Ukwakhiwa Kwamandla AseMerika: Ukujonga Nokulungelelana EUnited States

Ingcamango yokuxilonga nokulinganisela yindawo eqinileyo karhulumente wase-United States, uyilo ngabom ukuthintela naliphi na isebe ekuqokeleleni igunya eligqithisileyo. Le nkqubo, ifakwe kumGaqo-siseko, iqinisekisa ukuba amandla asasazwe phakathi kwemithetho, isebe elilawulayo, kunye namasebe ejaji, ngalinye elineendima ezahlukeneyo kunye neembopheleleko ezilandelelanayo. Ngokudala isakhiwo apho isebe ngalinye linokulinganisela izenzo zabanye, abafaki-fream bafuna ukukhusela inkululeko nokukhusela kwingcinezelo. Ukuqonda indlela ezinokuhlola kunye nolungelelwaniso olusebenza ngayo namhlanje, kwaye indlela eliye lavela ngayo kwiinkulungwane ezimbini eziyimfuneko ekuqondeni amandla omthetho kunye nenkqubo yaseMelika.

Imvelaphi yeeNkqutyana noLulinganiso: Iingcambu zokukhanyiselwa kunye noyilo lomGaqo-siseko

Abalayishi bomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. babephenjelelwa kakhulu yintanda-bulumko yezopolitiko yokukhanyiselwa. Baron de Montesquieu, kumsebenzi wakhe wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asibhozo. UMoya woMthetho , waphikisa ukuba inkululeko ikhuseleke kakhulu xa amagunya karhulumente ahlulwe amasebe ahlukeneyo. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, kunye nabanye abathunywa kwiConvention yeMithethodo ye 1787 bafunda ngenyameko le migaqo, beqonda ukuba uxinzelo lwamandla e-i-mayini, i-oligarchy, okanye ingqungquthela edumileyo i-omatili.[FLT][FFFFF]

Madison wabhalwa ngokudumileyo kwi uFederalist No. 51 u-[Fomati] uthi “isikhundla kufuneka siqhutywe ukulwa namabhongo.” UmGaqo-siseko owenziweyo ngoko wabelana ngegunya ngaphaya kwamasebe amathathu alinganayo, ngalinye elinikwe iindlela zokuxhathisa ukungeneka kwamanye. Isebe lowiso-mthetho (iKhonreferi) lenza imithetho, isebe eliphetheyo (Mongameli) liyazinyanzelisa, kwaye isebe lenkundla egweba (inkundla ephakamileyo, elikhokelwa yinkundla ephakamileyo) liyawatolika. Oku kwahlukani akunanto iphelanganto; endaweni yoko, yinkqubo yamagunya angenayo kwaye imigaqo elungelenayo kunye nemithetho ephakathi.

Okubalulekileyo kukuba, abafaki-faya bakhiwe ngokukhusela kwiminqweno ethandwayo. Isakhiwo se-bidamaral seBhunga (Indlu neNdlu), i-veto, kunye nobomi bejaji yephondo bonke basebenza njengezihluzi ezongezelelekileyo ukuthoba inkqubo yowiso-mthetho nokukhusela kwiinkalo ezinkulu ezingxamisekileyo. Le ndlela yokuyila ibonisa ukuthandabuza okunzulu amandla angathintelwa nangayiphi na indlela.

Amasebe Amathathu Nemisebenzi Yawo Engaqhelekanga

Ukuze ubani ayiqonde indlela esebenza ngayo iingxibo nolungelelwano, kufuneka aqale aqonde iimbopheleleko ezingundoqo ezinikwa isebe ngalinye.

  • Isebe elinokwandiswa (Icala): Ekhiwe yiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso, iBhunga linegunya lokubhala nokudlulisela imithetho, ibhengeza imfazwe, ukuphakamisa irhafu, kunye nemali efanelekileyo karhulumente. IBhunga likwaqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kwaye liqulunqe izivumelwano. Njengo [[FLT:]] umgca othenjiweyo yi-ofisi yembali ye-[, eli sebe lenzelwe ukuba libe yeyona ilwamkelo iphambili kubantu---* kodwa kwaneyona mali iphambili i-degatority.
  • Isebe eliphumezekileyo (uMphathi kunye norhulumente): eliphethwe nguMongameli, isebe eliphetheyo linyanzelisa imithetho, liqhuba inkqubo yangaphandle, liyalela nemikhosi exhobileyo. UMongameli ukwanamandla okukhupha imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo, anike uxolo, amisele abagwebi besizwe (imigaqo yeBhunga).
  • Isebe leJanyudiyo (INkundla yeNkundla ePhantsi neenkundla zamazwe): Ijaji ichaza imithetho kunye nomGaqo-siseko ngokucaciswa. Abagwebi bomanyano batyunjwa nguMongameli kwaye baqinisekiswe yiBhunga, kodwa basebenzela ubomi ukuqinisekisa inkululeko kwingcinezelo yezopolitiko. Amandla okuhlola ukubetha imithetho okanye izenzo zempatho ephakamileyo ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko. [FLT]]

Indlela Onokuxilonga Nawona Asebenza Ngayo: Inkqubo Yokusebenzisana

Isebe ngalinye linezixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokuhlola ezinye. Ezi nkqubo azithethwa qha; zisetyenziswa rhoqo xa kulawulwa.

Iingcebiso zoMthetho

  • I-VEto Engalawulekiyo: Congress zingayigqitha iveto yomongameli kunye nee-3 ezimbini ezininzi kumagumbi omabini. Eli gunya liye lasetyenziswa izihlandlo ezingaphezulu kwekhulu kwimbali ye-U.S., nangona ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo eziphumeleleyo kunqabile.
  • Amandla okuqinisekisa: Indlu yemibutho kufuneka iqinisekise ukumiswa komongameli okuphambili, kuquka onobhala beKhabhinethi, abagwebi bequmrhu, kunye noonozakuzaku. Oku kunika impembelelo ebalulekileyo kuqanjwa kwamasebe aphetheyo kunye namasebe etyala.
  • Indlu inamandla okungapheleli ekumangaleleni (kuzisa izityholo) uMongameli, ngelixa iNdlu yeNdlu iqhuba ukuvavanywa kwaye iyakwazi ukususa uMongameli ngevoti yesithathu esibini. Ukuvota kusetyenziswe nxamnye noMongameli abathathu .Andrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, noDonald Trump.
  • Amandla ePurse: ulawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali karhulumente. Akukho mali inokuchithwa ngaphandle kwesicelo esidluliswa zizo zombini izindlu kwaye isayiniwe emthethweni. Oku kunika iBhunga uhlolo olunamandla kwizenzo zempangelo ezifuna inkxaso-mali.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ulawulo olunobungqinelaneyo: iikomiti zeBhunga-ngqungquthela zingaphanda imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo, amaxwebhu namangqina angaphantsi, kwaye zigcine iindlebe. Lo msebenzi wobuveleli sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokubhenca ihambo evakalala okanye ukungaphumeleli.

Isalathisi soMgaqo-siseko

  • I-Veto Power: UMongameli angasichasa nasiphi na isindululo esidluliswa yiBhunga. Nangona iBhunga lingasilawula, isisongelo seveto ngokufuthi sinyanzela abenzi bomthetho ukuba balalanise neNdlu emhlophe. Kungonyaka wama-2025, oomongameli baye banyusa imali engaphezu kwama-2 500.
  • Imiyalelo ephucukileyo: UMongameli angalathisa amaqumrhu karhulumente ukuba enze izenzo ngaphandle komthetho omtsha, lo gama nje loo miyalelo ibekwe kwigunya elikhoyo lomthetho okanye umGaqo-siseko. Ngelixesha imiyalelo enamandla, elawulayo isenokutshintshwa ngoomongameli abalandelayo okanye itshatyalaliswe ziinkundla ukuba angaphaya kwegunya likaMongameli.
  • IMimiselo ekhethekileyo: UMongameli angahlanganisa iKhonkela ukwenzela iintlanganiso zongxamiseko ngaphandle kwekhalenda eqhelekileyo. Eli gunya, nangona lingafane lisetyenziswe, linika enye indlela yokulungisa isigqeba sokulawula udweliso lomthetho.
  • [[NT.:0] Izakhono kunye neReprieves: uMongameli anganika ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lukarhulumente, ukuxilonga amandla esebe lejaji kunye namandla eBhunga lokuchaza izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Isalathisi somthetho sihlolisisa uMthetho nolawulo

  • Impinda yeJodicial: Olu luvavanyo olunamandla lwejaji. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ingavakalisa imithetho edluliswe yiBhunga okanye izenzo ezithatyathwe nguMongameli ongekho mgaqweni. Ukususela ngo-1803, iNkundla iye yabetha imithetho yorhulumente engaphezu kwe-1801 kunye namawaka emithetho karhulumente.
  • Izigqibo zoBudala: Abagwebi boMbutho basebenza ubomi, obakhuselayo kwimpindezelo yezobupolitika. Olu zimelelo lubavumela ukuba balawule ngokuchasene norhulumente xa kuyimfuneko, ngaphandle koloyiko lokugxothwa okanye ukuthotywa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uququzelelo lwezenzo zolawulo: Iinkundla zingaphelisa imiyalelo yegunya eliphetheyo, imimiselo, kunye nezinye izenzo zomongameli ezigqitha igunya lomthetho okanye ezephula umGaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, ulutsha oluselula Phelele & lamp; Tube Co. v. Sayyer[ [1952], iNkundla Ephakamileyo yabetha phantsi kwe-Mongameli u-Truman ekuthandweni kweminye yeentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Luyasebenza

Iziganeko zembali zibonisa indlela ezi nkqubo zisebenza ngayo, maxa wambi ngamaxesha aphakamileyo ezobupolitika.

IScamegate yamanzi (19721974)

Watergate ingumzekelo wencwadi esetyenziswayo yokuhlola nokulinganisela. Emva kokwaphulwa kwekomiti yesizwe yeDemocratic. UMongameli Richard Nixon wazama ukufihla inxaxheba. Uphengululo lweNgqungquthela, lukhokelwa yiKomiti yeNdlu ye-Catenal Watergate, itepi yeNd nemibhalo esezantsi. Xa uNixon walwa nomthetho wenkundla wayalela ukuba akhuphe ushicilelo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yayalela ukukhupha ushicilelo kwiKomkhulu leKomiti yezomthetho. [FLT: 0] United States v. [127:1] Uphengululo lweNkuhlola iNtlanga] lukhokelwa yiKhosi yeNdmi, i-Greadentiat [[FLT] [1274]) ukuba uMongameli akazukisi ilungelo lokufihla ulwaphulo-mthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho olluphembeleko lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokupheleleyo, uphakalkrumbisoluqulu lwama lwesebe lweCalaagence, uphatho lwezibo lwezomthetho.

Uphando lukaMongameli uBill Clinton (1998-1999)

UMongameli Clinton wavunywa yiNdlu ngezityholo zetyala kunye nesithintelo sobulungisa esinxulumene nobungqina bakhe malunga nombandela kaMonica Lewinsky. Noko ke, iNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi, yasilela ukumbamba, isilela kwizinto ezifunekayo ezimbini ezithathu. Le miphumo ibalaselisa ukuba ukuphehlwa yinkqubo yezopolitiko njengeyomthetho. Ngoxa iNdlu yenzelwo yokuhlola ngokuzisa izityholo, ukwala kweBhange lokususa u-Clinton kwabonisa umgwebo wokuba ezo tyala azigunyaziswangagunyaziswanga zikhutshwanga ziofisi. Ii-chengcelo kunye nolungelelwano zivumela inkqubo ukuba isebenze ngaphandle kokuqhuba ikhondo layo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa urhulumente.

INkundla ePhakamileyo noMthetho weNkundla

Xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yadlulisela uMthetho weNkqutyana ePhakamileyo (ACA) ngo-2010, umthetho wajamelana nocelomngeni olukhawulezileyo lomthetho. Kwimeko ephawulayo, uNtlanganiso we-National of Independent Business v. Sebelius, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa ugunyaziso lomntu ngamnye njengomthetho osemthethweni wokusebenzisa amandla eBhungayo eBhunga kodwa yaphelisa ilungiselelo eliya kuba linyanzelela ukwandisa uMedicaid. Isigqibo sabonisa uhlolo lwetyala njengovavanyo lwe-Rogbanga ([FLTLT:1]. Kodwa iNkundla ibonise ukuthintela okuninzi ukulondolo. Lo mgaqo ukulinganisa umthetho.

Ucwangco Olulawulayo Nokuvalwa Kohambo (2017)

Ngo-2017, uMongameli uDonald Trump wakhupha umyalelo olawulayo wokuthintela uhambo oluvela kumazwe amaninzi angamaSilamsi. Lo myalelo wacetyiswa ngokukhawuleza kwiinkundla zesizwe, owathi wavala ukunyanzeliswa kwawo ngezizathu zokuba awuwuthobeli umthetho woMgaqo-siseko wokuMiselwa koClauscelo kunye noMgaqo-siseko wokufuduka. Emva kokuzihlaziya okuninzi, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ekugqibeleni yaxhasa uhlobo oluhlaziyiweyo -Trump v. IHawaii [[FLTL:1] , ilawula ukuba uMongameli unetyala elibanzi kwimida ye-Imgatho kunye ne-National Act. Oku kubonisa indlela isebe elinobulungisa elinokuyixhasa ngayo indlela yokuba likwazi ngayo ukulawula ulawulo oluphetheyo ekugqibeleni ukuba iinkundla zifumane imisebenzi yakhe kwimidangalo.

Ukubaluleka Kokuxilonga Nokulungelelana Namhlanje

Kule nkulungwane yama-21, inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ibalulekile ekukhuseleni ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Ithintela naliphi na isebe ekufumaneni igunya elingathintelwanga nempembelelo yokucinga nokulalanisa. Kodwa ezopolitiko zanamhlanje zizisa ucelomngeni olutsha oluvavanya ukumelana kwenkqubo.

ITheyibhile yesiGqeba esiPhezulu kunye noLawulo loMsebenzi weQela

Amashumi eminyaka akutshanje aye abona utyekelo lokwandisa amandla obungameli, ngokufuthi egwetywa “yingcamango yegunya elilawulayo,” ethi uMongameli ulawula ngokupheleleyo kwisebe lonke eliphetheyo. Abaxhasi baphikisa oku bevumela ulawulo olufanelekileyo; abagxeki bayayilumkisa ukuba ilulaze ulawulo lombutho wombutho kunye nomthetho womthetho. Umzekelo, oomongameli abasuka kuwo omabini amaqela baye basebenzisa imiyalelo yolawulo lwezolawulo ukumisela utshintsho olukhulu ekufudukeni, umgaqo wemekobume ebumeni, kunye nolawulo lwempilo ngaphandle komthetho omtsha. IBhunga liye lathi maxa warhoxa liyinyanzele ukuqinisekisa ukungathobeki kwemibutho, okanye ukudlulisa izigqibo zomthetho wokungamkeleki. Inkundla ephakamileyo iyaqhubeka ukuchaza imiqathango yamandla olawulo lwezolawulo lwezolawulo, njengoko kubonwa kwimithetho yokusebenza kwezorhwebo, kunye neyolawulo lwezolawulo lwezoshishino.

Icala le-Grid elikwicandelo kunye nokungasabeli koMthetho

Iingqinipho kunye nolungelelwano lungakhokelela kwi-roopy xa amasebe elawulwa ngamaqela aphikisanayo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iBhunga liye lazama ukugqithisa uqingqo-mali ngexesha, liqinisekisa abagwebi, okanye lithetha ngeengxaki ezinkulu ezifana nokufuduka. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ngelithi abafaki mithetho ngabom benza kube nzima ukudlula, kodwa i-stasis ebangelwa yi-oksis ingenza abantu baphelelwe yintembelo kurhulumente. Le nkqubo isebenza kakuhle xa kukho ukuvuma ukuqhubana nomgangatho ongaphantsi komgangatho othe wande kwixesha lokufuduka kwe-Rhovern. Noko ke, isakhiwo ngokwaso sihlala sivakala; ingxaki ikwimpucuko yezobupolitika kunokuba icelwe ngomthetho.

Ukungaququzeli kwemithetho yezomthetho

Amandla ejaji ejaji asoloko ephikisana. Abahlalutyi batyhola iinkundla “zomthetho womthetho wobujaji” xa bebetha imithetho edluliselwe zii-demokhrasi. Abameli baphikisa ngokuthi iinkundla kufuneka zikhusele amalungelo amancinane zize zinyanzelise imiqathango engokomGaqo-siseko, naxa ukwenjenjalo kungathandwa. Amatyala aphezulu angokuqhomfa okukhawulezileyo, amalungelo eempumlo, amalungelo okuvota, kunye nenkululeko yonqulo, ziyongezele iingxoxo ezifanelekileyo ze-judiary. Iinkundla zokulwa kwiinkundla eziPhakamileyo ziye zaqalisa ukuma okuzimela, naxanduva okungendlela yokuzimela ixesha elide kweNkundla. Nangona oku kusenjalo, inkqubo iyaqhubeka: Iinkundla ziyakwazi ukulwa, kwaye uMongameli weNkulwane.

Indima Yeembono Zabantu Nabemithombo Yezindaba

Iingqinipho kunye nolungelelwano alusebenzi kwindawo engenalutho. Uluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye nomatshini wokushicilela okhululekileyo usebenza njengeehlolo ezingacwangciswanga kwigunya likarhulumente. Ungeniselo lobundishorensi, i-media ye-media, kunye namaqela oluntu angabhenca ukuxhatshazwa nokuphembelela uxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke. Amafreyimi akuqonda oku: ku-Federalist No. [, Madison waphikisa ukuba i-licricription enkulu izakuxhotyiswa ngakumbi ukulawula amaqela kunedemokhrasi encinane. Namhlanje, zixhobo zorhwebo zidla ngokudlala indima ye-“masebe amahlanu,” ziphethe onke amasebe aphendula. Xa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kwimibutho, nokuba kunjalo, ukusebenza kwenkqubo yenkqubo inokubandeze.

Isiphelo

Iingqiniwa kunye nolungelelwano asiyonto isetyenziswayo ngenkulungwane ye-18; ziyinkqubo ephilayo ebumba umthetho kunye nenkqubo yaseMelika yonke imihla. Ukusukela kwiKhomishini ukuya kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo ehlola umgaqo weNkundla elawulayo, imikhosi yesixokelelwano iqwalasela kwaye ithintela ukuhlolwa kwamandla. Ukuqonda indlela ezi migaqo ezisebenza ngayo , kwaye indlela eziye zavavanywa ngayo ngamanqam embali kunye neengxaki zezobupolitika zale mihla, kwaye zibalulekile ngayo nabani na ofunda i-U.S. urhulumente. Ukusuka ekubeni ngumthombo wobuthathaka, ungquzulwano lwamabhongo olwenziwe ngomGaqo-siseko, kukuthintela inkululeko nokungakho kwesebe elinye elinokulawula. Njengoko uhlanga lujongena imingeni eqhubekayo, ukuphumelela kovavanyo kunye nolungelelwanolwano olulungelelwano oluseluza kuqhubeke ukukhusela umgaqo-demokhrasi eUnited States.

ukuqhubekeka kofundo ngemvelaphi kunye nokusebenza kwee-checks nolulungelelwaniso, tyelela iZiko lomGaqo-siseko wohlanga kunye nohlalutyo lwemeko yencopho ePhakamileyo kwi Oyez.