Imvelaphi Yokuxilonga Nokulungelelana Kulawulo LwaseMerika

Umgaqo wokuhlola nokulungelelana asiyonto yengozi yenkqubo ye-U.S. yiyo eyila ngabom esungulwe ngexesha lokusekwa. Abalayishi bomGaqo-siseko, abaphenjelelwa ziinkcuba - buchopho zoKhanyiso njengoMontesquieu, bafuna urhulumente oza kuphepha ubuzwilakhe ababenabo phantsi kolawulo lweBritane. Baqonda ukuba amandla okunikela amandla nakweyiphi na into ekhoyo, "/* umlawuli, okanye uninzi oluqhelekileyo ```iinqanawa' ekhokelele ekusebenziseni kakubi. Ngenxa yoko, bakha inkqubo eyahlulayo kungekuphela kumasebe amathathu alawula urhulumente kodwa phakathi koorhulumente besizwe norhulumente, kwaye ngezantsi kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba amandla ageleza ngokuthe tyaba nangokuthe tyaba, ukwenza iingongoma ezininzi zokuchasa ngokuchasene nowe-Exneener.

Esi sakhiwo sisoloko sichazwa njenge ekwahluleni kobuphengululi , ukwabelana ngomgaqo-siseko kwamandla phakathi korhulumente osembindini kunye neeyunithi zezobupolitika ezikhoyo. ULawulo lweSimende seshumi elinesinyithi lugcina ngokuthe ngqo kumazwe (kwaye ngolwandiso, kwiindawo) onke amagunya angathunyelwanga eUnited States okanye angavunyelwanga kumazwe. Esi sithuba sidala isiseko sovavanyo oluthe nkqo kunye nolungelelwaniso. Ukuqonda indlela ezi zingqiniso ezisebenza ngayo kudinga ukuqwalasela ngokusondelelathiselana kumgangatho ngamnye (endawo, imo, urhulumente, kunye nolawulo), kunye nomthetho--medityanity syntion eziwayo eziwayigcina zisebenza ngokulinganayo.

Umgangatho Wasekuhlaleni: Umgca Wangaphambili Wolawulo

Oorhulumente bendawo (-amanani, izixeko, idolophu, izikolo, nezithili ezikhethekileyo) zilolona hlobo lukarhulumente olukhawulezileyo kuninzi lwamaMerika. Baphatha iinkonzo zemihla ngemihla ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubunjani bobomi, ukusuka ekuqokelelweni kwenkunkuma ukuya kumapolisa. Kodwa oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abangoongangamandla; bazizidalwa zikarhulumente. Umthetho ngamnye wasekuhlaleni, isigqibo sokubhalisa, okanye i-levy yeyasekonti, ukho kuphela ngenxa yokuba urhulumente unike elo gunya, ngokwesiko okanye umthetho jikelele. Oku kuxhomekeke kumgangatho obalulekileyo: imigaqo-mthetho yorhulumente yasekuhlaleni, i-Accentelliste, i-acementant, okanye iguqula igunya lawo ngeenguquko-mthetho.

Iimbopheleleko Namagunya Oorhulumente Basekuhlaleni

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisa uludwe lwamandla abalulekileyo kubomi babantu.

  • Ukhuseleko lwePublic: lwamapolisa asebenza kunye namasebe omlilo, iinkonzo zonyango zongxamiseko, kunye neentolongo zasekuhlaleni.
  • Imfundo: Iqhuba K-12 iinkqubo zesikolo sikawonke wonke (ngokufuthi ziphuma kwiibhodi zesikolo ezizimeleyo).
  • Isakhiwo se- ukwakhiwa nokugcinwa kweendlela, iibhulorho, unikezelo lwamanzi, iinkqubo zokulahla amanzi, kunye nothutho lukawonke-wonke.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukusetyenziswa nokubekwa komhlaba: Ukulawula ukuphuhliswa kwempahla, iikhowudi zezindlu, kunye nemimiselo yemeko- bume.
  • [[UMGANGA] Unyango kunye neenkonzo zentlalo: ezisebenza iikliniki zoluntu, iipaki, amathala eencwadi, kunye namaziko aphezulu.
  • Irhafu ye-atmon ekwindawo ebanzi: Irhafu yempahla, irhafu yentengiso (apho ivunyelwe) kunye neerhafu zeenkonzo.

Ububanzi bale mbopheleleko buthetha ukuba izigqibo zasekuhlaleni zinokuba neziphumo ezinzulu. Umthetho webhodi elawula ukuphuhliswa kwezindlu ezintsha ungachaphazela ukuphumelela kangangamashumi eminyaka; ukhetho lwebhodi yesikolo lungabumba imfundo yesizukulwana. Ngenxa yokuba amagosa asekuhlaleni adla ngokunyulwa okanye atyunjwe ngamaqumrhu anyuliweyo, abemi banomjelo othe ngqo wokubanika ityala.

Iingxinano kwiGunya Lasekuhlaleni

Nangona oorhulumente bengingqi benegunya elikhulu, basebenza ngaphantsi kwemida ebekwe ngomgangatho ophezulu karhulumente.

  • Isizwe semo:[ Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zelizwe zingagqithisa imithetho egqitha amasiko obulali. Umzekelo, amazwe amaninzi akhulule imithetho yobuncinane bemivuzo yasekuhlaleni okanye amanyathelo okuqesha.
  • Imeko yesizwe neyolawulo lwezwe: iGcineka evela kumanqanaba aphezulu isoloko iza nemitya eqhotyoshelweyo eqhotyoshelweyo/umzekelo, ifuna ukuthotyelwa kwemilinganiselo yemeko-bume okanye imigaqo-nkqubo engaguquguqukiyo.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Uhlolo lwe-judicial:[ Iinkundla zingabetha izenzo zasekuhlaleni ezichasene nomgaqo-siseko wesizwe, umthetho wesizwe, okanye umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Umzekelo wodidi oluqhelekileyo kuxa umthetho wasekuhlaleni uphazamisa ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo okanye ukhuseleko olulinganayo.
  • Ulawulo lwemeko yemali: Amanye amazwe aneebhodi zokulawula okanye iinja ezigadayo ezinokungena xa urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ejongene nokuphulukelwa kwemali okanye ukuphathwa kakubi.

Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba uvavanyo lwasekuhlaleni alungqubani namasiko asemthethweni okanye lwenzakalisa abemi abasenokungamelani nezinto abanomdla kuzo.

Umgangatho Karhulumente: Imisebenzi Yolawulo - melo

Oorhulumente belizwe bakwindawo ephakathi enamandla kwinkqubo karhulumente. Banamagunya avulekileyo abekwe phantsi koMphetho-mvamba weshumi, kodwa kwakhona kufuneka bavumelane nomthetho wesizwe phantsi kweSupremacy Claus. Le ndima idibene yenza ukuba le misebenzi idibene nezixhobo ezibalulekileyo zokuphucula inkqubo kunye nemfazwe engokwasemthethweni. Njengoko iJaji Louis Brandeis yaphawula ngokudumileyo, "Yenye yeziganeko ezivuyisayo zenkqubo karhulumente karhulumente omnye onenkalipho, ukuba abemi bakhe bakhetha, ukusebenza njengegumbi lokucwaninga; kwaye zama amavava entlalo kunye nezoqoqosho ngaphandle kokubeka engozini kwilizwe lonke."

Imisebenzi yoorhulumente bakarhulumente ye-Core

Amazwe anegunya kwimicimbi emininzi yasekhaya. Amandla awo aquka:

  • Umthetho wesivumelwano somthetho wesizwe, umthetho wentsapho, umthetho wempahla, kunye nomthetho wesivumelwano.
  • Imfundo:[ Ukubeka imigangatho yemfundo, iiprojekthi zemali, kunye neenkqubo zemfundo ephezulu (iiyunivesithi zikawonke-wonke).
  • Unikezelo: Ugcino lohola welizwe, ukulawula ubhaliso lwemoto, kunye nokulawula urhwebo lwezorhwebo.
  • Amandla oluntu: Ukukhusela impilo kawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha (iquka igunya lokuhlalisa abantu, ukuhlalisana kwabaphathi, ukuhlalisana kwabaphathi kunye nomthetho wemekobume.
  • Ityala: [[FUT] Intengiso: ifaka iirhafu zengeniso, iirhafu zentengiso, iirhafu zenkampani, kunye nerhafu yokukhupha.
  • Unyulo: olugunyazisa urhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nonyulo lwasekuhlaleni, ukuzoba izithili zowiso-mthetho (zithobela imithetho yamalungelo ovotelo).
  • [[UKWENZIWA:0] Ucalulo kunye neshishini: inkampani enika iTshata, yokwalathisa i-inshorensi, kunye nokuvelela iilayisensi zobuchule.

Ngenxa yokuba amaphondo anemithetho - siseko eyahlukileyo, iinkqubo zenkundla nezithethe zezobupolitika, umbandela ofanayo (umz., ukubhaliswa ngokusemthethweni, ukuxhaswa kwemali yemfundo) unokubonakala wahluke gqitha kumazwe ngamazwe.

Indlela Amazwe Ajonga Najongwa Ngayo

Uvavanyo lwemeko-bume: phantse onke amaphondo anesakhiwo se-branch esifana nesorhulumente wezwe: umphathi onegunya (umgwebi), indlu yowiso-mthetho ye-kameral okanye engangeni jameyal, kunye nendlu yejaji yesizwe. IGaventi ingayisusa ityala, iintlawulo zingawususa umgangatho wemithetho karhulumente echasene nomgaqo-siseko. Amatyala amaninzi anezixhobo ezingqalileyo zedemokhrasi ezifana nezinyathelo zenyathelo lokuthatha inxaxheba kwaye abhekise imvume, evumela abavoti ukuba bakhuphe umthetho wemithetho.

Iindlela zeFederal kwimisebenzi: Urhulumente wezwe angalinganisela umsebenzi wemeko ngeendlela ezininzi:

  • Umthetho woburhulumente ongqubana nomthetho wesizwe osemthethweni okanye umGaqo-siseko awusebenzi. Umzekelo, amatyala akanakukhupha imithetho ethintela urhwebo lwamazwe (uDorment Cookiace) okanye eyophula amalungelo abantu.
  • Imali nemiyalelo: urhulumente wezwe usebenzisa iziphembelelo zemali ukuphembelela urhulumente ukuba athobele iinjongo zesizwe, ezifana nemali efunyanwa kuhola wendlela edityaniswe nexesha elincinci lokusela.
  • Izipheliseko eziqulunqweyo: IziHlanziso ezifana noMthetho wokuHlaziya weshumi elinesine zisetyenziswe ukunyanzelisa ukhuseleko olulinganayo kunye nenkqubo efunekayo nxamnye noorhulumente.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uhlolo lwe-Judicial: INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ingayibhukuqa imithetho yombuso okanye izigqibo zenkundla ezichasene nomthetho wesizwe. Iimeko zelizwe ezinje Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (11954]) kunye

Isimo sokuhlola urhulumente wesizwe: Amazwe anezixhobo zokutyhala. Angavavanya imithetho karhulumente enkundleni, ukugweba urhulumente wesizwe, ukulahla intsebenziswano (umz., "iimigaqo-siseko" yokufuduka), kwaye abiza indibano yezomGaqo-siseko phantsi kweQumrhu V. imigaqo-siseko yemithetho-siseko ingaphinda icebise iBhunga nge-U.S. abaququzeleli nabameli, abanyuliweyo.

Umgangatho Womanyano: Igunya Elipheleleyo Eliphakathi Kwemida

Urhulumente wesizwe unandipha ubungangamsha kwiindawo ezinikwe ngumGaqo-siseko, kodwa asingowokusebenza ngamandla onke. Abalawuli bawenza ngabom urhulumente onamagunya alinganiselweyo, adweliswe. Nantoni na engayinikwanga ngokucacileyo ngurhulumente worhulumente igcinelwe amaphondo okanye abantu. Kummandla worhulumente, amandla ayahlulwa ngokubhekele phaya phakathi komthetho, ulawulo oluphezulu, namasebe eejaji, ngalinye linee-checkss zalo kwabanye.

Amandla Agcinelwe Urhulumente Womanyano

UMgaqo-siseko umisela igunya likarhulumente wesizwe kwimicimbi efuna ukuba isizwe sifanane okanye ingaphaya kwemida yombuso.

  • Ukhuselo lohlanga: Ukugcina imikhosi exhobileyo, ukubhengeza imfazwe, nokuqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe.
  • Isitati kunye norhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe: ulawulo phakathi koorhulumente kunye namanye amazwe (Commerce Claus).
  • Imithetho yemali nezoqoqosho: ibhiniza imali, ilawula ukuwa kwamalungelo omntu, kunye nokumisela amaphepha angaphantsi.
  • Inkqubo yeposi: esebenzayo kwinkonzo yeposi yase U.S.
  • Ukususela kunye nokwendalo: Ukumisela imithetho yokungena nobumi.
  • Ipropati yobuchule: iNika ubuchule obusemthethweni kunye nezikhuseli zamalungelo ombhali.
  • [[UMTHETHO:0] imithetho yezemfazwe namalungelo abantu: inyanzela ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko (umz., amalungelo okuvota, inkqubo efunekayo).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Imicimbi yamanye amazwe: Amandla apheleleyo okungena kwizivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe.

Urhulumente wesizwe ukwaye wathathile amagunya phantsi koMfuno noMhle uClaus, ovumela ukuba amisele imithetho "eyimfuneko nefanelekileyo" ukwenzela ukuphunyezwa kwamandla awo adwelisweyo. Eli binzana liye laba sisiseko somthetho obanzi wesizwe, ukusuka kuKhuseleko lweNtlalo ukuya kumgaqo wemekobume.

Iingqikelelo zangaphakathi: Inkqubo yeTripate

Kumgangatho worhulumente, uhlolo nomlinganiselo zibonakala kakhulu phakathi kwamasebe amathathu:

  • [[NTLA: 0] Ingcebiso ezigunyazisayo (Ikomkhulu) kwisebe eliphetheyo:[ IBhunga lingawugqitha umongameli weveto, ukuqinisekisa okanye ukungawamkeli amagunya, izivumelwano ze-radisence, ukungamququzeli nokususa umongameli, ukulawula uqingqo-mali, kunye nokwenza uphando.
  • Uvavanyo olusebenzayo kwiBhunga: umongameli angawubiza umthetho, abize iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo zeBhunga, kwaye anike imiyalelo yegunya elawulayo ethetha indlela imithetho enyanzeliswe ngayo. Umongameli ukwasebenza njengomphathi-mthetheli-ntloko kwaye angabumba inkqubo yangaphandle.
  • Ityala eliPhakamileyo kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi zephondo zingavakalisa izenzo zeBhunga okanye izenzo zegunya eliphantsi ezingekho semthethweni (uhlolo lwezomthetho). Abagwebi bomanyano bamiselwa ukuze baphile, bazikhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika.
  • Ukuvavanywa kwemithetho-siseko kwijaji: iKhombutho ingaguqula inani labagwebi, itshintshe igunya leenkundla zengingqi (nemiqathango), kunye neejaji ezigqwethekileyo ngenxa yehambo engafanelekanga. ICantenel iqinisekisa ukumiselwa kweekomiti.
  • I-exectivess uvavanyo kwijaji: Umongameli ugweba abagwebi kwaye uyakwazi ukuxolela ulwaphulo-mthetho lwaseburhulumenteni, echaphazela iziphumo zetyala ngokungangqalanga.

Oku kuvavanywa kwangaphakathi kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye elinokulawula urhulumente wesizwe. Ngokomzekelo, nokuba umongameli kunye neNgqungquthela zivumelana ngomgaqo-nkqubo, iinkundla zisenokuwubetha ukuba uyawuphula umGaqo-siseko.

Iingxelo Zangaphandle Kumandla Omanyano: Ama - United States Nabantu

Urhulumente wamazwe uvavanywa nangoorhulumente belizwe kunye nokhetho. Ama-United States angavavanya imithetho yorhulumente enkundleni (umz., uMthetho weNtolongo oBalekayo), engavumi ukunyanzelisa izigunyaziso ezithile zikarhulumente (bona imfundiso echasene nomyalelo phantsi Printz v. United States), kwaye aphinde akhuphele emva ukuphembelela kwi-interbugnstination. Abantu, ngomkhethelo, bangawuguqula umGaqo-siseko kunye no-Precioce, kwaye bangawuguqula umGaqo (nango ke inkqubo inzima ngabomnzi).

Ngaphezu koko, uHlaziyo lweSihlaziyo seshumi kunye nesakhiwo seNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi (urhulumente ngamnye ufumana ii-senteners ezimbini kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi abantu) ziqinisekisa ukuba amaphondo anelizwi elingqalileyo ekumisweni kwemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente. IElectoral College iphinda ithintele ezona mazwe zininzi ekulawuleni unyulo lomongameli.

Iindlela Zokudibana Neengxaki: Umanyano Neemfazwe

Ulwalamano oluphakathi kwemigangatho karhulumente lunamandla. Ngamanye amaxesha basebenza kunye koko kubizwa ngokuba yi- urhulumente woburhulumente, apho oorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente babelana ngeembopheleleko kunye nenkxaso. Umzekelo, inkqubo yendlela yohola-ndlela ephakathi yakhiwa ngenkxaso karhulumente enikwe ngurhulumente, kwaye iMedicaid ixhaswa ngamalungu. Amanye amaxesha, kuphakama ingxabano, nto leyo ekhokelela kumadabi asemthethweni okanye "ii-unicofetadism," apho athe akaluchasa khona ulawulo lwamagunya.

Imizekelo Yentsebenziswano Yamasebe

  • [[UMTL:0] Iinkqubo ezinika inkxaso-mali: ezifana neSihloko sezemfundo I kunye neSithintelo soPhuhliso loLuntu Grants zinika ubuncwane kumazwe kunye neendawo ezineemeko.
  • Impendulo ye-Disaster: I-FEMA idityaniswe namasebe olawulo lukaxakeka karhulumente kunye nabasebenzi bokuqala basekuhlaleni ngexesha lenkanyamba, imililo yelanga nezifo ezibhabhayo.
  • Umanyano lwempilo: ICDC isebenza kumasebe ezempilo karhulumente ekujongweni izifo nakumaphulo okugoma.
  • Amandla okunyanzelisa angomthetho: amasebe oManyano anjengo-DEA neFBI asebenzisana norhulumente kunye namapolisa asekuhlaleni ngokurhwetyelwa kweziyobisi nolwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo.

Ezi zenzo zidla ngokubandakanya urhwebo: iimeko nemimandla ifumana inkxaso-mali kunye nobuchule kodwa kufuneka zinamathele kwimigangatho yesizwe.

Iingxabano Ezinokuphawulwa Neempikiswano Ezingokwasemthethweni

Iingxaki azinakuphepheka kwinkqubo apho umgangatho ngamnye ukhusela amalungelo awo. Iimfazwe eziliqela zembali nakutshanje zibonisa uvavanyo lomsebenzi:

  • Ukwandiswa kunye ne-secesion: Ngenkulungwane ye-19, amatyala azama ukuphelisa imithetho ye-stariff yesizwe, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiNullation Crisis yonyaka ka-1832. Imfazwe yabemi yazinza ngokusisigxina ichaza ukuba ayinakuwuphelisa okanye awupheli umthetho wezwe ongowahlukeneyo.
  • Ixesha lamaLungelo: Amazwe aseMazantsi awalwayo ucalucalulo kunye nemithetho yamalungelo okuvota, enika ingxengxezo kungenelelo lwamazwe kuquka uMthetho wamalungelo oluntu ka-1964 kunye noMthetho wamaLungelo o-Onke-Onke-Onke. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa igunya lesizwe kwiimeko ezifana '. United States[FLT]
  • Ukubekwa komthetho okusemthethweni: Ngaphandle kokwalelwa kwesizwe phantsi koMthetho oLawulweyo, amazwe amaninzi agunyazisile unyango okanye ukuzonwabisa. Urhulumente wengingqi uvumele uvavanyo lukarhulumente ukuba luqhubeke, kodwa ingxabano ihlala ingalungiswa kwaye iphinde iphinde iphinde ibuye.
  • Ukugcinwa kolawulo lokwahlulwa koluntu: "izixeko ezisisithuthi" kunye namazwe anentsebenziswano elinganiselweyo namagunya okufuduka karhulumente. Iinkundla zisoloko zikholelwa ukuba urhulumente wesizwe akanako ukuyalela oovimba borhulumente bokunyanzelisa (umgaqo ochasene nomyalelo), kodwa unokugosa iziphiwo ezithile.
  • Impendulo yeKOVID-19: Isifo esigqugqisileyo sabona uxinezeleko phakathi koncomo zikarhulumente kunye nezigqibo zikarhulumente ezikukutshixo, izigunyaziso, kunye nokusasazwa kwemiqhaphu. INkundla ePhakamileyo yavala ezinye izigunyaziso zengingqi zomsebenzi ngoxa ixhasa ezinye.
  • Amalungelo okwahlukana emva Amabhobhisi : Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo [2022] Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo] ```````Iibbbs' v. Iqela lamabhinqa eHealth' [ libuyisela umthetho wokukhupha ukuqhomfa kumazwe, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimisebenzi yemithetho. Amanye amazwe amisele kufutshane kudityazo ezidityanisiweyo, ngexa ezinye zisanda ukufikelela. Urhulumente wolawulo angaphembeleka umngeni ngokunikezela kwemali kunye nemvume yeziyobisi.

Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba ukuhlolwa nokulingana akuhlali kwindawo enye; kuguquka ngokucalulwa, umthetho, nokuxoxisana ngezobupolitika.

Indima Yecudi Ekulondolozeni Ulungelelwano

Iinkundla kuwo onke amanqanaba zinendima ephambili ekuqinisekiseni imida phakathi kwemigangatho karhulumente. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ingunobangela oyintloko weempikiswano zorhulumente. Iimfundiso ezingundoqo zomGaqo-siseko ezaveliswa yiNkundla ziquka:

  • Intelekelelo: yomthetho woMbutho ukhulula umthetho worhulumente xa iBhunga lifuna ukuhlala kumhlaba okanye xa umthetho karhulumente ungqubana ngqo nomthetho wesizwe.
  • I-Dorment Coomerce Claus: Ama- States akanakukhetha nxamnye norhwebo lwamazwe okanye umthwalo ongafanelekanga, kwanaxa iBhunga lingakhange lithathe inyathelo.
  • Ulawulo lwequmrhu lorhulumente alunakuyalela iindlu zowiso-mthetho okanye amagosa aphetheyo ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo zolawulo lwesizwe.
  • ukhuseleko loMlawuli: Amazwe akanakumangalelwa ngaphandle kwemvume yawo, nangona urhulumente wengingqi enokuthi athintele ukukhusela ukhuseleko phantsi koMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine.
  • Imfundiso yesenzo sesizwe: UmGaqo-siseko ukhusela abantu kwisenzo sikarhulumente, kungekhona sesenzo sabucala, kodwa "isenzo sikarhulumente" siquka izenzo zoorhulumente basekuhlaleni abasebenza phantsi kwegunya lorhulumente.

Ezi mfundiso zisoloko zicocwa kwiimeko ezintsha, ziqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo yegunya ihlala icacile kwananjengokuba ibutho labantu liguquka.

Ukulungelelana Kweengxaki Zangaphambili

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ijongene neengcinezelo ezintsha kwinkulungwane yama-21. Abanye abaqwalaseli baxhalatyiswa kukwanda kwegunya likarhulumente ngokuchazwa ngokubanzi kweChwethezi uClaus noTshayina. Abanye boyika ukuba amaphondo anokufikelela kwiindawo ngokwesithethe, njengenkqubo yokufuduka okanye yelinye ilizwe. Ngeli xesha, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngamanye amaxesha baphembelela ukukhutshwa kwemeko, bephikisa ulawulo "lomzi" kunye nolawulo lobulali.

Kwakhona ubuxhakaxhaka bubangela iingxaki: ukubekwa kwenkcazelo ye-data, ukukhuselwa kwekhompyutha, nokulawulwa kwendlela yobuchule yokusebenza, ngaphandle kokuvumelana okucacileyo ngomgangatho ofanele ukhokelwe. Ukwanda kwentsebenziswano yezizwe ezizimeleyo kuyenze yaba nzima ngakumbi intsebenziswano phakathi kwesebe, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni intsebenziswano idibane kwezinye iindawo nemimiselo yemisebenzi.

Kubemi, ukuqonda ezi misebenzi kubalulekile. Iingqikelelo kunye nolungelelwano phakathi koorhulumente bengingqi, borhulumente norhulumente aziyongcamango nje ezingekho ngqiqweni zomGaqo-siseko; babumba yonke into ukusuka kumgangatho weendlela ukuya kumgangatho wokuzinyamekela ngokwempilo. Ukubophana kwe-CUVIC (/ukunxibelelana kwamagosa, ukukhonza kwiibhodi zasekuhlaleni, nokuthabatha inxaxheba ekugqabazeni esidlangalaleni ngezantsi kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente.

Isiphelo: Inkqubo kwiNtshukumo eQhubeleyo

Inkqubo yendlela yokuhlola nokulinganisela eMelika kumgangatho wendawo, worhulumente, kunye nowezwelo yimpumelelo ephawulekayo kwimpumelelo yobuchule bobuqu. Inika amandla amaninzi ngokubanzi, inika amathuba okuthabatha inxaxheba, kwaye yenza ukhuhleko oluthintela nawuphi na umdla omnye ekulawuleni. Kodwa ikwayinkqubo efuna ukuhlala iphaphile. Ngenxa yokuba amandla ahlukeneyo, ukungqubana kusoloko kuyinto enzima. Kodwa oku kuntsonkothile kunamandla: kuyakhusela inkululeko ngokwenza ukuba ibe nzima nawuphi na urhulumente //ekuhlala khona, okanye urhulumente, okanye urhulumente, okanye ulawulo, okanye ukujonganazo.

Ukufundwa okungakumbi kwe-athom yorhulumente kunye nolwalamano lwamarhulumente, jonga ubuncwane obusuka kwi- i-Constitution (I-Conforn.gov), i- iphephancwadi eliququzelelayo[ inkcatho yemiba yendawo, kunye nenkqubo yoontanga eqwalaselweyo evela kwi- Publius: Journal of Federalis . Ukuqonda la manqanaba kunceda onke amaMelika ayazi ukuba ayazi kakuhle igcisayonethi yookn, kunye nenk eqhubekayo yenkqubo yolawulo oluqhubekayo ehlabathini.