Inkqubo yamanzi eUnited States ingumgaqo-nkqubo entsonkothileyo noweentlobo-ntlobo zesebe elidibanisa amaqumrhu amaninzi azimeleyo. Ukusebenzisana okunempumelelo phakathi kwaba bameli kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukulawulwa okuzinzileyo kobuncwane bamanzi belizwe, okusekelwe kuyo yonke into ukusuka kwimpilo yoluntu kunye nolimo ukuya kwimveliso yamandla kunye nemekobume. Indima karhulumente worhulumente iqhubeke ngaphezu kwenkulungwane, ibunjwe ngumthetho obalulekileyo, iimfazwe, imbalela, izikhukula, kunye neengcinezelo ezikhulayo kwimozulu. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ulawulo olungundoqo lwesizwe olubandakanye nemigaqo-ogxampyutha, indlela abadibana ngayo, ubuchule kunye nocelomngeni abajamelana nazo, nendlela ephambili yokuphatha amanzi.

Ingxamiseko engundoqo ebandakanyekileyo kumgaqo-nkqubo wamanzi

Ulawulo lwamanzi lwamaqumrhu alawula ummandla wamanzi luquka amaqumrhu alishumi elinambini okanye ngaphezulu, ngalinye elineenkonzo ezicacileyo. Ezona ziphambili yi-Ndevironmental Protection Agency (EPA), i-US.G.Genometers Survey (USGS), i-US.S. Army Corps of Engineterers (USACE), kunye neSebe le-Bungameli le-Reclation. Noko ke, amanye amaqumrhu anjenge-National Oceanic kunye ne-Atmospheric Adminic Adminic Agency (NOA), iSebe le-US (USDA), iSebe loLawulo lwe-APrefemiliance (FM), i-ADS) idlala imisebenzi engundoqo e-UTrence. Ukuqonda umgangatho ngamnye wolawulo lwamanzi (FS)

I-arhente yoKhuselo lokusingqongileyo (EPA)

I-EPA yi-oyile ingumsebenzi oyintloko wokhuseleko lomgangatho wamanzi. Phantsi koMthetho wamanzi ococekileyo [[FT:1] ka1972 noMthetho wokuNxulumanisa amanzi [ ka 1974, i-EPA imisela umgangatho wesizwe wongcoliso kumanzi angaphezulu nakumanzi okuselwa, ivumela ukukhulula okudlula kwiSizwe iDevicensiedition System (NDE), kwaye ijonge iinkqubo zokuvelisa i-DS. Umbutho unika i-empepho yamanzi. [FFFOM] [FFOL:] [10] [unyaka othelelweyonke] [unyaka], kunye noMmandla othetho woncedo lwamanzi] [FFUthelela,[10]

Uvavanyo lwe-U.S.

I-USGS isebenza njengesixhobo senzululwazi esiyintloko selizwe samanzi, isebenzisa inkqubo ye-National Ater Information System (NWS) eqokelela idata yokwenene ngexesha lokuhamba, amanqanaba asemhlabeni, ubunjani bamanzi, nokusetyenziswa kwamanzi. Le data isekelwe kuhlolo lwedanyazo, ukhukuliso, ukhukuliso, ulwahlulo lwemali, kunye nohlahlo lwemozulu. U-USGS ikwakhokela umgangatho wobunjani bobunjani be-Asty (NAGQA). inkqubo [FLT] kunye nodweliso lwezobunzululwazi.[FLT]

Amajoni omkhosi wase-U.S. eenjiniya (USACE)

IUSACE yeyona nkqubo yokwakha amanzi amakhulu kunye nomphathi welizwe. Inkqubo yayo yomsebenzi iquka ukwakha, ukusebenza, nokugcina amawaka amadama, iileves, izitshixo, imijelo, kunye nezinto zokulawula umkhukula. Lo mbutho ukwalawula iindawo ezimdaka kunye nemeya ngaphantsi kweCandelo lama-404 loMthetho we-Gatya Amanzi, imiba evumela ukugutyungelwa nokugcwaliswa, kwaye unika ulawulo lwemijelo yompu. USACE ulawulo lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lwezi [[FLT: 0]] Inkqubo yokulawula umgangatho wolwandle ifuna umlinganiselo odibangeneyo [[#FLT:1]

ISebe lokuTyhila

I-Bureau of Reclacation, kwiSebe leMbali, ilawula amanzi kumaphondo ayi-17 asentshona. Isebenza amadama angama-476 kunye namadama angama-337 anika amanzi akhuthaza ukulondolozwa kwamanzi, ukuphumelela, nokusetyenziswa kwemisebenzi yezoshishino, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla eenqanawa. Ngexesha lalo [[FLT:] 2] inkqubo ye-waterSMPART[ inkqubo, i-bhureaute, ikhuthaza ukulondolozwa kwamanzi, ukuphumelela, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhona. Isibonelelo sikwakhokelela kwiSquququ [[FLT:] kunye nokwenziso .[FLT] ] Imisebenzi ebangela ukubonelela nokunyanzelwa kwemozulu, ukwazisa-omatika-Grade

Ezinye izinto ezingxamisekileyo

[[Iiinqanam ze-A] [[FFFUN] [FUTY] [FUNT:1] ibonelela imozulu kunye ne-data yemozulu ngenkonzo yemo yezulu [[FLT:] (] (indawo yokuxela kwangaphambili nembalela), [[FLT]] i-[FFFF]]]] inika umgangatho wemome (NTSD) [FFONT] [uthu] nenkqubo yolwandle ekhoyo yekhefuthetho]. [FFUFUP] [10] [uni%: FUF:]] [UMX], kunye neNXhombo lwamanzi lweNXEN [uast , umgangatho we-thumbumbutho] [unyaka neNX] [umphaneekhefu] [umphan.[10][iihlelo lobuzwe][ihlelo lolwandle][F][10]

Ukulungelelaniswa kunye nophuhliso lwenkqubo

Ukulungelelanisanisa amanzi kwenzeka ngeekomiti ezisesikweni zokudibana, iimiyalelo ezilawulayo, amaqonga ogcino-lwazi ahlukeneyo, kunye namaqumrhu anxulumene norhulumente. Ukunikwa kokwahlulwa komthetho wamanzi wase-U.S.(igunya elilawula amalungelo amanzi ngokuyintloko likwimeko-----"intlalo-ntle-ntle yomanyano luyimfuneko ukukhusela ungquzulwano nokukhuthaza ukungaguquguquki kwiithafa nemimandla.

Amabhunga Aphangaleleyo Nemikhosi Yomsebenzi

[[[NTLT: 0] IBhunga lezibonelelo ze- (elimiselwe ngo-1965 kodwa laphinda-phindaniswa) yayilililinge lokuqala lokulungelelanisa ucwangciso lwamanzi lwamazwe. Namhlanje, [[FLT:] i-FLT] Interfainteranception Gamential [[FFLT:], i-UNIT] idibanisa inkqubo yemkhukula phakathi kwe-USACE, i-FEMA, EPA, i-NOA, nezinye. [[FFOL:]] i-D.[FOLT] i-D [FFFFOLT], edance kunye nolawulo lwamanzi, oluninzi lwamanzi, uluntu oluthelelayonke, oluninzi, oluthe .[ANXNX] [AN]

Ukwabelana ngogcino-lwazi nolwandiso lwenzululwazi

Icandelo elisemgangathweni lomanyano lwemfundo yogcino-lwazi. Ubunjani bePorter (ingalawulwa yi-USGS, EPA, kunye neNational Ater Seaty Monitorling Council) idibanisa ubunjani bamanzi obusuka kurhulumente, kwisizwe, kwimithombo yesizwe, kunye nemithombo yasekuhlaleni. [ Ubunjani bamanzi be-Arabon bobuzwe [[FLT]] [FLT] [FLT]] [FFOLT] ukququzelelo lwexesha kunye nomgangatho wamanzi okhoyo.[6] Ugcino lwamanzi lunika umgangatho wokwenyani womgangatho wobuzwe [FT] [FGOT][G] kunye neenkqubo zamanzi ezisetyenziswa yi-EXS]

Ulawulo lwesizwe kunye nolawulo

Inkoliso yemithetho yamanzi exhomekeke kumazwe alawulayo phantsi kwesakhiwo esibizwa ngokuba uphakamiso-magama. Umzekelo, iimeko zingafumana igunya lokusebenzisa i-NPDES kunye neenkqubo ze-Fite Diviting Water Act ukuba zidibana nemigangatho ye-EPA. Ezi zithumi zifuna ulawulo oluqhubekayo lwe-EPA, uhlolo, kunye nokunyanzeliswa komanyano oluyahluka-hlukeneyo ngokobunini borhulumente kunye nokuthanda kwezobupolitika. Ngokufanayo, i-ovimba-omatshini bokunyusa amanzi abakhutshwayo abakhutshwe yi-Federa Energy Regatation Commication Commission (FERC) kufuneka ziqwalasele ubunjani bamanzi obuvela kubameli besizwe phantsi kweCandelo 401 loMthetho-Manzi.

Ukulungelelaniswa Okugqithiseleyo Nokumanyana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Inkqubo yamanzi ikwabandakanya umanyano lwamazwe ngamazwe neKhadinani ne-Mexico ngeKhomishoni yoManyano lwezizwe ngezizwe (IJC) (U.S.Canada] amanzi adibeneyo) kunye neKhomishoni yeInternational Bomary kunye neyamanzi (] [U.S.S.-Mexico]). La maqela alawula imilambo eyahlukeneyo njengeColumbia kunye neRio Grande, efuna igalelo kwiSebe leLizwa, i-USACE, i-Burea yokwaluswa, kunye ne-NOA. [[FLT]] Coloriverdo [FLT] i-Dice [FLT] kunye nama-ongezongangezongamazwe asixhenxe, kunye nama-ongezongameli-Rouragean, kunye ne-ouragetiognethi ye-A.

Ucelomngeni Lokulungelelaniswa Komgaqo-nkqubo Wamanzi

Nakuba kukho ezi ndlela zisetyenziswayo, imiqobo emininzi iphazamisana kakuhle, eminye imiqobo isekelwe kwimbali yokwahlukana kwamagosa asekuhlaleni alawula amanzi; eminye ixhomekeke kwimali okanye kwimozulu.

ISikolo soMgaqo-nkqubo weSityholo noMbutho

Umsebenzi wombutho ngamnye ungakhokelela kwizinto ezichaseneyo. I-USACE isoloko igunyaziswa ukwandisa uqhutyo kunye nolawulo lwezikhukula, ngeli xesha i-EPA ingafuna ukuhamba kwemekobume okanye imida engqongqo yokuyihlambela. I-Bureau of Reclamment ifuna ukunikezela ngamanzi ezolimo nakumadolobha, ngelixa i-FWS ifuna ukusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana ezisengozini. Ngaphandle kolawulo olunamandla olulungelelanisiweyo "njengesizwana sesizwe samanzi Policy", ezi zinto zinokucombululeka kwimeko-kabhithi, ngokufuthi ngeligita. Klasathi River Basin[FLD:1] izingqubano phakathi kobulimi, amalungelo esizwe okuloba, kunye nokukhusela kwezilwanyana ezisengozini.

Iintlawulo ezizizo

I-American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) inika i-U.S. umgangatho we-D+ no-C, nesithuba semali esiqikelelwa kuma-R100 amawaka ezigidi zezigidi ngonyaka. Amaqumrhu aManyeneyo akakwazi ukuxhasa ngemali edityaniswe kwimisebenzi emininzi e-Ingineenerers. [ Ukuzinzisa utshintsho lobuzwe lohlanga (WIN) umthetho kunye nomthetho we-BFLT] nowe-BHARTISTARS-waka lifuna ulwandiso lwemali oluthengwa ngu-mali oluthe ngqo, [[FLT] [2] [202] kuvelwa urhwebo olungoko, kodwa umanyano lwezentengo-USA, EUS, USDA, kunye neemeko ezizinzinziweyo eziziiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii ze-B-B-R5] kunye nolwa yibhilipu ezifuna ushishino zemali ezithelo oluthe uku

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nokuguquguquka Kweehydrolog

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kubangela ucelomngeni lokusebenzisana kwemozulu ngokutshintsha ulawulo lwenqanawa enamanzi ahambayo. Iimbalela ezithe rhoqo nezinzima eNtshona, zandisa izantyalantyala zekhephu kwiMidwest kunye neMntla-mpuma, kunye nokuhla kwekhephu elikuxinzelelo lweRockes ezikhoyo ukuqokelela izakhiwo zesakhiwo. Amasebe azimeleyo akhuphe iChwelement Assession [ ye-Astylementment [[FLT]], kodwa ukuguqulela imozulu kwimigaqo-yo esebenzayo kufuna ukunyuswa kwe-data ephezulu, ucwangciso-mathematilogi, kunye nobuchule bokutshintsha okunqamleza. ICetaltic Assesment Asmentmentation [[FLT]] [[FLT]]] ye-Coloradolad, ukuxutyuza okusixhenxe phakathi koor, iimeko ezisixhenxe kunye nee-otimes ezingu-oomadiyo, ngumzekelo ezingamashumi amabini ahlukeneyo, ngumzekelo ohlukene

Ubuchule Bokulawula Nokulibazisa

Iiprojekthi zamanzi zisoloko zifuna imvume kumasebe amaninzi: I-EPA smartmead ivumela phantsi kwecandelo 404, i-USACE Callein ivumela, i-FERC amandla okusebenza kwamanzi, kunye nemvume yamalungelo karhulumente. Ukuvumela inkqubo enokuthi ithathe iminyaka, idambise okanye idibanise izisombululo. Isigqibo soMbutho [[FLT:] Isigqibo esinye soPhondo inkqubo phantsi kwe-NEPA] izimisele ukuqukuqela uhlolo lwemeko-bume yendalo ukwenzela isakhiwo esikhulu, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwimisebenzi yamanzi kusekho ukujikeleza. [[FLT]] Izahlulo yeUnited States (WoUS) inkcaciso esemthethweni, ihlala isenza i-eromigrange-EPA, i-USACE.

Iindlela Zokulungelelanisa Okuphuculiweyo

Beqonda ezi ngxaki, abenzi bemithetho nabameli baye benza utshintsho olwahlukahlukeneyo ukuze baphucule intsebenziswano.

Ulawulo lwezibonelelo zamanzi ezidityanisiweyo (IWRM)

IWRM sisakhiwo esikhuthaza uphuhliso olulungelelanisiweyo kunye nolawulo lwamanzi, umhlaba, kunye nezinto ezinxulumeneyo ezandisa intlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho kunye nentlalo ngaphandle kokulalanisa indalo. Nangona ingagunyaziswanga ngokomthetho, imigaqo ye-IWRM iqatshelwa ngokuqhubekayo kumaxwebhu olungiselelo kunye neezifundo ezihlatyiweyo. I-Water Result Development Act (WRDA)[FLD] [1] ngoku ibandakanya amalungiselelo ezifundo zoovimba bamanzi ababandakanya urhulumente kunye nabagcini-mathingi abaninzi. I-DELAware River Bassin Com [ kunye namanye amasebe ahlukene amaziko ahlukene athe anikezela ngemodeliti ye-omatilame ezwe anganwe nolawulo oludityaniyo oludityaniweyo.

Ukulungelelaniswa kogcino-lwazi oluqhubela phambili kunye nokwabelana ngenzululwazi

Ukubeka ugcino-lwazi lwamanzi ngaphaya koothunywashe kubaluleke kakhulu. Inyathelo lokuqala loMququzeleli wamanzi , elikhokelwa yiUSGS ngokunxulumene ne-EPA, NAKA, kunye neentlangano zemfundo, lidala ugcino-lwazi lwamanzi lwesizwe olune-APS, imigangatho eqhelekileyo yemida, kunye nemigangatho esekelwe kumafu. Ngokufanayo, i- iModelity umfuziselo wamanzi e-National [NOT], kunye ne-NAA) ibonelela ukuvela komsinga wexesha eliphakathi kwe-US.S., ukudibanisa u-USGS kunye nogcino-lwazi lwexesha eliqhelekileyo.

Isicwangciso sokulungisa kunye nezisombululo ezisekelwe kwindalo

Iinkqubo ziya zamkela izisombululo ezisekelwe kwindalo (zibizwa ngokuba inkqubo esekelwe kulwakhiwo olusekwe kumgangatho wesijikelezi-langa ) equka ukubuyiselwa kwe-wetland, ukhukhuliseko olu-lunendibaniso oluphakathi kolwandle, kunye nezibonelelo eziluhlaza. I-USANCE’s ] i-Edinerine neNtut-nkqubo ne-EPA's [[FLTLT:] Lukhula lwe-Infraclassialitive [ ibonisa indlela umanyano olunokusuka ngayo kwizisombululo ezingwe nge-mfayidi. Imali evela kwi-BILTY [FL:6] uLkxlux [FT] Uctive ct: [FLT]]

Umanyano oluqinisayo lweenqanawa

Amanzi aluncedo akhoyo, iziphakamiso, kunye ne-NGO exhaswe ngamaziko asekuhlaleni ekulondolozeni kunye nezibonelelo. IWaterSMART inikezela ngeSebe leReclacation iquka iimfuno zexabiso ezithe zabangela ukusetyenziswa kwemibutho edityanisiweyo. Icandelo lomgaqo-siseko somgaqo-siseko kunye [FLT:] ne-[FLT] Western Policy Effery Review Advery icebisile ukusungula ibhunga yesizwe, intlalo-zwe eliyaluko, eliquke liquke imeko-bume, elobuqu, kunye nama-oglobane.

Isiphelo

Amaqumrhu alawulayo asebenza ngokuphantsi kodwa adla ngokungawasebenzisi kakuhle umsebenzi wokulawula inkqubo yamanzi kulo lonke elaseUnited States. Ukusuka kwimilinganiselo yamanzi entle ye-EPA ukuya kwi-Bureau of Reclacation kumadam amakhulu kunye nogcino-lwazi olucinezelayo lwe-USGS, umbutho ngamnye unegalelo elibalulekileyo kubuchule negunya. Kodwa ukwahlulwa kweembopheleleko zamanzi zikarhulumente .

Zininzi izicelomngeni: utshintsho lwemozulu, ukwaluphala, ukukhuphisana kokusetyenziswa kwamanzi, nokuntsonkotha komthetho kunye nenkqubela-phambili yobugcisa zakutshanje zinika ulungiso lwefestile ukuze kuphucuke. Ngokuphuhlisa ulawulo lwamanzi adityanisiweyo, ukuphucula ugcino-lwazi olusebenzisana, ulwamkelo olusekelwe kwindalo, kunye nolomeleza umanyano namazwe, namalungu okhuseleko, amaqumrhu ajongene nenkqubo elungelelanisayo nenamandla asebenzayo. Ulawulo oluzinzileyo lwamanzi lwamanzi lwaseMelika luxhomekeke kwindaleko eqhubekayo yalo manyano.

Ukuphinda ufunde: I-EPA’s kwiphepha logcino-lwazi lwamanzi , indawo yothutho logcino-lwazi lwamanzi , kunye ne-NOA’s [[FLT:]] Isixokelelwano solwazi lwezehlo oludityanisiweyo [[FLT:] .