Table of Contents

Ukuqonda Ulwalamano Lwamaqabane Karhulumente

Unxulumano lwezorhulumente luquka unxulumano oluqhelekileyo nolungacwangciswanga, iingxoxo, kunye nentsebenziswano ezenzeka phakathi kwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente((federal, iphondo), kunye nommandla wasekuhlaleni. Olu nxulumano lubumba indlela eziyilwe ngayo iinkqubo zikawonke-wonke, inkxaso, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo ngaphaya kolawulo. Kwizixokelelwano ezininzi zikarhulumente, ukusuka eUnited States nase Canada ukuya eJamani nase-Australia, ulwalamano olunempumelelo phakathi kwezoburhulumente lubalulekile ukuze kubekho ulawulo olulungelelwaniso, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezinjengempilo kawonke, imfundo, kunye nokusabela kwintlekele. Eli nqaku lihlola iziseko, iinzuzo, imingeni, imingeni, kunye nobuchule bokuphucula unxulumano phakathi kwezizwe, ukuzoba kwimizekelo yokwenene yehlabathi kunye nemikhwa yangoku.

Ukuguquka Kwembali Kolwalamano Lwamagunya

Uhlobo lolwalamano lwezoburhulumente luye lwatshintsha kakhulu ngokuhamba kwexesha, lubonakalisa kakhulu utshintsho kwintanda-bulumko yezobupolitika, iimeko zezoqoqosho, kunye neemfuno zentlalo. E-United States, irepublic yokuqala esetyenziswa phantsi kwenkqubo yorhulumente yolawulo (ngamaxesha athile ebizwa ngokuba "yi-layer-cake computionism"), apho oorhulumente beluneembopheleleko ezahlukeneyo, eziyahlukeneyo ngethuba elithile. Amazwe ayephethe imicimbi yasekhaya emininzi ngexesha urhulumente wolawulo olujonge kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe, ikhuselwa, kunye norhwebo oluphakathi. Eli lungiselelo lasebenza kakuhle de urhulumente omkhulu, xa urhulumente worhulumente waqalisa ukwenza indima enkulu kwezoqoqosho nentlalo-ntlalo.

ISebe Elitsha Nomanyano Lomanyano

Umongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt waphawula incopho yotshintsho, ingenisa ixesha loburhulumente boburhulumente ("marble-cakeism"). Umanyano lunika ulawulo olungaphakathi, kunye neenkqubo zenkxaso-mali ezidityanisiweyo zaxhaphakile. Eli xesha labona ukuzalwa komanyano lwamaburhulumente kwimimandla efana nentlawulo yokungaqeshwa, izindlu zikawonke-wonke, kunye nezibonelelo. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, intsebenziswano yeququzelelane yanwe ngocwangciso loMbutho Omkhulu, uMididi, kunye neNtetho-Pronotegosay Systenatesystems.

Utyekelo Lwakutshanje: Ihlelo Elitsha LeeFederal Nendaleko

Ukususela kwii1970, imigudu yokubuyisela amandla kumaphondo nakwimimandla — esoloko ibizwa ngenkqubo entsha yoLuntu okanye ngokususa utshintsho(ukulungisa kwakhona ulwalamano lwe-ofisi." Ulawulo lweReagan lunyuse izibonelo zothintelo kunye nokurhoxiswa, ngelixesha i1990 zabona utshintsho lwentlalo-ntle igqithisiwe phantsi koMthetho wobuqu kunye noMsebenzi, unika ulungelelwaniso oluthe lulukhulu ekuyileni iinkqubo zoncedo. Ngokungakade, indyikitya ye-CHOVID-19 ibonise amandla kunye nobunzima bomanyano, umanyano, urhulumente, urhulumente, kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni bemibutho, ulawulo lwempilo, uncedo, kunye nolwandisholo-wokusasazwa komgalelo.

Isizathu Sokuba Kubaluleke Ukudibana Kwamagunya

Ulwalamano olusebenzayo phakathi koorhulumente aluloncedo nje kuphela lokulawula , lungundoqo ekusebenzeni kwezolawulo zale mihla. uphando olusuka kwi-OECD lugxininisa ukuba ulawulo lwamanqanaba amaninzi lubalulekile ekusingatheni imida entsonkothileyo enqamleza imida yemimandla, efana notshintsho lwemozulu, iingxaki zempilo kawonke wonke, kunye nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho. Izizathu ezikhethekileyo zokubaluleka ziquka:

  • [[NT.:0] Ukulungelelaniswa kweNkcubeko: Xa imigangatho emininzi karhulumente yabelana ngembopheleleko kwindawo yenkqubo (umz., ezothutho, nemekobume), iqinisekisa ukuba imigudu yorhulumente iyaphelelisana kunokuba iphikisane.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isiphumo esimiselweyo: ukuqokelela imali, ubugcisa, kunye nobuncwane babantu kumazwe aphezulu kunciphisa ukwenziwa kwengeniso kwaye kunceda uqoqosho lomlinganiselo.
  • Ulungiso lwendawo engqongileyo ludityaniswe neMigangatho yeSizwe: ubuchule boburhulumente bokwenza ulwakhiwo lwelizwe luvumela ukutshintshwa kweemeko zasekuhlaleni, ukugcina zombini ikhowudi kunye nobubhetyebhetye.
  • Ulawulo lweCURL: Iintlekele, izifo ezimandundu, kunye nongquzulwano lwezoqoqosho zifuna intsebenziswano ekhawulezileyo; imijelo esungulwe kakuhle phakathi kwesebe isantya sokwenza isigqibo.
  • Ukubaluleka koxanduva kunye nokubonakala ngaphaya: Indima ezicacileyo kunye nonxibelelwano oluthe rhoqo lunceda abemi bamazwe baqonde ukuba liliphi iqondo likarhulumente elinoxanduva lokwenza, ukukhulisa ukuthembana.

Izikhundla Zorhulumente Nendima Yazo

Ngoxa isakhiwo esichanileyo singafani ngokwelizwe, uninzi lweenkqubo zikarhulumente zibonakalisa imigangatho emithathu eyintloko karhulumente, nganye inemisebenzi eyahlukileyo kodwa engenayo.

Urhulumente weFederal (wesizwe)

Urhulumente wesizwe usingatha imicimbi yenkxalabo yesizwe: ukhuseleko, inkqubo yemali yamanye amazwe, inkqubo yezorhwebo, kunye namalungelo aphakathi kwemimandla yasekuhlaleni. Kwakhona unika inkxaso-mali eninzi kumazwe nakwiindawo ngemirhumo, ngemali, nangengeniso. Kumazwe amaninzi, urhulumente umisela iinjongo zemigaqo ebanzi nemigangatho (umz., imigaqo yomoya ecocekileyo, izalathiso zemfundo) ngoxa eshiya ukuzalisekisa iinkcukacha kwimigangatho esezantsi.

Urhulumente (wePrevincial)

Ama-odonga namaphondo asebenza njengeeyunithi eziphambili zomgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya kwiinkqubo ezininzi zikarhulumente. Alawula ngokufanelekileyo imfundo karhulumente, imibutho yezithuthi (oohola beendlela baselubala), ukhuseleko lomthetho (amapolisa aselurhulumenteni), umgaqo-mthetho, kunye neenkonzo zentlalo. Ama-oorhulumente akwanegunya elibalulekileyo lokurhafisa nokusebenzisa ii-asethi ezingundoqo.

Urhulumente Wangaphakathi

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni (izakhiwo, izixa, iidolophu, kunye nezithili ezikhethekileyo) basondelelene nabemi kwaye banikela iinkonzo ezininzi zoluntu zemihla ngemihla: ukhuseleko lomlilo, ugutyulo-gutyulo, amanzi nenkunkuma, iipaki, amathala eencwadi, kunye nokucwangcisa umhlaba. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bafumana amandla abo kwimithetho-siseko okanye imithetho karhulumente (ulawulo loMthetho weDillon.) oluphembelela amandla abo okungena kwizivumelwano zoburhulumente.

Imodeli ezinkulu zeeNdlelano zoorhulumente

Abaphengululi noogqirha bachaza imifanekiso emininzi echazwayo echaza indlela asebenza ngayo amanqanaba awahlukahlukeneyo karhulumente.

Umanyano lwe-Daal (Layer-Cake)

Kulo mzekelo, umgangatho ngamnye karhulumente unamandla akhethekileyo, achazwa ngokucacileyo anokudibana okuncinane. Yayilawula kwinkulungwane ye-19. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yaxhasa uburhulumente obumabini kwiimeko ezifana United States v. Lopez (1995], elinganiselweyo amandla orhulumente phantsi kwentengiso ka Claus. Ngoxa isenempembelelo kwintetho yesiseko somgaqo-siseko, i-unistism epheleleyo inqabile namhlanje.

Umanyano lweManyano (Icake eCwangciweyo)

Le modeli igxininisa intsebenziswano kunye noxanduva olwabelweneyo. Inkxaso yomanyano, iinkqubo zomanyano, kunye neekhomishini zoburhulumente ziphawuleka. Umzekelo, inkqubo ye- yeMidicaid [ ixhaswa ngokumanyeneyo ngurhulumente wesizwe kunye namazwe, kunye nolawulo lorhulumente nolawulo lwesizwe. Urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente ukhuthaza inkqubo yokuphuhlisa inkqubo yezomthetho ngelixa ugcina imigangatho yesizwe.

Ubuzwe beFederalism

I-Fiscal urhulumente igxininisa kulwalamano lwemali phakathi koorhulumente .i-ofisi ezihlawulayo, ukufuduswa kwezee-odonga, kunye nezlawulo. Iingcamango ezingundoqo ziquka ukungalingani okuthe nkqo kwe-fiscal (xa elinye iqondo linyusa ingeniso eninzi kunaleyo ifunwayo ngexa elinye lingenayo imali) kunye nokungalingani okungalungelelaniyo kwemiqathango yemali [[FLT]] (iindawo ezikhoyo phakathi kwemimandla). Imali ezinika, izibonelelo, izithintelo, kunye nengeniso zisetyenziswa ukuphendula ezi zizinto zokunika ezikhoyo. I-Crevertical barvertial Office [FFFF]]

Ihlelo Elitsha Lomanyano Nendaleko

Ukususela ngo-1980, oorhulumente abaninzi bengingqi baye baguqula iimbopheleleko zabo bazibeka kumgangatho ophantsi, benciphisa ulawulo lukarhulumente nolwamagunya akhuthazayo kunye nophuhliso lwasekuhlaleni. Le ndlela idla ngokuquka inkxaso-mali ethintelayo (umz., uncedo lwexeshana kwiintsapho ezisweleyo) kunye nokubhetyebhetye-bhetye. Ngoxa ukukhutshwa kotshintsho kunakho ukuphucula impumelelo nokusabela, kwakhona kusemngciphekweni wokungalinganiswa ukuba amazwe atyebileyo anokunikela iinkonzo ezingcono kunalawo ahlwempuzekileyo.

Iingenelo Ezingundoqo Zonxibelelwano Olunamandla Lwamagunya

Xa ulwalamano lwamasebe lusebenza kakuhle, iingenelo ziba zininzi.

Ukuthunyelwa kwenkonzo ephuculiweyo

Umbutho uvumela oorhulumente ukuba babelane ngemisebenzi emihle baze baphephe ukupheliswa kwevili. Ngokomzekelo, amazwe amaninzi nezixeko zasebenzisa imithetho efanayo yokusabela kwezifo ezimandundu (iindawo, ikliniki zokugoma) esekelwe kukhokelo nolwazi loontanga, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuqengqelekeni ngokukhawuleza. Izivumelwano zokuthenga okudibeneyo zinganciphisa iindleko zezixhobo nezinto ezisetyenziswayo.

Utshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo

Umanyano lwezoburhulumente ludla ngokuvelisa izisombululo zokwakha. Umthetho ococekileyo woMkhosi woMkhosi woLawulo (III) uvumela amazwe ukuba acebe iindlela zawo zokuyila umgangatho womgangatho womoya, akhuthaza uphuhliso kulawulo lomoya. Ngokufanayo, uMthetho woMfundi ngamnye Wempumelelo (ESA) wanika ulungelelwaniso lokuyila iinkqubo zokuyila, ukhuthazo lwemibalo kumgangatho womgangatho womgangatho wesizwe, ukhuthaza ukuphuhlisa umgangatho wolawulo lwabafundi kunye nemigangatho yesikolo.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwedemokhrasi Ekwandisiweyo

Imigangatho emininzi karhulumente yenza iindawo ezininzi zokungena zommi odityanisiweyo. Iikhomishini zokucwangcisa, ukuva urhulumente, kunye namathuba okuphendula amaxwebhu esizwe avumela amazwi ahlukeneyo aphembelela inkqubo. Ii-intergategovernment forums ."ezifana neNgqungquthela yeSizwe yeSizwe okanye iNgqungquthela ye-U.S. yamaMayors ._inika ingxubusho yasekuhlaleni kumgangatho wesizwe.

Ukubuyela Ebunzimeni

Ulwalamano olusebenzayo phakathi koorhulumente lubonakala kakhulu ngexesha longxamiseko. I-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) isebenza ngokusondeleyo namasebe olawulo lwemeko kunye nabaphendula kuqala basekuhlaleni ngenkqubo yomyalelo edityanisiweyo. Ulwalamano lwangaphambili kunye nezivumelwano zoncedo (umz., i-Emergency Management Defective Confective Compation) yenza ukuba uququzelelo olukhawulezileyo ngaphaya kwemigca yombuso.

Iingxaki Nemiqobo

Phezu kwazo nje iinzuzo, ulwalamano lwezorhulumente luzaliswe ziingxaki. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kubalulekile ekuphuculeni ukulungelelana kwemibutho.

Imiqobo yonxibelelwano kunye nolungelelwaniso lolwazi

Imigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente isoloko isebenzisa amagama ahlukeneyo, iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi, kunye neefomati zokunikela ingxelo. Isebe lonyango lasekuhlaleni lingasenakuba nofikelelo lokwenene lwexesha kwisiseko sogcino-lwazi somguli, nto leyo ekhokelela ekulibaziseni. Ukudibanisa rhoqo unxibelelwano oludibeneyo kunye nemikhosi edibeneyo yomsebenzi kunye namaqonga ogcino-lwazi ahlukeneyo, kodwa kufuneka utyalo kunye nokholo.

Ukungqubana Kwezithethe Nezinto Eziza Kuqala

Umgangatho ngamnye karhulumente unempembelelo yakhe yezobupolitika kunye nentshukumisa yokhetho. Urhulumente angabeka inkqubela yezoqoqosho kukhuseleko lwemekobume, ukungqubana nemithetho karhulumente. EUnited States, iingxabano ngokuhlaliswa kwamandla anokuhlaziywa, ukugunyaziswa komsayini, kunye nokunyanzeliswa kolawulo lokufuduka zibonisa indlela inkqubo yokungquzulana kwemiqathango edala uxaniso. Ukhuthuzo lwemali lungawuphelisa umthetho, kodwa ludla ngokukhokelela kumadabi asemthethweni.

Izilondolozi Zikavimba

I-Fiscalism ibhenca ukungalingani okukhoyo. Abanye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanayo isiseko serhafu ukwenzela iinkonzo ezigunyazisiweyo, ngoxa abanye bephumelela. Imiyalelo engekho mthethweni. /apho urhulumente wesizwe okanye urhulumente ufuna isenzo ngaphandle kokunikela inkxaso-mali ephantsi.) Umzekelo, i-ID yenene imisela imigangatho emitsha kumazwe ngaphandle kokuhlawulelwa ngokupheleleyo kwemali karhulumente.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika

Kwixesha lolwahlulo lwabaququzeleli, ulwalamano lwamarhulumente lunokuba luxanduva. Abalawuli noosidolophu bamaqela ahlukeneyo bangachasa ngokuphandle iinkqubo zikarhulumente, banciphise intsebenziswano. Indyikitya yokufa ye-COVID-19 yabona ukungavisisani okubukhali ngemiyalelo yokufihla isigqubuthelo, ukutshixa, kunye neemfuno zemichiza, ibangela ukuba kungabikho ukusabela okumanyeneyo kwesizwe.

Ubuchule bolawulo obusemthethweni

Ulwenziwo lwemimiselo, imimiselo, kunye nezigwebo zenkundla ezilawula unxulumano lwamaburhulumente lunzima. Umzekelo, iCommerce Clause, i-Tenth Amement [, kunye iimfundiso zokukhululwa zenza isigcawu esisemthethweni esinebhombu. Amaziko olawulo lwabaphathi kufuneka aqhubele amaqela ahlukeneyo, ngokufuthi afuna izivumelwano ze-i-IGAS) ezifuna ukudibana ngexesha-ingxoxo.

Izifundo zetyala kwiiNdlela zoGunyaziso

Xa uhlolisisa imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene, ufumanisa ukuba le migaqo isebenza njani kwaye ingaphumelelanga.

Ukusabela kwe-FEMA nentlekele

I-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) mhlawumbi ngumzekelo ophambili womanyano lwezakhono. Xa kuvela intlekele enkulu. "njengeSiphepho uKatrina (2005) okanye iSitshingitshane uHarvey (2017).(FEMA ilungelelanisa nee-ofisi zolawulo lukaxakeka, ii-Fema, ii-Programates zobulali, kunye nemibutho yokuzithandela. USATAFford Act uMthetho wenkqubo elawula: icela isindululo somongameli sentlekele, emva kokuba i-FEMA inike uncedo lwemali, abasebenzi, kunye nezixhobo zokuzithandela. I-Post-Katrina igxininisa unxibelelwano olungcono kunye nophuhlisoolawulo lwangaphambili koovimba bolawulo. I-201717171717, uphuhliso lwexesha lovavanyo lwe-thumelo lwe-onyaka lwasekuhlaleni.

Inkqubo yezonyango neyoMgaqo-nkqubo

IMedicaid, exhaswe ngokumanyeneyo ngurhulumente kunye namazwe, yinkqubo ye-quintessial phakathi korhulumente. Urhulumente umisela imilinganiselo encinci elungele ukusetyenziswa kwemali kwaye uhambisana nenkcitho yombuso esukela kuma-50% ukuya ku-8%% (kusekelwe kwingeniso yorhulumente ngomndilili). Amazwe anobugocigocigoci obuninzi ekuyilweni nasekunyanzelweni kwenkqubo. [[FLT: 0]] Umthetho wendlela engenakulinganiswa yi-mali othe ngqo, [ACA:1] othe wandisa iMidis evumela ukuba asebenzise iimodeli zokuhambisa iimodensi, ezilolo hlobo zihambelana, njengovavanyo lwezimfuneko zomsebenzi okanye ulawulo. Olu manyano luye lwanceda ukunikezelwa kwee-Melika ezizigidi ezingama-Australia, kodwa ulwahlunga lwe-ozwe-ozwe lwenze ii-osizwano-osipalamente eziqhubekayo kwiimeko ezitheneentlobo eziqhubekayo.

Izithuthi zamazwe angaphandle kunye nezibonelelo

Inkqubo yelizwe ephakamileyo Inkqubo yeNdlela yeNdlela ePhakamileyo yeNtlanganiso yeNtshona kunye nenkqubo yeNdlela ePhakamileyo yoNyaka] zimveliso zentsebenziswano yezoburhulumente. Urhulumente unika inkxaso yemali (ngokuyintloko kwiNgxongo-mali yeNkxaso Yolawulo Yendlela Ephakamileyo), umisela imilinganiselo yezoyilo, kwaye uyavumelana nezicwangciso zikarhulumente. Isebe lezothutho (TS) lezothutho (T) lilawula ukwakhiwa nokugcinwa, ngokufuthi lifumanana namaziko asekuhlaleni ukwenzela imisebenzi ethile ekhethekileyo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, [[FLT] i-INT] ibandakanya iindleko zokuziko-mali kunye nomsebenzi (201).[FLT.2] Imali edityalwe iindlela, iibhulobhungane, kunye nezinye iiprojekthi ezifuna ukusetyenziswa kwemiqatha, kunye nee-enzamentubetho, kunye neemeko zobugrorhorhorhorho.

Imfundo: Imigangatho elungelelanisiweyo, ukuthotyelwa kukaRhulumente

Imfundo kwi-U.S. ngokuyintloko ngumthetho kunye noxanduva lwasekuhlaleni, kodwa urhulumente wesizwe uphembelela inkqubo ngokuxhasa ngemali enxulumene neemeko. UMthetho we-Elementi nowokuSeconda Emfundo , ogunyazisiweyo ngokuyintloko, ngokusemthethweni [[FLT:] Akukho mntwana Oshiyekileyo eBalect (2001][2001]]] kwaye ngoko uMfundi ngamnye uphumelele kuMthetho (2015), ufuna ukuvavanya nokunika ingxelo yolwazi. . ISAPROG) umva uthetha ukuba ulungele ukuphendula kwiinkqubo zokwenziwa komsebenzi. Umzekelo, njengoKhalifoni kunye nowe-Tennessesseesseeves, ukwamkela iindlela ezahlukeneyo lokulinganisela isikolo, ukusukela kwi-Afreevector, kunye nokuvavanisa i-Fognet, kunye nokuvavanyanisa ulawulo oluphambili, ulawulo oluthe lwe-Geneverse-A.

Ubuchule bokomeleza ulwalamano lwezibonelelo

Xa kuqwalaselwa ucelomngeni, ngawaphi amanyathelo anokuphucula intsebenziswano nokunciphisa ukukhuhlana? Abaphandi noogqirha bancomela ezi ndlela zilandelayo.

Yakha Iziqhagamshelanisi Zonxibelelwano Eziqhelekileyo

Uthungelwano oluqhelekileyo kunye nolungacwangciswanga phakathi kwamagosa kuwo onke amanqanaba akha ukuthembana kunye nokuhamba kolwazi. Imizekelo iquka i- National Association of Coualies (NACO), eququzelela iingqungquthela zonyaka kunye nenkqubo yokushwankathela, kunye Council karhulumente woorhulumente [, enceda iintlanganiso ezidityanisiweyo rhoqo. [umbutho worhulumente-ongqungquthela], amabhunga aphezulu) angasombulula imilo.

Sebenzisa Izivumelwano Zoburhulumente Ezincedisanayo (IGAS)

I-IGAs zizivumelwano ezisesikweni ezichaza iindima, iimbopheleleko, kunye nenkxaso-mali ukwenzela imisebenzi edityanisiweyo. Zisuka kwiisivumelwano ezilula zoncedo olunye ukuya kwii-accom zengingqi ezintsonkothileyo zothutho okanye zolawulo lwamanzi. I-Emergincy Management Againtion Compactive (EMAC) iyimodeli: ivumela iimeko ukucela izinto ezivela kwamanye amazwe ngexesha lentlekele ngokhuseleko olusemthethweni kunye nemali ehlawulelwayo. I-GAS inceda ukucacisa iimfanelo nokuphepha ukungaqondani.

Ukuveliswa kwengeniso kugcino-lwazi olwahlukeneyo kunye nobugcisa

Iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi ezidityanisiweyo zinceda oorhulumente ukuba bafumane iziphumo, baphawule izithuba, kunye neenkonzo zokulungelelanisa. Umzekelo, iSebe lezeMpilo nezoBuntu lixhasa urhulumente kunye nentlawulo yolwazi lwempilo yobulali ukwabelana ngogcino-lwazi lomguli ngaphaya kwemithetho. Iqonga elisekelwe ngamafu lingaphucula ukubonakala ekunikezeleni ulawulo. Noko ke, imicimbi yangasese kunye neenkqubo ezisemgangathweni zisemgaqweni.

Uqeqesho oludityanisiweyo nolwakhiwo lweziphakamiso

Cross-level training programs help officials understand each other's constraints and procedures. FEMA’s National Incident Management System (NIMS) requires standardized training for all emergency responders, regardless of jurisdiction. Similarly, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) offers workshops to help states implement federal regulations. Investment in local government capacity, especially in rural areas, reduces dependency and improves readiness.

Ukukhuthaza ucwangciso oluluntlukwano

Ukuhlanganisa onke amanqanaba asekuqaleni koyilo lwenkqubo kuthintela ukuhla komsinga. Imodeli yebhodi yokulungiselela [[FLT: 1] esetyenziswa kwimibutho yocwangciso lwezixeko (MPOs), ifuna urhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nabameli basekuhlaleni ukuphuhlisa izicwangciso ezidityanisiweyo. Iinkqubo zolwakhiwo zakha ubunikazi kunye nezinto eziphambili.

Ulwalamano Olumanyumnyezi

Ukuthetha ngokungalingani okuthe nkqo nokuthe tyaba kunganciphisa uxinzelelo lwemali. Iinguqu ezinokwenzeka ziquka ukunikezela iindlela zokunika iziphumo zokutyala ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye notshintsho lwabemi, ukunciphisa imiyalelo engakhange ichazwe, nokunika utshintsho oluthe vetshe ngezipho zezithintelo. Abanye abaxhasi babiza [ isixokelelwano sokulingana esifana neseKhanada, apho amaphondo atyebileyo adlulisela imali kwabahlwempu ukuqinisekisa iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke ezilinganayo.

Ikamva Lolwalamano Lwamagunya Oorhulumente

Iziganeko eziliqela eziya kubakho ziya kuyibumba indlela oorhulumente abasebenzisana ngayo kula mashumi eminyaka azayo.

Urhulumente wamanani kunye noncedo

Amanyathelo karhulumente akwenza kube lula ukuba abameli babelane ngogcino-lwazi nokunikela iinkonzo ezingenamthungo. Imigaqo "Kingethuba linye" ivumela abemi ukuba bangenise ulwazi kanye, kwaye oorhulumente bayabelana ngalo njengoko kuyimfuneko (umz., ukubuyiselwa kwerhafu okanye ukuhlaziywa kwelayisensi yomqhubi). Noko ke, ukhuseleko lwezibonelelo lwezibonelelo zekhompyutha kunye nemigaqo ye-mfihlo kufuneka zilungelelane ngononophelo lwezibonelelo lwaburhulumente.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nolawulo Lokusingqongileyo

Utshintsho kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu kufuna ukuba kwenziwe kuwo onke amanqanaba. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bazalisekisa imigaqo yokwakha kunye nokuhlala; amajelo amisela imilinganiselo ehlaziyekayo yolwakhiwo; amasebe karhulumente alawula ukukhutshwa komoya kunye neeprojekthi zokuxhasa inkxaso-mali. Amacandelo amatsha eekomkhulu afana ne U.S. Umanyano lwemozulu[ lwamazwe azinikele kwiinjongo ze-Paris projectives] ukwandisa indlela enokuthi izixhobo ezingaphantsi kwezizwe ngezixhobo zikhokelele ngayo xa izenzo zohlanga zingaphumeleli.

Intsebenziswano yengingqi neyeMetropolitan

Imingeni emininzi — ukurhweba, ukufuduka, ukufumaneka kwezindlu, umgangatho womoya .Ayiwuhloneli imida yezopolitiko. Imibutho yocwangciso lweMetropolitan, amabhunga engingqi karhulumente, kunye nezivumelwano ezingaphakathi kwelizwe ziyakhula ngokubaluleka. Iregional Greenhouse Gas Initive (RGI) phakathi kwamazwe asemntla-mpuma ibonisa indlela oorhulumente abaninzi abanokusebenzisana ngayo kwinkqubo yokusingqongileyo esekelwe kumashishini.

Unxulumano lwehlabathi lonke

Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe, enjenge ECD kunye [[FTL:2] Ibhanki yomhlaba [, ifunda kwaye ikhuthaza ulawulo lwemigangatho emininzi. [ECD] umsebenzi wolawulo olunemigangatho emininzi [ inika amaziko avavanya iinkqubo zayo ze-opulani. Umzekelo wokufunda kwesizwe solawulo olukwindawo-indawo ebanzi. /ukudibanisa amaphondo ase-Australia, indlela amaphondo ase-Australia alungelelanisa ngayo ulawulo lwezempilo, .

Isiphelo

Ulwalamano lwezoburhulumente luzinyama ezidibanisa iinkqubo ze-othom. Ukusuka ekutshintsheni okungokwembali ukusuka kwimithetho-siseko engqubanayo ukuya kulawulo lwentsebenziswano lwezi nkonzo ukuya kubuchule bezi mini bokulawula kwemichiza kunye nemozulu, ukukwazi kwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente ukunxibelelana, ukwabelana ngoovimba, kunye nemigaqo elungelelanisiweyo zibalulekile ukuze ulawulo lukarhulumente luphumelele. Ngoxa iingxaki ezifana nokudityaniswa kwezobupolitika, ukudityaniswa kwezibonelelo, kunye nokungavisisani okukhoyo kuyaqhubeka, ziyaqhubeka, iindlela eziqinisekisiweyo, uqeqesho logcino-data, kunye nocwangciso olusebenzisanayo lokulawula okunamandla, okunamandla okunamandla.