Ukwazisa: Umgangatho Ophambili Wokhuseleko Lokutya

Ukutya okuninzi kudlula ngetsheyina elintsonkothileyo elisuka kwiifama nakwiziko lokuloba ukuya kushishino lokulungisa iifama, amaziko okusasaza, kunye nezibhengezo ezithengiselwayo. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukutya okukwelo cangci kukhuselekile, kucocekile, kwaye kuphawulwe kakuhle kufuna inkqubo yolawulo olunamandla nolwamkelekileyo. Embindini waloo nkqubo kukumasebe okulawulayo kwezolimo kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke. Ngelixesha amaqumrhu amaziko alawulayo amisela imigangatho yesizwe neyoburhulumente yezoshishino, u-othematilo, amisela i-othematilo-mastiastiki, ajonge ukuba ukutya nokuphatha okuninzi kokhuseleko, kunye nomgangatho wokusebenza komgangatho woluntu, kunye noncedo lokuqala lokuxhasa ukutya, kunye nokuxhasa intengoothelekelelo-othe yoluntu, kunye nokuxhasa intengo.

Indima yamasebe karhulumente iyanda kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje njengoko imveliso yokutya ikhula ikhula, iintsholongwane ezintsha zivela, kwaye abathengi balindele ukwanda kokubonakala. Eli nqaku lihlola indlela amasebe karhulumente afeza ngayo umsebenzi wawo .ukusuka kuhlolo oluqhelekileyo nokunyanzelelwa kwemfundo yoluntu nokusebenza kunye namaqabane karhulumente, kwaye ihlola iingxaki ajamelana nazo kumhlaba ohlala ujikeleza.

Iimbopheleleko zeSebe loKhuseleko lokuSetyenziswa kokutya kweLizwe

Amasebe karhulumente asebenza phantsi kolawulo lwesebe lezempilo yesizwe, isebe lezolimo, okanye umbutho odityanisiweyo. Igunya lawo lisuka kwimithetho karhulumente nakwimithetho yokulawula ukutya, emininzi yayo efuziselwe emva kwe- Ikhowudi yoKutya ye-FDA . La masebe asebenza ngemiqathango ebanzi equka wonke umsebenzi oquka ukuveliswa kokudla kunye ne-aventiment.

Ukubhaliswa nokubhaliswa

Phambi kokuba isibonelelo sokutya sisebenze, kufuneka sifumane imvume okanye ukubhaliswa kwegunya elifanelekileyo lesizwe. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba amashishini ahlangabezana neemfuno zokhuseleko ezincinane ngaphambi kokuba aqalise ukuphatha ukutya. Amasebe karhulumente alawula ezi zicwangciso zokubhalisa, ahlole amalungiselelo amatsha, kwaye agcine ii-database ezinceda ukuthobela imbali. Isigaba sokugcina irekhodi sidla ngokuba lithuba lokuqala lokuba abahloli bafundise abasebenzi ngeembopheleleko zabo phantsi korhulumente nomthetho worhulumente.

I-Routine kunye nohlolo olusekelwe kwingozi

Uhlolo lusahlala lulilitye leenkqubo zokhuseleko lokutya kukarhulumente. Abahloli batyelela iivenkile zokutyela, izitore zokutya, izitya zokulungisa ukutya, iindawo zokugcina impahla, kunye namagumbi okuphekela ukuze bavavanye iimeko kunye noqheliselo. Bakhangela ulawulo lobushushu obufanelekileyo, ukuthintelwa komsantsa onqamlezayo, ukungangeni komphambili, ukusetyenziswa kwezitishi zokuhlamba izandla, abaphathi bezifo, kunye neendawo zokucoca indle. Ngoku uninzi lwamazwe lusebenzisa imibambo esekelwe kwimingcipheko ephezulu yemingcipheko-ro, efana nabo basebenza phantsi kwe-scricket-.

Ngexesha lohlolo, iingcali zempilo engokwasebumeni zikwaqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi banoqeqesho olufanelekileyo kwaye iinkqubo zokuphatha ukutya zikhona. Baqokelela iisampuli zohlalutyo lwelebhu xa kuyimfuneko, bekhangela ii-patroges njenge Salmonella, Literaliumyonytogenes , okanye E.[FLT] O15:7]. Uhlolo lubhaliwe kwiingxelo zohlolo, eziye zanditshwayo zifumaneka kuwonke wonke umntu ekukhuthazeni ukubonakala nokuthengisa.

Ukunyanzeliswa Nezenzo Zokulungiswa

Xa kufunyaniswa ukwaphulwa komthetho, amasebe karhulumente anezixhobo ezininzi zokuqinisekisa ukuba kukho abasebenzi abanokuzisebenzisa. Kwimiba emincinane, abahloli bakhupha isaziso sokwaphulwa komthetho kwaye bafuna ukulungiswa kwifreyimu ethile yexesha elithile. Ingxaki enzulu kakhulu . "ezifana nokusetyenziswa kwezinambuzane eziyingozi, ukunqongophala kwamanzi acocekileyo, okanye ubungqina bokugula okubangelwa kukutya, bungakhokelela ekuvalweni kwesi siko. Abaphuli-mthetho bangajongana nentlawulo oluhle, oluvaliweyo, okanye ukurhoxiweyo kwelayiselwa. Amasebe karhulumente nawo anegunya lokuthabatha nokutshabalalisa imveliso yokutya engcolileyo. Ezi zenzo zoqeqesho azinazo ezo zinto zibangela ukuba zingabi namcimbi ngenxa yezo ezo zinto; zenzelwe ukukhusela ukungonwa kokungakhuseleka ukutya ekufikeleleni kwabasebenzi nokukhuthaza ukuthobela okuhlala ixesha.

Ngapha koko, amasebe amaninzi karhulumente anikela uncedo lokuzithandela. Anikela amaxwebhu okhokelo, aqhuba iiverhe zoqeqesho, kunye nolwabelo lokunxibelelana ukuze kuncedwe amashishini aqonde kwaye afikelele iimfuno zolawulo. Le ndlela yokufikelela-kudityaniswa kwe-(ukunyanzela) kunye nemfundo ibonise ukuba iyasebenza ngakumbi kunalo lonke ucwangciso.

Uphando Nentsabelo Engalawulekiyo

Xa kuxelwa izintlu zokugula okubangelwa kukutya, amasebe karhulumente ngalawo okuqala ukuphendula. Iingcali zezifo zilandelela abantu abagulayo emva kokuchanabeka okuqhelekileyo, ngelixesha iingcali zemeko-bume zisenza uphando lokungalawuleki kwizakhiwo zokutya nakubathengisi. Iirejitali zezempilo zikarhulumente zivavanya amaza e-artry kunye neesampuli zokutya ukuze zikwazi ukufanisa ipatropile kwaye zithelekise nayo. Lo msebenzi usoloko wenziwe ngokunxibelelana okusondeleyo Centers for Diseasease Control and Prevention (CDC)[FLTY:1] kunye ne-NAT] njengenxalenye ye-RDATY ye-ODhoverbet Surveillance Surveillance Sy Sy.

Uphando lomgangatho wesiqhambuzelo selizwe luzizinto ezixhobisayo zempilo kawonke-wonke. Zifuna ukuthunyelwa ngokukhawuleza, unxibelelwano olukhawulezileyo, namandla okubuza abaguli kunye novavanyo lweengxelo phantsi koxinzelelo. Izifundo ezifundwe kwisiqalo ngasinye sokwazisa iinguqu kwimimiselo kunye nemisebenzi yoshishino, zinceda ekuthinteleni iziganeko zexesha elizayo.

Isalathisi soLawulo kunye noHlahlo-nkqubo

Amasebe okhuseleko lokutya akasebenzi ngokwahlukileyo. Inkqubo yokulungiselela ukutya yase-U.S. ingumthetho wokusebenza kunye, nomgangatho ngamnye karhulumente owenza indima eyahlukileyo. Amasebe asebenza ngomanyano amisela imilinganiselo efanayo yokutya okuveliswa kwiintambo zikarhulumente nakwiimveliso ezivela kwamanye amazwe. Amazwe anegunya lokulawula ukutya okuveliswayo nokuthengiswa emideni yawo, kwakunye nokuthengiswa kokutya. Noko ke, umda awuqinile; izivumelwano zentsebenziswano zivumela abathunywa besizwe ukuba bahlolwe kunye nabameli besizwe.

Phantsi koMthetho weFDA we-FDA we-FFOF we-Food Safety Safety Modernity Act (FSMA), umazwe anikwe iimbopheleleko ezintsha zokuhlola iifama kunye nezibonelelo zokutya ezibhaliswe ngeFDA. FSMA ikwagunyazisa ukusekwa kwendlela yesizwe eHlabathiweyo yoKhuseleko lweFood, exhomekeke kumazwe ukwenza icandelo elibalulekileyo lohlolo lwasekhaya. Ukuxhasa oku, i-FMPI inika inkxaso, uqeqesho, kunye neenkqubo ezisesikweni ukuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki ngaphaya kwemithetho.

Ngokufanayo, iUSDA FSIS isebenzisa inkqubo yohlolo lwenyama, inkukhu, kunye neemveliso zamaqanda aqhetyiweyo, kodwa amazwe amaninzi aneenkqubo zawo zokuhlola inyama ukwenzela imisebenzi emincinane okanye yesiko. Ezi nkqubo zikarhulumente kufuneka “zilingana no-"imigangatho karhulumente, kunye nabaqwalaseli be-USDA ngamaxesha athile bazihlola ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyathobela.

Ulwabelano lolwazi phakathi kukarhulumente norhulumente luye lwakhuliswa kakhulu ngamaqonga anjenge i-FOTSHIELD uthungelwano lwe-FDA olukwingxelo yoKhuselo lweRegistry. Unxibelelwano lwe Rapid ngexesha lokuqhambuka kwengqungquthela, ukuqapha izilumkiso, kunye nokucofa okudibeneyo okukhutshwayo kunezisongelo phambi kokuba zande kakhulu. Le nkqubo ye-FDAPFRA yendlela yokhuseleko lokutya, kodwa ikwabeka nomthwalo onzima kumaziko esizwe ukuze agcine amandla omsebenzi kwaye agcine iimfuno ze-evo zomthetho-ovelvector.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokubuyiselwa kwinkqubo zokuhlola urhulumente

Amasebe karhulumente aya amkela ubugcisa obuya busanda ukuphucula ubuchule kunye nempumelelo yemisebenzi yawo yokukhusela ukutya. Abameli abaninzi baye bafuduka ukusuka kwiifomu zohlolo ezisekelwe kumaphepha baye kwiplagi ye-elektroniki, bevumela abahloli ukuba bafumane ugcino-lwazi kwi-oyile kwaye bafake iingxelo ngexesha lokwenene. Oku akunciphisi nje kuphela ulawulo oluphezulu kodwa kubangela ukuba uhlalutyo olukhawulezileyo lwemeko kwiingingqi nakwiindawo.

Izixhobo zokuxela kwangaphambili ezinjenge FDA's [FFLT:0] ezisekelwe kwiNkxaso yoMngcipheko osekelwe kwiNkqutyana eNgenisiweyo eHlolwayo (PREDICT) indlela yenkqubo, iyalungiselelwa ukusetyenziswa kwasekhaya. Amanye amazwe azama ukufunda umatshini ochaza iziphumo zembali, ugcino-lwazi, kunye noxanduva lwamanani okwaziyo ukufumanisa amaziko anokuba ayaphulwa. Le data-exhoba linceda ukunikezela ngoovimba bokuhlolwa abambalwa bemisebenzi ye-risk ephezulu.

Ezinye inkqubela zobugcisa ziquka ukusetyenziswa kokujonga ividiyo ekude kwiinkqubo ezithile, iinkqubo zokulandela ezisekelwe kwiziqobo zokubonelela ngetsheyina lokunika, kunye nee-apps ezihambayo ezivumela abathengi babonise iziphumo zohlolo kunye nengxelo yenkxalabo ngqo kubalawuli. Umzekelo, amazwe amaninzi ngoku anika iinkcazelo ezisemgangathweni we-intanethi apho uluntu lungafumana iziphumo zokuhlola iivenkile kunye nabathengi bokutya kwakutshanje.

Inzululwazi yelebhu ikwangenelwe kulwakhiwo olutsha. Iinkqubo zokulandelelana zeDNA ezichukumisiweyo kunye namayeza okuvavanya ngokukhawuleza enza ukuba ii-laboratori zikarhulumente zikwazi ukubona iintsholongwane ngeeyure kunokuba zithathe iintsuku, zikhawulezise ukuphanda ngesifo. Zonke ii-genenoms sequencing (WGS) ngoku zingumgangatho wegolide wokufumana ii-arts zokukhetha ukutya okufanayo, kwaye iibhetri zoluntu zinegalelo eliphambili kwinethwekhitha ye-CDC yesizwe.

Uqeqesho nophuhliso lombane

Imisebenzi eqeqeshiweyo ibalulekile ukuze ikwazi ukuphatha ukutya ngendlela ephumelelayo. Amasebe karhulumente anikela kakhulu ekuphuhlisweni kobugcisa babahloli, iingcali zempilo, kunye nabasebenzi belebhureji. Amasebe amaninzi afuna abahloli ukufumana isiqinisekiso phantsi kwe umgangatho weFDA we-Foood Safety Inspection nokugqiba imfundo eqhubekayo yonyaka kwimixholo efana nokuvela kwemichiza, ulawulo lwe-allergen, kunye nohlahlolo lwakutshanje.

Ukongeza kuqeqesho lwabasebenzi, amasebe karhulumente avelisa nokunika iinkqubo zoqeqesho kushishino lokutya. Amaphondo amaninzi afuna izibonelelo zokutya ukuze abe nomphathi wokutya oqinisekisiweyo kubasebenzi. Ezi ziqinisekiso zidla ngokufunyanwa ngocwangciso olugunyazisiweyo, kunye neeklasi ezidla ngokufundiswa okanye ezivunywa lisebe lezempilo lesizwe. Kwakhona amasebe anikela iinkqubo zoqeqesho lwamatsha - ntliziyo kubasebenzi bokutya okuhlala ekhaya, abathengisa, kunye neeyunithi zokutya okuhamba, ukunceda abarhwebi abancinane abasebenzisana nomthetho wokhuseleko ngoxa begcina amashishini abo ephila.

Uphuhliso lonyanzelo lomsebenzi ludlulela ngaphaya kobuchule bobugcisa. Ngokuqhubekayo, amaqumrhu karhulumente ajolise kunxibelelwano nakukhuphiswano lwenkcubeko ukuze ancede abantu abahlukeneyo. Abahloli abanokucacisa iimfuno zeSpanish, zamaTshayina, okanye amaVietnam, ngokomzekelo, banokuvelisa ukuthembana nokuphucula ukuthobelana koluntu apho isiNgesi singelolwimi lokuqala. Ukwakha umbhobho weingcali ezintsha zokhuseleko lokutya ngezixhobo kunye nee-yunivesithi yenye into ephambili, enikwa ukwaluphala kwabasebenzi bokuhlolwa ngoku.

Imfundo Kawonke-wonke Nongenelelo

Amasebe karhulumente ayazi ukuba ukhuseleko lokutya asiyombopheleleko karhulumente noshishino.

Imixholo yokufundisa yabathengi eqhelekileyo iquka imigaqo ye-“Nqanawa ye-BAC!” `Icocekile, Yohlukene, Cook, neChill(ikhokelo lokuphepha ukutya okuyingozi ngexesha lokukhulelwa, ukuqonda iilebhile zomhla wokutya, kunye nobuchule bokuhlamba izandla ezifanelekileyo. Amasebe karhulumente asasaza ulwazi ngexesha le-Foood Safety Education Month (Stember) kunye neqabane lezikolo ukudibanisa ukhuseleko lokutya kwizifundo zempilo.

Ngexesha lenkumbulo okanye lokuqhambuka, amasebe karhulumente asoloko eyimvelaphi ethembekileyo kawonke-wonke yokuguqukela kulwazi olufikela kwixesha. Ashicilela ukhupho, ahlaziye iiwebhsayithi zawo, kwaye maxa wambi amise imitya eshushu ukuphendula imibuzo yabathengi. Unxibelelwano lukawonke-wonke olunempumelelo aluncedi abantu bazikhusele kuphela kodwa lunciphisa amathuba okuphaphazanyiswa okanye ukusasazwa kwenkcazelo ephosakeleyo.

Ngaphandle kokukhutshwa kwesithethe, amanye amazwe aye asungula iinkqubo ezintsha ezifana “neeroli zokutya”, izilumkiso zemveliso yokubhala kunye neemodyuli ezikhutshwa ngekhompyutha ezilungiselelwe abasebenzi abaqeqeshi besikolo. Ezi ndlela zidibana noluntu apho zikhona kwaye zenza ulwazi lokukhuseleka kokutya lufikeleleke ngakumbi kwaye lube negalelo.

Iingxaki Zokujamelana Neziko Lokutya KukaRhulumente

Phezu kwako nje ukuzahlulela nokuchwephesha kwawo, amasebe karhulumente ajongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo esongela amandla awo okugcina imilinganiselo ephezulu yokhuseleko lokutya. Olona celomngeni luzinzileyo yinkxaso-mali. Uqingqo-mali oluninzi lokhuseleko lokutya alugcinanga isantya sokunyuka kwexabiso lemali okanye ukwanda kwabemi. Oku kukhokelela ekunqongopheleni okungapheliyo kwabasebenzi bohlolo, amandla elebhu, kunye nezibonelelo zoqeqesho. Amanye amazwe aye anyanzeleka ukuba anciphise ubuninzi bohlolo, axhomekeke kakhulu ekungeneni ngokukhalazela okanye ekubekeni engozini.

Ukunqongophala komsebenzi kubangelwa bubunzima ekufumaneni nasekugcineni izifundiswa ezifanelekileyo. Umsebenzi womhloli wokhuseleko lokutya ufuna amandla emzimbeni, ufuna ulwazi oluninzi lobugcisa, kwaye ngokufuthi ubandakanya iingokuhlwa okanye iimpelaveki ukulungiselela ucwangciso lweziko. Okwangoku, imisebenzi yamalungu omgangatho wokuqinisekisa ukuqina kunye nolawulo lokukhusela ukutya inganika intlawulo ephezulu neyure ezithelekelelwayo. Ngenxa yoko, amaziko karhulumente asebenza rhoqo ngezithuba, ukwandisa umthamo wemisebenzi kubasebenzi abaseleyo kunye negalelo lokudinwa.

Olunye ucelomngeni kukuntsonkotha okukhulayo kwenkqubo yokutya. Iindlela ezintsha zokuvelisa ukutya ```njenge hydropinic', iproteni ekhuliswe yiseli, kunye nokunikezelwa kokutya nge-intanethi kuphela] zazingekho xa kubhalwa ikhowudi yokutya karhulumente. Abalawuli kufuneka bachaze imithetho ekhoyo ukufanelana neemeko ezintsha, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kokhokelo olucacileyo lukarhulumente. Unyuko lwentengiso ngqo kurhwebo lwamafama kunye noshishino oluxhaswa ngamaqela esizwe lukwadibaniselanisa umgca phakathi kwentengiso nembutho, ukuphakamisa imibuzo yemithetho.

Ekugqibeleni, utshintsho lwemozulu lungenisa umngcipheko omtsha wokhuseleko lokutya oqalayo amasebe karhulumente ukuzamana. Iqondo lobushushu lomsinga linceda ukukhula kwemiphunga efana [[FLT: 0]] ivabrio kwi-shellfish, ngelixesha iziganeko zemozulu ezigqithisileyo zinokusoyisa unyango lwamanzi kwaye zingcolise izitya. Izicwangciso zikarhulumente zokuzilungiselela mazizenzeke ukucombulula ezi zisongelo zivelayo.

Iindlela Nezindululo Zexesha Elizayo

Eqonda ucelomngeni olungaphambili, amasebe karhulumente afuna iindlela ezininzi zokwenza iinkqubo zawo zokutya zibe zezi mini. Amaninzi axhasa ukunyuka nokuzinziswa kwemali evela kuzo zombini iindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe kunye neenkqubo ezinika iinkqubo. Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) kunye [[FLT:] ne[FLT] ye-FLT] FDA[FLT]] zombini ezithathe inyathelo zokuxhasa ubuchule bombuso, kuquka i-Cotiventiventivential Programss [[FLT:]] kunye ne[FLT] ye-ANultiyomential systyomes [FF]]

Kulwazi lobugcisa, ukusetyenziswa kobuchule obungakhawuleza kuncede ulawulo apho uphazamiso lunokwenzeka khona, nangaphambi kokuba izikhalazo zibekwe. Iinkqubo ze-cellings ezivumela uvavanyo olukude /octus bungavumela ukubonakala kwento ngexesha lokuqhambuka. Ukuchaza amandla obulula obungasetyenziswayo kunceda ulawulo apho uphazamiso lungagcinwa khona.

Amasebe karhulumente akwafakela utyalo kwinzululwazi ye- ukuhambisa isantya nokutya okunonobumba. Umzekelo, asebenzisana neeyunivesithi ukuphanda ngeengozi zemicrobian enxulumene nenyama esekelwe kwizityalo, itshizi yobisi oluluhlaza, kunye nemveliso yecannabis. Iziphumo zogcino-lwazi zinceda ekuchazeni izigqibo zenkqubo esekelwe kwimigaqo-nkqubo.

Olunye ulwalathiso oluthembisayo lukukudibanisa ukhuseleko lokutya kunye namanyathelo kawonke-wonke empilo. Amanye amazwe adibanisa uhlolo lokutya neengxelo zoncedo longxamiseko ukuze afumane iimpawu zokuqala zemikrozo yokugula, okanye asebenzisane neenkqubo zomgangatho wamanzi ukucombulula ukungcoliswa kokusingqongileyo okuchaphazela imithombo yokutya. Le “Enye mpilo" iyakuqaphela ukudityaniswa kwabantu, izilwanyana, kunye nempilo engqongileyo.

Ekugqibeleni, amanqaku agxininisa ukubaluleka ko kokungalingani nokungahambelani nokhuseleko lokutya. Ukujonga ukuba oosomashishini abaphambukeli, abalimi basemaphandleni, kunye nabantu abafumana imali encinane bayakwazi ukufumana ulwazi kunye nobuncwane obuninzi. Izinto ezifumaneka ngokukhula. Iiyunithi zolwimi, iiyunithi zohlolo, kunye nentsebenziswano nemibutho esekelwe kuluntu zinceda amabhulorho.

Isiphelo: Ukukhusela Uluntu, Uvavanyo Olunye Ngexesha

Indima yamasebe karhulumente ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko lokutya nokuhlola ayinakuchazwa ngokugqithisileyo. Ngamehlo, iindlebe, kunye nezandla zenkqubo yokukhusela ukutya yesizwe. Ngokuxhasa ukhuseleko lokutya, uhlolo, ukunyanzelisa, ukusabela okuqhaqhazelisiweyo, imfundo kawonke-wonke, kunye nokuqhubekeka kophuhliso, la masebe asebenza ngokungakhathali ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukutya esikutyayo kukhuselekile. Noko ke, imfuno yazo iyakhula, ngoxa ubuncwane bengekho. Ukuxhasa iminyango yokuzikhusela ukutya kwelizwe (*) ngenkxaso eyaneleyo, izixhobo zangoku, kunye nentsebenzi eqinileyo yokuthobela imithetho yolawulo; ayingombandela nje wokuzikonganyanzeli ekutyeni kwempilo kawonke-wonke kunye nokusebenza kwezoqoqosho. Njengoko inkqubo yokutya iqhubeka isenza inkqubela, ukuzinikela kwemo yesebe lokusebenza ngokuzigcina zihleli, ukuqinisekisa oko kukhusele nokuzinziwa kwimali ephambili kwisidlo ngasinye.