumelelo umanyano lwezoqoqosho nokhuseleko lwesizwe, ephikisa ngelithi uqoqosho olomeleleyo lwalufuneka ukwenzela ukhuseleko lwamaJapan kujongo olunyukayo lweTshayina. “Icebo lezoqoqosho laseJapan "lokuqala” laliquka ukunyanzela ushishino olungcono (njengeEU- Economic Partneialship Arevention) ngexesha elinye ikhusela amacandelo achukumileyo njengolimo kunye nokusebenza. Ulawulo lwakhe lukwayimithetho engqongqo yokuthathithathiswa kwezakhiwo ezicekelweyo, inkqubo ejongela ukurhweba nokusetyenziswa kwemali eChina ngqo kunye nokusetyenziswa ngolwimi olukhusela uqoqosho.

Ukhuseleko lwezoqoqosho njengomgaqo-nkqubo ongundoqo

INkulumbuso yangoku, uFumio Kisida, uququzelela olu qhagamshelwano kunye "New Capitalism" yakhe, ebeka "ukhuseleko lwezoqoqosho" ([FLT: 0]] Keizai i-enhoho hosho enzeni []]) ekusemgangathweni wayo. Lo ngumbutho wale mihla wezoqoqosho zamaJapan. Ibandakanya imali eninzi karhulumente yemveliso yezenkcubeko, eqinisa ukubonelela iitsheyina zezixhobo zemali ezichuliweyo kunye neemveliso zezamayeza, kunye nolawulo olungqongqo lokurhweba ngaphandle kokhuseleko lwezobuzwe. Intetho yezobupolitika isuka kwi-etheko eluncedo, ubuhlanga obuqhelekileyo. Ngoku ithetha ngokubanziswa ekuhleni ngaphandle kwemeko yezoqoqosho, kusetyenziswa ulwimi "ukukhusela ii-injini ze-ankcumis" kodwa phantsi kwe-injini yesizwe.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Imisebenzi yezorhwebo

Inxaxheba yeJapan kwi- TPP [emva kwe-CPPP] yadala uqhekeko olukhulu kwintetho yayo yezobupolitika. Elinye icala laphikisa ukuba ukudibanisa kwakubalulekile ukumelana nempembelelo yezoqoqosho ye-China nokugcina ukusebenza kweJapan kwimithetho yezorhwebo yomhlaba wonke. Elinye icala lobuzwe, lathi yayikukungcatsha kwabalimi baseJapan nokuzithoba kwiimfuno zayo zeMelika. Ingxoxo yanyanzelisa incoko yesizwe emalunga nendlela iJapan enokhuseleko oluninzi ngayo. Ekugqibeleni, impikiswano ecwangcisiweyo yokudibanisa iphumelele, kodwa ixanduva ikhusela indawo yesizwe kwirhayisi nakwezinye iinkomo ezingcwele. Oku kubonisa indlela ubuzwe obungagqibekanga ngayo kodwa obungaguquguquyo.

Izilawuli zokwenza ngaphandle kunye nongquzulwano lobuxhakaxhaka

Umzekelo onzima okhoyo wobuzwe obusebenzayo yinkqubo yolawulo lwamazwe angaphandle eJapan. Ngo-2019, iJapan inqanda ulawulo kwizixhobo ezincinci zombane ezithunyelwa eMzantsi Korea, icaphula inkxalabo yokhuseleko lwesizwe. Oku kwabonwa ngokubanzi njengomntu ohamba ngezopolitiko nomkhosi wesizwe onxulumene neempikiswano zembali. Kutshanje, iJapan ihambelane neUnited States ne-Netherlands ekuthinteleni ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezixhobo ezihambe phambili kwezombane eTshayina.

Le nkqubo itshintshile yindaleko enkulu kumgaqo-nkqubo wamanye amazwe wamazwe wangaphandle eJapan. Isusa iJapan ukusuka kwimbono yehlabathi yezoqoqosho ukuya kwi "geo-teo" apho urhwebo lusetyenziswa njengesixhobo. Intetho yasekhaya engqonge olu lawulo iluhlanga olukhulu, igxininisa imfuneko yokukhusela uphetho lwezobugcisa lwaseJapan kwaye izikhusele ekupheliseni umkhosi wamaTshayina. Isigqibo sokwahlula ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kweentlobo ezingama-23 zezixhobo ze-cpopting samiselwa njengesenzo esiyimfuneko sokhuseleko lwesizwe, inika uphawu lokuba iJapan ikulungele ukunikezela ngolwazi oluthile ngenxa yokuzimela ulawulo olufanelekileyo.

Ucelomngeni Lwangoku Kumzekelo Wobuhlanga

Phezu kwazo nje iimvelaphi ezinzulu, uhlobo lobuhlanga bezoqoqosho eJapan lujamelene neempikiswano ezinzulu nocelomngeni olulawula intetho yalo yezobupolitika.

Uhlanga lweSebe

IJapan ijongene nengxaki enkulu yamanani abantu abatsha kunye nabemi abaphela ngokukhawuleza nabalupheleyo. Oku kubangela ukungavumelani ngqo nokuthanda kwesizwe ukulawulwa kwesizwe kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokufuduka engqongqo. Intetho yezobupolitika ithanda ukulwa. Kwelinye icala, amaqela ezoshishino kunye nabanye abezobupolitika baphikisa ukuba iJapan imele ivule iminyango yayo kubasebenzi bangaphandle ukuze iqhubeke, ikhombe abasebenzi bangaphandle abamalunga ne-1.8 lezigidi zamazwe angaphandle abasele behleli kweli lizwe. Kwelinye icala, amazwi esizwe afuna ulawulo olungqongqo, impikiswano enokuthi ukufuduka okungalawulekiyo isongela ulungelelwano kunye nokuzichaza okungundoqo kwehlabathi lonke. Inkqubo karhulumente "iSciocriced Sys" i-visa inqandalcesss izama ukuzisa umlinganiselo wokusebenza ngaphandle kokubiza "impuma, ukuthomalalisa, ukuvumelana kweelwimi zolwimi olulungiselelwe ukuthomalalisa isizwe. Le mbambano iya kukhuthaza ukuphikisa okusetyenziswa kwenkculo yehlabathi lonke.

Ukukhuselwa

Abahlalutyi bathi ukhuseleko olugqithisileyo lukhusele amashishini angenamdla neTshayina. Le nkqubo ikhusela uqoqosho lwamaJapan ngeminyaka yee-1950 kunye noo1960 isenokuba iwudibanise ngexesha lamanani. IJapan iye yavelisa iinshorensi ezimbalwa zobugcisa behlabathi ngaphandle kwamagama ambalwa amisiweyo, kwaye impumelelo yayo yobugcisa yokwaluphala kwezamanani ithe yaphelelwa emva kwe-US kunye neTshayina. Ingxoxo yezopolitiko yahlulahlula phakathi kwabo bafuna ukunyanzela "ulawulo lobuzwi" kwaye ifakelele kwimiba yezobugcisa obukhulayo kunye nabo baphikisayo ukuba iJapan ifuna ukuvuleka kogcino-lwazi lwehlabathi lonke nokuqalisa kwempucuko. Impumelelo enkulu yokuphuhliswa kwayo ikhuselwa ngoku iyalingwa nxamnye nokungaphumeleli kwayo ukuvelisa ingonakalisa, kwaye ubuzwe basoloko belungiselela ukukhuselwa ukukhusela ngoku ukukhuselwa kweshishini elizinzileyo kwishishini elizinzi.

Ukulungelelanisa Ukhuphiswano lwe US- China

Isikhundla selizwe laseJapan sibeka iliso kumbindi wokhuphiswano lwe-US-China. Ubuzwe bezoqoqosho bunika isilingo esiyingozi: ukukhutshwa ngokupheleleyo eTshayina. Noko ke, iTshayina ihlala iliqabane elikhulu lorhwebo eJapan. Ukurhoxa kwelizwe kuya kuba yintlekele yezoqoqosho. Intetho yezopolitiko ephumela kwimicimbi yezopolitiko ingunxaki. Ingxoxo yezopolitiko ikhuthaza "ukhuseleko lwezoqoqosho" kunye "lokukhuselwa kwemali" (umz., i-"China Shona - Icebo elikhulu", apho imveliso ye-Tshayina ikhutshwa kwamanye amazwe ase-Asia), kodwa inqanda ukukhutshwa okupheleleyo. Ingxoxo yezopolitiko phakathi kweJapan iphakathi kwe-US, ababona ingungalungela ukusongela nokufuna ukulungele ukudibana neNtshona, kunye nezizwe ezingezongangongo zamazwe ezitheneyo, ezithelela inkculumbi yezoqoqosho.

Ikamva Liya Kuba Yintlekele

Ubuhlanga bezoqoqosho eJapan busuka kwinkxalabo yokuzikhusela, ukuma kokhuseleko kwimfundiso ephambili, elungele ukukhusela izoqoqosho. Kubonakala ukuba buhlala bunamandla kwintetho yeli lizwe yezopolitiko ngenxa yezizathu eziliqela. Okokuqala, bunikela ingxelo enamandla kwezobupolitika ezifuna ukubhenela kuluntu ngokubanzi ukuxhalabela ukuwohloka kwezoqoqosho kunye nezisongelo zezenzululwazi yezwe. Okwesibini, buhambisana nezilangazelelo zesakhiwo ze-biaucaucratic kunye nezolimo. Okwesithathu, bunika isiseko esidityaniswe ngokuditya okudityanisiweyo kokuqhuba ihlabathi lokhuphiswano olukhulu lweziko lwegunya.

Noko ke, impumelelo yalo hlanga lutsha iyakuxhomekeka ekubeni iJapan ingazicombulula na iingxaki zayo ezisisiseko. Kufuneka ifumane indlela yokufumana ukufuduka ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa isivumelwano sayo soluntu, ukukhuthaza ulwakhiwo ngaphandle kokunikezela kwinkuselo, nokukhusela uxhobo lwayo ngaphandle kokuxhobisa imfazwe yorhwebo. Intetho yezopolitiko ayishukumi ukubuyela emva kwimodeli ephezulu, yezonyaka ka 1970, kodwa phambili ku "uhlanga olunamandla azimeleyo" esebenzisa amandla karhulumente ukulawula ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kunokuba ithintele.

Isiphelo

Ubuhlanga bezoqoqosho asiloxesha elidlulayo kwezobupolitika zamaJapan; buyinto ehlala ihleli nenamandla. Bulonakele indlela eliqhuba ngayo urhwebo, ukutyala kwezobugcisa, ukulawula imida yalo, kwaye ijonge indima yalo ehlabathini. Ukusukela kwimeko yasemva kwemfazwe ukuya kwixesha lokukhula kwezoqoqosho, ubuchule bokukhusela izilangazelelo zeJapan, inkcubeko, kunye nolawulo luye lwatshintsha ngokuqhubekayo ukuhlangabezana neengxaki ezintsha. Ngoxa ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kunye nemfuno yentsebenziswano eJapan ngokuqinisekileyo iya kuqhubeka ichazwa ngoxinzeleko olunzulu phakathi kwemfuno yezoqoqosho, ubuchule bokukhusela ubuzwe nesiseko sezoqoqosho. Ukuqonda lo mbango woluntu olufuna ukuqiniseka ingqiqo yesizwe kubaluleke nasemva kwemigaqo yayo e-Asia.