Ukwazisa: Isiseko Sikarhulumente Olinganiselweyo

Iingqinipho kunye nolungelelwano lwakha isiseko solawulo-siseko somgaqo-siseko, siqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe elinye lorhulumente liqokelela amandla angathintelekiyo. Le nkqubo yokuzinqanda icetyelwe ukuba ingalwenzi urhulumente uphumelele kodwa ikhusele abemi ekusetyenzisweni kakubi kwegunya. Ngokusasaza amandla phakathi kwamasebe ahlukeneyo kunye nokuxhobisa ngamnye ngezixhobo zokwahlula ezinye, ukujonga kunye nokulungelelanisa izinto kudala inkqubo elawulayo engqineke ibalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe inkululeko yomntu ngamnye nomthetho. Ukuqonda indlela le nkqubo esebenza ngayo, iingcambuko zayo zembali, kunye nocelomngeni ezijongenezo namhlanje ziyingozi kuye nabani na ofuna ukukhusela ulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Imvelaphi Yeepektroli Nolungelelwano

Ingcamango yokwahlula amagunya karhulumente ayizange ivele kwi-atmon. Iingcinga zoluvo, ingakumbi uBaron de Montesquieu kumsebenzi wakhe wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asibhozo. UMoya woMthetho , waphikisa ukuba inkululeko ifuna ukwahlulwa komphathi, kwemithetho, kunye nemisebenzi yokugweba. UMontesquieu waphawula ukuba xa nabani na umntu okanye umzimba ephethe onke amagunya, ubuzwilakhe abungenakuphephekade. Iingcamango zakhe zaphembeleka kubaquluneli baseMelika, owayila inkqubo enziwe ngabomquququ ukuze kuthintelwe ukuxinzelwa kwegunya.

Impembelelo kaMontesquieu kwiziHlayi

Ingcamango kaMontesquieu yenkqubo "yemigca" yaba sisiseko sobulumko somGaqo-siseko waseUnited States. James Madison, ebhala kwi- Federalist No. 51, ithenjiswa ngokubanzi ukuba imfuno mayiyenziwe ukulwa nephulo lephondo.[FULT:3] Abalawuli babesoyika zombini ulawulo lolawulo oluphezulu, ngoko ke bayila iRiphabliki apho isebe ngalinye lizakuba namagunya ahlukeneyo kunye nendlela yokuxhathisa ezinye. Oku kwakuba kukupheliswa okugqithisileyo kwinkqubo ye-British yolawulo lwaseburhulumenteni, eyayineezwa zii-collards.

ISiseko soMgaqo-siseko

Amanqaku I, II, kunye no III U.S. amisela uwiso-mthetho, umphathi, namasebe eejaji, ngokulandelelana. Noko ke, iiFramers azizange ziyeke ukwahlukana; ziveze udweliso oluntsonkothileyo lwegunya eligqithisiweyo. Umzekelo, uMongameli angawulawula umthetho, kodwa iBhunga linokuwulawula lo mthetho. ICantenenti iqinisekisa ukumiswa kwekomiti, kodwa abagwebi bakha basebenza ubomi babo ukuze babakhusele kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. La mandla adibanisayo alungiswa ngobuchule ukwenza i-activemone.

Amasebe Amathathu: Indima Neembopheleleko

Ukuyiqonda kakuhle imisebenzi yokuqala yesebe ngalinye kubalulekile ukuyiqonda indlela yokuhlola nokulinganisela okusebenza ngayo. Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko uchaza iindidi ezibanzi zamandla, iinkulungwane zoqheliso notoliko lwezomthetho ziye zayiphucula imida.

Isebe Lomthetho: Ukubekwa Kwemithetho Nolawulo

Ingqungquthela, eqanjwe yiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi, inegunya lokwenza imithetho karhulumente. Ngapha koko, iKhomishini ilawula uqingqo-mali lwemali, ivakalisa imfazwe, ilawula urhwebo phakathi kwesizwe, kwaye iyakwazi ukuphanda ngemisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo. Indlu inamandla okuphela okuqalisa imicimbi yokungagunyazi, ngoxa iBhunga lizama ukubhalisa. Eli sebe lenzelwe ukuba libe yeyona isabelayo kubantu, namalungu eNdlulweni enyuliweyo rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini kunye namalungu anyuliweyo eMkhayeni.

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu: ukhuthuzo nolawulo

UMongameli oyintloko wesebe eliphetheyo, osebenza ngokunyanzelisa imithetho edluliswa yiKhomishini. UMongameli ukwasebenza njengoMthetheli-oyintloko wemikhosi exhobileyo, njengenkqubo yamanye amazwe, emisela amagosa karhulumente (kuquka abagwebi kunye namalungu ekhabhathi), kwaye angawaxolela. Isebe eliphetheyo liquka isebe elikhulu lesebe kunye namasebe alawula inkqubo. Oomongameli bale mihla baye basebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo imiyalelo yegunyaziso ukukhokela ngaphandle kokulinda inyathelo lombutho-ngquthela, uqheliso oluye lwadala impikiswano eqhubekayo malunga nemiqathangomgano yemithetho-siseko.

Isebe eligwebayo: Ukucaciswa nokuHlolwa

Iinkundla zesizwe, ezikhokelwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo, zichaza imithetho kwaye zihlola ubugqeba bazo. Amandla e- ophindo-bucala.

Ukusetyenziswa Kweepeksi Nokulungelelana

Le nkqubo isebenza ngothotho lweenkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo nezingacwangciswanga ezivumela isebe ngalinye lithintele elinye. Ezi zixhobo azisetyenziswa nje ngokushwankathela; zisetyenziswa rhoqo, nangona ukusebenza kwazo kuxhomekeke kwimeko yezobupolitika kunye nolawulo lweziko.

I-Vito Enegunya noMthetho

UMongameli angawukhupha nawuphi na umthetho odluliswa yiBhunga, ewuthintela ukuba ungabi ngumthetho. Oku kunika umphathi intetho enamandla kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Noko ke, iBhunga lingawulawula umgangatho we-veto kunye nobuninzi obuzii-3 ezimbini kumagumbi omabini .A ibar ephezulu engenakufumaneka rhoqo. Ukususela ekusungulweni, oomongameli baye bakhupha ngaphezu kwama-500, anabangu-5%. Isisongelo nje somthetho weveto sisoloko simi phambi kokuba ufikelele idesikadesikameli.

Ukuhlolisisa Amasebe Akweminye Imimandla

Ngohlolo lwenkundla, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingayenza ibe nemithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo ezingqubana nomGaqo-siseko. Iimeko zelizwe ezifana rown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) kunye iUnited States--United States/. Nixon [19974])) ibonisa indlela i-judicary enokuthi inyanzelise ngayo amanye amasebe ukuba athobele imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko. Noko ke, iNkundla ingumthetho iyakwazi ukuva kuphela amatyala eziswe phambi kwayo, kwaye isoloko ithobela kwiinjongo zomthetho xa icacile.

Idinga Namandla Okuqinisekisa

UMongameli ubeka abagwebi bephondo, abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, kunye namagosa amaninzi aphezulu abekwe izigxina eziphezulu, kodwa iNdlu yeQelo imele iqinisekise oku kumiselwa ngobuninzi obulula (ukuze kuthathe iindawo ezininzi) okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezivumelwano. Oku kunika iBhunga uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla olawulo oluphezulu. Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa isoloko iba yindawo yokulwa iimbono zomntu obekuthethwa ngayo, njengoko kubonwa kwityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo. Ngokuchasene noko, uMongameli ungenza izindululo zexeshana ukuzalisa iimbopheleleko okwexeshana xa iNdlu-Qondane ingekho kwintlanganiso--a amandla athe rhoqo athintelwayo.

Ukungakhathalelwa Nokushenxiswa

IBhunga lingamgweba uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, kunye namanye amagosa karhulumente e-"Isizathu, Ukunyoba, okanye amanye amatyala aphezulu kunye nama-Misdears". Indlu ivota kumanqaku okungakhutshwanga ngabantu abaqhelekileyo; iNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanga ngoko ibamba ityala, ngevoti ezimbini-3 efunekayo ukuze iqinisekiswe. Ngamandumasi amathathu kuphela athenjiwe (Andrew Johnson, uBill Clinton, uDonald Trump kabini), kwaye akukho namnye osusiwe. Noko ke, inkqubo ngokwayo isebenza njengesithintelo esinamandla nesakhono sokuphatha okubi.

Ezinye Iindlela Ezibalulekileyo Zokuhlolisisa: Isivumelwano Sokukhupha Imali, Ukusebenzisa Imali, Namandla Emfazwe

UMongameli uququzelela izivumelwano, kodwa zifuna imvume yeQembu leNkulumbuso elizii-3 ezimbini. IBhunga lilawula izihlalo zesipaji ngamandla alo kwimali efanelekileyo, ithetha ukuba umphathi-mandla akanakuyisebenzisa imali ngaphandle kogunyaziso lwemithetho. Isigqibo seWar Powers ka 1973 sifuna uMongameli ukuba azise iBhunga kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-48 zokubophelela imikhosi exhobileyo kwaye abeke imida kwientsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa yingqungquthela. Ezi zizi zithintela zibonakalisa injongo yeFramers yokwenza imfazwe .

Iimvavanyo Zembali Zenkqubo

Ukusebenza kokuhlola nokulinganisa kuye kwavavanywa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kuyo yonke imbali yaseMelika. Ingxaki nganye iye yaqinisa okanye yacel ’ umngeni ukomelela kwenkqubo.

UMthetho wePhondo (uLawulo lweZiko loLuntu)

Kweli tyala libalulekileyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo phantsi kweJaji eliPhakamileyo uJohn Marshall yaqinisekisa amandla ayo okuvakalisa isenzo seBhunga elingekho mgaqweni. Ngoxa ingxubusho ekhawulezileyo yayibandakanya ukutyunjwa okuncinane, isigqibo samisela ijaji njengesebe elilinganayo elinegunya lokuchaza umGaqo-siseko. Eli tyala lisesona sizathu siphambili sokuzimela ngokwasemthethweni kunye nomzekelo obalaseleyo wokugweba ngegunya lemithetho.

IScamegate yamanzi (19721974)

Watergate yabonisa indlela uhlolo nolungelelwano olunokubhenca nokuzigcina ziphethwe ngabalawuli abaphezulu. Xa uMongameli Richard Nixon wazama ukufihla ukwaphulwa kwikomkhulu leKomiti yesizwe yeDemocratic, iKhomishini yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqalisa uphengululo, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayalela uNixon ukuba akhulule iikhasethi zeHome emhlophe. Ukujonga ukungazithobeli nokuthembeka okuthile, uNixon warhoxa. Isiganeko sabonisa amandla ophando-mfatho weBhunga, amandla angaphantsi kwenkundla, kunye nokuziphendulela ngokupheleleyo kwesebe eliphetheyo.

IClinton Impecation (1998-1999)

UMongameli uBill Clinton wagxekwa yiNdlu ngenxa yokungalungisi nokuthintelwa kokusesikweni okunxulumene nombandela kaMonica Lewinsky. Noko ke, iNdlu yeeNtlanga yasilela ukumgweba. Oku kwabonisa umgqaliselo ophezulu wokususwa kwemiqathango kunye nendima yezopolitiko ekungagunyaziswanga. Abagxeki abaninzi baphikisa ngelithi ukungathobeli kwakunentshukumisa yezopolitiko, bephakamisa imibuzo malunga nexesha lokusetyenziswa kwengcebiso lokungagqibeleli.

Iimvavanyo zale mihla: Imiyalelo yegunya, i-Prigridckck yaseCandelo, kunye neXesha leTrump

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, oomongameli baye basebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ukudlula kwiBhunga elinguMphathiswa, nto leyo ekhokelela kucelomngeni olusemthethweni. INkundla ePhakamileyo yavala iindawo zokuvalwa kohambo lukaMongameli Trump yakwayiguqula imigudu yakhe yokongeza umbuzo wokuba ngummi kubalwa kwabantu. Uphangiswa kaBiden's mvume yokuxolelwa kwabantwana wapheliswa yiNkundla kwivoti yesi-6-3. Okwangoku, ukugqithisa kakhulu kwecawa kwemithetho yezomthetho kuncedile kwi-drockbock, iyenza ibe nzima kakhulu kwiNgqungquthela ukuze ifeze indima yayo. Ukungamkeli kukaMongameli uTrump ngokuphindwe kabini (ukuphinda-kabini) ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla nokuphinda kukhuthazwa kwendlela yokuphendula kwe-BHRGBBPPPricend.[2] Ngeminyaka engamashumi amashumi mathathu amathandathu.

Ukubaluleka Kokwenza Iipeksi Nokulungelelana Kulawulo - melo Lwanamhlanje

Ngaphandle kwengcamango engekho ngqiqweni, uhlolo nomlinganiselo zisebenza imisebenzi eqinisekileyo ekhusela ulawulo lwedemokhrasi namalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Ukukhusela Ukukhululeka Kwabemi Namalungelo Ancinane

Ngaphandle kokuxilonga nokulinganisela, uninzi lungawanyathela lula amalungelo amancinane. IBhili yamaLungelo yongezwa kuMgaqo-siseko ngokucacileyo ukumisela igunya likarhulumente. Iinkundla zisoloko zibetha imithetho echasene nenkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko yonqulo, okanye inkqubo efunekayo. Umzekelo, isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo Obergefell v. Hodges[ [20] yasemthethweni omnye-oggn wise wit , umgaqo wemithetho karhulumente ocalula ngokuchasene neLGBTQ+ izibini ezithene ngolonga.

Ukuphendula nokubonisa ngaphaya

Iingxilongo kunye nolungelelwano olunyanzelisa isebe ngalinye ukuba lisebenze ekuhleni. Iindlebe zombutho, iimbono zomthetho, kunye nemiyalezo yomongameli inika ingxelo karhulumente yezenzo zoburhulumente. Inkululeko yolwazi kunye nokhuselo lomphumi-mlozi inika ukhokelo oluqhubekayo. Oku kubonakalisa ngokucacileyo kubalulekile ukuze abantu bathembeke kwaye kuvumele abemi ukuba bavavanye abameli babo. Ngaphandle kobuchule beNgqungquthela yokuhlola amaxwebhu e-poena okanye iinkundla zokuhlolwa kwezenzo zowiso-mthetho, amandla olawulo aphezulu anokungathintelwa.

Ucelomngeni Kule Ndlela Yokusebenza Kwinkulungwane Ye - 21

Phezu kwako nje ukuqina kwayo, inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ijongene nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo olusongela ukusebenza kwayo.

Ukwahlula-hlula kunye nokutshixa igridi

Ukuphengululwa kwezobupolitika kuye kwaguqula uvavanyo lwezixhobo ezininzi zaba ngumqobo. IiNdlu zendlu yeNdlu yeeNtlanga, ezazikhe zanqabile, ngoku ziqhelekile, zifuna ukuba kubekho ubuchule obungama-60 ee-volution kumthetho omninzi. Oku kuye kwenza kwaba nzima kakhulu ukuba iKhongozeli idlulise imithetho emikhulu. Ngaphezu koko, ukunyaniseka okusuka kwenye indawo kuthintele indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba ingalawuli umongameli kwiqela elinye. Inkqubo yokungaquququzeli, elungiselelwe njengonyango olungekho rhafu, iye yajika kakhulu.

Amandla Alawulayo Ngamaxesha Entlekele

Abalawuli bembali bandisa igunya labo ngexesha longxamiseko lwesizwe, iimfazwe, iingxaki zezoqoqosho, izifo ezimandundu. UAbraham Lincoln wabeka i-habeas corpus ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya, kunye noFranklin Roosevelt ovalelwe kuma-Japan ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Kutshanje, ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yezolawulo ukuphinda isetyenziswe inkqubo yokufuduka kwelizwe kunye nemithetho yemekobume ngaphandle kweBhunga lowiso-mthetho. Iinkundla bezisoloko zingakufuni ukutshintsha ukuqhuba isikhululo ngexesha longxamiseko, zidala ulwando lokwexeshana oluye luzinziswe ngokupheleleyo.

Intanda - bulumko Yezantlukwano Neembambano Ezingokwasemthethweni

Indima yejaji ejongene nomthetho ongakhethi buso iyathotywa xa uwonke-wonke ejonga abagwebi njengabadlali bezopolitiko. Inkqubo yoqinisekiso ekhulayo yamatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo [1] iquka ukwala ukuqwalasela uMerrick Garland ngo2016 kunye nesiqinisekiso esikhawulezileyo sika-Amy Coney Barrett ngowama-2020. Abanye batyhola iNkundla yezenzo zomthetho xa iwisa imithetho edumileyo, ngoxa abanye betyhola ukubonakalisa umsebenzi wayo xa ibambelele amasebe anyuliweyo.

Uqukumbela: Ukulondoloza ungqinelwano

Iingqiniwo kunye nolwahlulo lwezopolitiko asiyonkqubo emileyo yemithetho kodwa isixokelelwano esiphilayo esifuna ukuhlala siphaphamile. Abalawuli baqonda ukuba amandla asoloko ekhula, kwaye bakha isakhiwo esilungiselelwe ukuxhathisa utyekelo. Le nkqubo ijongene neemfazwe, amanyala, kunye nolwahlulo olunzulu lwezopolitiko, kodwa inamandla kuphela njengamaziko nabemi abawakhuselayo. Kwixesha lokwahlukana ngokugqithisileyo kunye nelolawulo lwegunya elikhulu, igcina intembeko phakathi kwamasebe ihlala ingumsebenzi obalulekileyo wokukhusela idemokhrasi nxamnye nokuphathwa kakubi kukarhulumente. Ukuqonda ezi zinto linyathelo lokuqala lokuqinisekisa ukuba ziqhubeke zisebenza. Njengoko iJastieksi ithetha njalo, [FLD] imfundiso yokwahlukana kwamandla olwenziwe yiConvention of 178779, kodwa ingakhuthazwanga kusetyenziswa ngamandla afanelekileyo.[1]