Table of Contents

Iinkqubo zorhulumente nezomthetho zibumba ukwakhiwa kwesiseko sobume bezi butho lanamhlanje, ukusekwa kwemithetho, imigaqo, kunye neenkqubo ezilawula indlela abantu abasebenza ngayo kunye nendlela abasebenzisana ngayo. Ezi nkqubo zintsonkothileyo zimisela kungekuphela nje indlela eyakhiwe ngayo kwaye zinyanzeliswe ngayo kodwa nendlela amandla asasazwa ngayo, indlela abemi abathatha ngayo inxaxheba ekulawuleni, nendlela okusesikweni okusetyenziswa ngayo. Ukuqonda izibonelelo zolawulo, iinkqubo zomthetho, kunye nokumiselwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela ibutho elizilungelelanisa ngayo kunye neengxaki ezidibeneyo.

Kusukela kwimpucuko yamandulo ukuya kumazwe akhoyo, imibutho yabantu iye yazama iindlela ezininzi zokulawula kunye nemigaqo esemthethweni. Inkqubo nganye ibonisa imilinganiselo ekhethekileyo yembali, yenkcubeko, neyobunzululwazi bentanda-bulumko yoluntu ekuyiyo. Enoba ihlola iinkqubo zedemokhrasi ezigxininisa ulawulo oluqhelekileyo, izithethe zolawulo lookumkani ezisekelwe kulandelelwano lwemfuzanyana, okanye ulawulo olulawulayo olugxininisa amandla ezandleni zabambalwa, ezi nkqubo zibumba ubomi bemihla ngemihla babantu abangamawaka ezigidi ehlabathini lonke.

Oku kuphanda okunzulu kuphando olubalulekileyo kwinxalenye ebalulekileyo karhulumente nenkqubo yomthetho, ukuhlolisisa indlela ezisebenza ngayo izibonelelo ezahlukeneyo, indlela izithethe ezisemthethweni eziphembelela ngayo ulawulo lobulungisa, nendlela eziveliswa ngayo, ziphunyezwe ngayo, zicatshulwe, zicaciswe ngayo. Ngokuqonda ezi ngcamango zisisiseko, abemi banokubandakanyeka ngcono koorhulumente babo, bathethele izilangazelelo zabo, baze babe nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi ezibumba uluntu.

Ukuqonda Izakhiwo Neendidi Zorhulumente

Oorhulumente ehlabathini jikelele bazilungelelanisa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ngokuphawulekayo, nganye ibonakalisa iintanda-bulumko ezahlukeneyo ngomthombo wegunya lezobupolitika, ukwabiwa kwegunya, kunye nolwalamano phakathi kwabalawuli nabalawuli abalawulwayo. Iinkqubo ezintlanu eziqhelekileyo zikarhulumente ziquka idemokhrasi, irepublic, ubupolitika, ubukhomanisi kunye nolawulo lobuzwilakhe. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela zisisiseko kuzisa ukuqonda indlela ibutho elahlukeneyo elilufikelela ngayo ucelomngeni lokulawula kweqela.

Inkqubo Yedemokhrasi: Amandla Kubantu

Ulawulo-demokhrasi lungachazwa njengenkqubo karhulumente enamandla aphakamileyo abekwe ezandleni zabantu. Ingcamango inemvelaphi yakudala, negama elithi demokhrasi elinomphumo-mphumo wedemokhrasi elibuyela emva kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesihlanu B.C., kwaye enyanisweni, igama ledemokhrasi lithetha isiGrike (igunya labantu). Ulawulo-demokhrasi lumela enye yezona zindululo zezobupolitika ezibaluleke kakhulu, ukuseka umgaqo othi igunya elisemthethweni lifumaneke kwimvume yokulawulwa kunokuba linikwe nguThixo, ukulandelelwa kwelungelo, okanye amandla omkhosi.

Iinkqubo zedemokhrasi zivela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, nganye ineenkqubo ezahlukileyo zokuthabatha inxaxheba kubemi. Idemokhrasi ethe ngqo ibandakanya bonke abemi abafanelekileyo abanokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo ekwenzeni izigqibo zorhulumente. Olu hlobo lwedemokhrasi, ngoxa lufanelekile, lunika imingeni esebenzisekayo kwibutho elikhulu, elintsonkothileyo. Ngenxa yoko, inkoliso yedemokhrasi yale mihla isebenza njengeedemokhrasi ezimeleyo, apho abemi banyula khona abameli abamisela umthetho.

Ngeli xesha inkoliso isebenzisa iUnited States njengomzekelo wenkqubo yorhulumente wedemokhrasi, i-United States inoko kubizwa ngokuba yidemokhrasi yabameli. Kule nkqubo, abemi banika igunya lokwenza izigqibo kumagosa anyuliweyo anokuphendula ngonyulo oluthe rhoqo. Eli lungiselelo lilungelelanisa imbono yedemokhrasi yolawulo-siseko nemfuneko esebenzayo yokulawula abantu abaninzi, abahlukahlukeneyo.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo zeenkqubo zedemokhrasi ziquka unyulo olukhululekileyo nolufanelekileyo, ukukhusela amalungelo abantu kunye nenkululeko yabemi, ulawulo-mthetho, inkululeko yokubonakalisa nokuhlanganisana, kunye nokufuduselwa koxolo kwegunya. Ulawulo-melo oluninzi lukwanxulunyaniswa nokulingana kwezobupolitika nommi ngamnye onelungelo lokuvota omnye, oyaziwa ngokuba luvotelwa ngokubanzi. Le migaqo isebenza kunye ukuseka iinkqubo apho igunya likarhulumente lihlala linetyala kubantu abalusebenzisayo.

Ulawulo-demokhrasi lukwagxininisa ukubaluleka kwamalungelo nenkululeko. Kwinkoliso yeengcamango zamalungelo nenkululeko yolawulo-melo kubalulekile. Ilungelo liyinto umntu afanele afumane yona ngenxa yokuba engabantu. Inkululeko luhlobo lwenkululeko olungenakuthathwa namnye urhulumente. Le migaqo isebenza njengekhuselwa nxamnye nobuzwilakhe kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba kwanolawulo oluninzi aluyinyatheli inkululeko esisiseko yamaqela ambalwa okanye abantu ngabanye.

Ulawulo lwezibonelelo

Kulawulo lolawulo olumandundu, igunya lelizwe lilawulwa yintsapho enye ezuza ilifa lolawulo ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya kwesinye, kwaye umntu othile kwintsapho yasebukhosini unegunya de bafe. Imikhosi yoorhulumente imela olunye lwentlobo zorhulumente ezindala, olunemvelaphi esusela kumawakawaka eminyaka kwimpucuko yamandulo. Isimimiselo solawulo lolawulo lolawulo lwamafa siye saguquka ngokuhamba kwexesha, saziqhelanisa ngokuphawulekayo nokutshintsha kweemeko zentlalo, ezopolitiko nezoqoqosho.

Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziqhelekileyo zolawulo lolawulo lookumkani: ulawulo lwemonarchy olupheleleyo kunye nolawulo lwemibutho elawulwa ngurhulumente, olunee-monarchy ezipheleleyo, ezimalunga neshumi elinesibini, ezilawulwa njengee-autocracy. Kwimimandla epheleleyo, imonarch ilawula urhulumente ngokupheleleyo ngemiqathango embalwa okanye kungekho mGaqo-siseko. umlawuli opheleleyo ulawula urhulumente uphela; umzekelo walo didi lukarhulumente yiSaudi Arabia.

Ulawulo loMgaqo-siseko lumela indaleko ebalulekileyo evela kulawulo olupheleleyo. Namhlanje, uninzi loorhulumente bolawulo lookumkani luguqukele kwimigaqo-siseko wemikhosi, apho umlawuli eyintloko yesizwe kodwa kuphela ephumeza iindima zesithethe kwaye engenawo amandla karhulumente. Kwezi nkqubo, ngoxa uMongami eyiNtloko kaRhulumente, amandla okwenza nokudlulisela umthetho okhoyo kwiPalamente enyuliweyo. Amazwe anjengeUnited Kingdom, iJapan, iSpeyin, iSweden, kunye neNetherlands abonisa ukuba lo mzekelo usebenza ngokuyintloko kwimisebenzi yokomfuziselo neyomsithotho wemi ngoxa urhulumente enyuliweyo esebenzisa amandla enyani ezobupolitika.

Ukuzingisa kolawulo lolawulo lookumkani kwixesha langoku kungabonakala kudida ukujijelwa kwehlabathi lonke kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Noko ke, ulawulo lwemonarchy luye lwaqhubeka njengohlobo lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo-siseko kuba lungahlalisa iimfuno zolawulo-siseko ngcono kunezinye iintlobo zomthetho wolawulo-mthetho: "Ooooosomashishini bangathoba bangathoba ulawulo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ulawulo ngokuguqulwa kulawulo-siseko sobudemokhrasi. Ithemba lokugcina umlawuli ebhenela kumaqela aphikisayo axabisa idemokhrasi kunye nozinzo.

Asizizo zonke imikhosi yobukumkani elandela ulandelelwano olulifa. Kulawulo olunyuliweyo, ookumkani bakhethwa okanye batyunjwa liqumrhu elithile (ikholeji ekhethekileyo) ukuze baphile okanye bamiselwe ixesha elithile. Ii-monarchy ezine ezinyuliweyo zikho namhlanje: iKhambodiya, iMalaysia kunye neUnited Arabhu Emirates ziyindalo yama-20-nkulu, ngoxa enye (upapa) ikho mandulo. Ezi nkqubo zidibanisa amalungu esithethe sobukumkani kunye neenkqubo ezikhethiweyo zokukhetha iinkokeli.

IiRiphabliki: Ukhokelo Olubekiweyo

Kwinkqubo karhulumente weriphabliki, igunya likwaxhomekeke ebantwini, njengoko belawula ukunyulwa okanye ukukhethwa kwenkokeli yelizwe, endaweni yokuba inkokeli imiselwe okanye ifumane igunya lokudla ilifa. Ngokubanzi, iriphabliki yinkqubo karhulumente engenakumkani. Uhlobo lukarhulumente weriphabliki lugxininisa umgaqo wokuba ulawulo luhlala nabantu, abasebenzisa igunya labo ngoothunywa abanyuliweyo.

Umahluko phakathi kweeriphabliki kunye nolawulo-melo maxa wambi ungadideko, njengoko iiriphabliki zale mihla ezininzi zikwayidemokhrasi. IUnited States iyiriphabliki yesizwe esekelwe kumgaqo-siseko apho abemi banyula abameli ukuze benze izigqibo zemigaqo-siseko. Ibinzana elithi idemokhrasi elifana ncam neriphabliki, lingasetyenziswa ukuchaza urhulumente apho abemi bakhetha khona abameli ukukhuthaza imigaqo exhasa izilangazelelo zabo.

Iinkqubo zeRiphabliki zibonakalisa ukwahlulwa kwamandla phakathi kwamasebe awahlukeneyo karhulumente, imimiselo yesiseko somgaqo-siseko emisela igunya likarhulumente, nonyulo oluthe rhoqo ukuqinisekisa ukuphendula. Ezi nkqubo zisebenza kunye ukukhusela ukuxinezeleka kwamandla nokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye ngoxa zikwazi ukulawula ngokunempumelelo.

Ulawulo lobuOstreliya noOmashiqela

Kurhulumente abanyanzelisayo, igunya lijoliswe ezandleni zabambalwa, ngokufuthi elinye iqela lezobupolitika okanye kwanenkokeli enye (le nto ibizwa ngokuba yi-autocracy). Ngokungafaniyo nenkqubo yedemokhrasi apho igunya lisuka kwimvume ethandwayo, ulawulo lwezilawuli zempatho ephantsi kwegunya ligcina igunya ngezindlela ezahlukeneyo kuquka ulawulo lolwazi, ukucinezelwa kwenkcaso, yaye maxa wambi nokunyanzelwa okanye ugonyamelo.

Urhulumente olawulayo unomdla, ngaphezu kwako konke okunye, ekulondolozeni amandla akhe. Ngenxa yokuba ukuphazamiseka kwabemi kunokukhokelela kwimvukelo, oorhulumente abanjalo batyekele ekugxininiseni ucwangco. Inkululeko nganye efana nenkululeko yokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo (kuquka izikhalazo) kunye nelungelo lokuzimela wedwa lidla ngokuncitshiswa kwinkqubo. Oku kuhlaziywa kwangaphambili kozinzo nokulawula inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kwahlula iinkqubo zolawulo olungqongqo kwezedemokhrasi.

Kulawulo-zwi, umntu omnye, umlawuli olawulayo, unamandla apheleleyo kwilizwe. Luhlobo lorhulumente olulawulayo apho umntu omnye enegunya lokunyanzelisa nokumisela umthetho. Ii-demokrati zidla ngokuvela ngolawulo lophulo-mpululo lwemikhosi, imibutho yenguquko, okanye ukubhukuqa okuthe rhoqo kwemigangatho yedemokhrasi. Uzwilakhe akadla ngokuwadla ngokuwadla ilifa amandla awo afana nawomlawuli; mhlawumbi babamba ulawulo ngomgunya okanye (ngokuqhelekileyo) ngonyulo. Abalawuli ababekwangabekwa tyala ngezenzo zabo zolawulo loburhulumente kwaye ngaloo ndlela bakhululekile ukuba benze oko befuna, kuquka ukulinganisela amalungelo abemi.

Ulawulo loozwilakhe lumela uhlobo olungqongqo lolawulo olungqongqo, lufuna ukulawula kungekuphela nje ubomi bezobupolitika kodwa zonke iinkalo zebutho labantu kuquka uqoqosho, imfundo, izithethe neenkolelo zangasese. Ezi nkqubo zisebenzisa uphando, iingcamango nolawulo lorhulumente kumajelo eendaba nakulwazi ukuze zigcine igunya lawo.

Ulawulo lwabambalwa

Amandla kwi-oligarchy abanjwa liqela elincinane, elikhetheke. Ngokungafaniyo ne-monarchy, amalungu e-oligarchy akafezekisi izikhundla zawo ngokusekelwe kwizalamane eziphezulu. Endaweni yoko, anokunyukela kwizikhundla zolawulo ngenxa yamandla emikhosi, amandla ezoqoqosho, okanye iimeko ezifanayo. I-Oligarchy ingenza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kumthombo wamandla negunya leqela elilawulayo.

Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemikhosi yamazwe aphantsi kolawulo ziquka imikhosi elawulwa ngabantu, apho ubutyebi bulawula igunya lezobupolitika; amagunya olawulo alawulayo, apho iinkokeli zomkhosi zilawula khona urhulumente; kunye nezolawulo loburhulumente, apho amagunya onqulo alawula khona kwezobupolitika. Ilizwe laseIran lilawulwa ngolawulo lobuthixo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ilizwe lilawulwa liqela leenkokeli zonqulo. Luhlobo ngalunye lwe-oligarchy lugxininisa igunya ezandleni zeqela elikhethiweyo elisekelwe kwimilinganiselo ethile efana nobutyebi, isikhundla somkhosi, okanye igunya lonqulo.

Ingcamango ye-oligarchy ayifumaneki; inqabile into yokuba ibutho labantu lizichaze ngokuphandle njenge-oligarchy. Ngokuqhelekileyo, eli gama lineentsingiselo ezingalunganga kwaye likhumbuza iingcamango zeqela elinobungendawo elimalungu enza izigqibo ezingekho mthethweni ukuze alondoloze iimbono zawo ezikhethekileyo. Le ngcamango ingentle ibonisa inkxalabo ngokuxinana kwamandla kunye nokukwazi kwamaqela aphezulu ukubeka izilangazelelo zawo kuqala kunezinto ezilungileyo ezifanayo.

Amazwe obuKomanisi

Inkqubo karhulumente wamakomanisi idla ngokusekelwe kwingcamango ethile yobukomanisi efundiswa nguKarl Marx okanye uVladimir Lenin. Iqela elinye okanye iqela labantu lidla ngokuqhuba amaphondo obukomanisi. Iinkqubo zobuKomanisi zithetha ukuba zizimisele ukwenza uluntu olungenazintlukwano kunye nezixhobo zokuphumeza imveliso, nangona kungokuqhelekileyo ziye zaphumela kulawulo olunolawulo olungqongqo olunye.

Imizekelo yamatyala obukomanisi iquka iTshayina, iCuba neVietnam. La mazwe agcina ulawulo lweqela lamakomanisi ngoxa ephumeza amaqondo ahlukeneyo eenguqu zezoqoqosho eziye zaxhaswa ngokwentengiso. Indaleko yamazwe obukomanisi ibonisa indlela iinkqubo zezobupolitika eziqhelanisa ngayo nokutshintsha kwezinto zezoqoqosho nezentlalo ngoxa zigcina izibophelelo ezithile zengqondo.

Ukubaluleka Kwemisebenzi Yesakhelo SomGaqo-siseko Nomthetho

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba lunjani urhulumente, izicwangciso zomgaqo-siseko nokunamathela kumthetho kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuboneni indlela ezisebenza ngayo iinkqubo zezobupolitika nendlela ezikhusela ngayo amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Abanye oorhulumente balungelelaniswe ngokwemimiselo yemithetho ekufuneka ilandelwe. Imithetho echaza indlela urhulumente amele asebenze ngayo ibizwa ngokuba ngumgaqo-siseko. ImiGaqo-siseko isebenza njengamaxwebhu asisiseko asisiseko amisela amacandelo karhulumente, achaza amandla kunye nemiqathango yamasebe awahlukeneyo, kwaye ngokufuthi ahlula amalungelo abemi.

Umgaqo-siseko ukwaquka ukukhusela amalungelo abantu ngabanye nenkululeko yabo bonke, kuquka amaqela amancinane. Oorhulumente abalandela umgaqo-siseko wabo nemithetho yabo bawuhlonela ngokusondeleyo u "mthetho womthetho". Oorhulumente abalandela umthetho banikela ukhuseleko olungakumbi kubantu ngenxa yokuba izigqibo oorhulumente abazenzayo kufuneka zisekelwe kwimithetho. Lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba amandla karhulumente asetyenziswa ngokwemigaqo esemthethweni kunokulandela iminqweno engekho ngqiqweni yabo basemagunyeni.

Umthetho umela isiseko solawulo olusesikweni, umisela ukuba bonke abantu namaziko, kuquka norhulumente, bamele baphendule imithetho ebhengezwa esidlangalaleni, enyanzeliswa ngokulinganayo, nengalawulwayo. Lo mgaqo ukhusela ekusebenziseni igunya ngokungekho mthethweni kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente zihlala zicacile, zicace yaye ziphantsi kocelomngeni olungokwasemthethweni.

Isiseko somgaqo-siseko sithetha ngeendawo eziliqela eziphambili eziquka isakhiwo sikarhulumente nolwahlulo lwamagunya, ulwalamano phakathi kwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente (urhulumente, ummandla, indawo), amalungelo neembopheleleko zabemi, iinkqubo zokulungisa umgaqo-siseko, kunye neenkqubo zokucombulula iimpikiswano phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente okanye phakathi korhulumente nabemi. La malungiselelo asebenza kunye ukwenza iinkqubo ezizinzileyo, ezithelekelelayo zolawulo ezilungelelanisa ulawulo olusebenzayo kunye nokhuseleko lwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Nokujongana Nolungelelwano

Oorhulumente abaninzi bale mihla, ingakumbi abo bolawulo-mpukane, baquka umgaqo wokwahlula amagunya ukukhusela ukuxinezeleka kwegunya nokukhusela ekucinezelweni kwegunya. Ngalinye lamasebe amathathu karhulumente wase-U.(*) umlawuli olawulayo, ikomiti, kunye nowiso-mthetho (i-"ivavanywa amanye amasebe. Le nkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye linokulawula okanye lisebenzise amandla angathinteli.

Isebe lemithetho linegunya lokwenza imithetho, ukulawula iindleko zikarhulumente, nokunyamekela isebe eliphetheyo. Isebe eliphetheyo lisebenza lize linyanzelise imithetho, liqhube iinkqubo zamazwe angaphandle, limisele iinkqubo zikarhulumente. Isebe lezomthetho lichaza imithetho, licombulule iimpikiswano, limisele nokuba imithetho nezenzo eziphezulu ziyavumelana na neemfuno zomgaqo-siseko. Isebe ngalinye linamandla akhethekileyo alo abangela ukuba likwazi ukuqwalasela izenzo zamasebe azimeleyo, livelise umlinganiselo onamandla okhusela inkululeko ngoxa lisenza ulawulo olusebenzayo.

Oku kwahlulwa kwamagunya kubonisa ukuqonda okuthi ukunikel' ingqalelo lonke igunya likarhulumente kwiqela elinye okanye umntu ngamnye kubangele amathuba ayingozi okuxhatshazwa. Ngokwahlula amandla phakathi kwamaziko amaninzi ngeendawo ezahlukeneyo, iindlela zokukhetha, kunye nemigaqo ye-ofisi, iinkqubo zomgaqo-siseko zidala iingongoma ezininzi ezenza kube nzima nayiphi na inkqubano ukulawula ngokupheleleyo. Eli lungiselelo maxa wambi lingabangela ukuba kwenziwe izigqibo ezicothayo, kodwa linikeze ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo nxamnye nemithetho enzima nengxamisekileyo.

Iinkqubo ezingokwasemthethweni: Izakhelo zeMisebenzi yeSimo soBulungiseleli

Iinkqubo zomthetho zilungiselela iinkqubo zolawulo kunye nezomthetho apho imithetho isungulwa, ichazwe, isetyenziswe, kwaye inyanzeliswe khona. Iinkqubo zomthetho ehlabathini lonke ziyahluka kakhulu, kodwa zidla ngokulandela umthetho wamakhaya okanye umthetho oqhelekileyo. Ezi zithethe zimbini ziphambili zomthetho ziye zabumba ulawulo lobulungisa kwinkoliso yehlabathi, nangona ezinye iinkqubo eziquka umthetho wonqulo nomthetho wesithethe zikwadlala iindima ezibalulekileyo kwimimandla emininzi.

Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kweenkqubo zomthetho kunceda kucace indlela okusetyenziswa ngayo okusesikweni, indlela iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni eziconjululwa ngayo, nendlela imithetho eguquka ngayo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Inkqubo nganye ibonisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zentandabulumko zolwazi lobume bomthetho, indima yabagwebi, kunye nolwalamano phakathi kwemithetho ebhaliweyo kunye nokucaciswa kwesigwebo.

Iinkqubo Zomthetho Oqhelekileyo: Indima Yesiqalo

Ingxelo yomthetho oqhelekileyo ekwinkqubo yolawulo lwamaNgesi angaphambili xa iinkundla zaqalisa ukuqokelela nokupapasha izigqibo zomthetho. Kamva, izigqibo ezipapashiweyo zasetyenziswa njengesiseko sokugqiba amatyala afanayo. Le nkqubela yembali yavelisa isithethe esingokwembali ngokusisiseko esisekelwe kwimizekelo engokomthetho, apho izigqibo zangaphambili zikhokela ukucocwa kwamatyala akhoyo.

Kumthetho oqhelekileyo, imizekelo yangaphambili engomthetho okanye imithetho egwebayo isetyenziswa ukugqiba amatyala akhoyo. Lo mgaqo, owaziwa ngokuba yi-scan decisis (ngesiLatini se-"stage ""), udala ukungaguquguquki nokuxelwa kwangaphambili kwiziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni. Inkalo engundoqo yenkqubo eqhelekileyo kukuxhomekeka nokusetyenziswa kwawo, okanye ukujongwa kweliso. Imodeli yimbali yezigwebo eziyila isiseko sokuvavanywa kwamatyala exeliweyo. Umgwebi owongamele ityala elifanelekileyo kwaye angasetyenziswa kwelo tyala lichaziwe.

I-United States, iKhanada, iNgilani, i-Indiya, ne-Ostreliya zigqalwa njengamazwe aqhelekileyo omthetho. Ngenxa yokuba zonke zazikhe zaba ngabemi okanye amathanga ase Great Britain, ziye zahlala zihleli kwisithethe somthetho oqhelekileyo. Olu nxulumano lwembali luchaza usasazwa kwemithetho yelizwe, eyanwenwela ngenkqele yolawulo lwamaBritane kwaye iyaqhubeka iphembelela inkqubela engokwasemthethweni kula mazwe.

UMthetho oqhelekileyo ufumana igunya lawo kwizigwebo zesigwebo nemizekelo. Abagwebi banendima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni umthetho ngeenkcazelo nangemithetho yabo. Nangona umthetho usengumthombo obalulekileyo womthetho, usoloko usebenza ukuzalisa izithuba kuMthetho oqhelekileyo kunokuba umisele iziphumo ezisemthethweni. Le nkqubo yomthetho ivumela iinkqubo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo ukuba zivumelane neemeko eziguqukayo ngaphandle kokufuna ukungenelela ngokuqhubekayo kwimithetho.

Iinkqubo zoMthetho oqhelekileyo zisebenza ngendlela eyiyo. Inkundla yomthetho ibandakanya amaqela amabini aphikisanayo anikela amatyala awo phambi komgwebi ongenamkhethe, yaye kwezinye iimeko, umgwebi usebenza njengejaji. Indima yomgwebi kukuqinisekisa inkqubo elungileyo, ukutolika umthetho, nokunikela isigqibo esisekelwe kubungqina obunikelweyo neempikiswano ezisemthethweni. Oku kufikelela komthetho kumele kuqulunqe iinkundla zamaqela ukuze ziphuhlise aze zidlulisele amatyala awo, kunye nomgwebi osebenza njengomgwebi ongathathi nxaxheba.

Inkqubo yoMthetho waBami: Imithetho equlunqayo

Umthetho wamakhaya yinkqubo yomthetho esekelwe kuBukhosi baseRoma kwaye yayanyaniswa ngokuphandle kwaye yasasazwa ngenkulungwane ye-19, ngokuphawuleka kakhulu ngeNapoleonic Code (1804) kunye neBürgerliches Geetzbuch yaseJamani (1900). Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo, ezixhomekeke kakhulu kwimizekelo esesikweni, iinkqubo zomthetho zamakhaya ziphawulwa ngokuxhomekeka kwazo kwimithetho esemthethweni esebenza njengomthombo oyintloko womthetho.

Umthetho wamakhaya yeyona nkqubo yomthetho iqhelekileyo ehlabathini, esetyenziswa kumazwe amalunga nekhulu elinamashumi amahlanu. Oku kusetyenziswa kolwamkelo kubonakalisa impembelelo yezithethe zamaRoma ezisemthethweni kunye nesibheno somanyano olubanzi njengocwangciso lokulungelelanisa imigaqo esemthethweni. Amazwe amakhaya aquka wonke uMzantsi Merika (ngaphandle kwe-Guyana), phantse lonke elaseYurophu (kuquka iJamani, iFransi neSpeyin), iTshayina neJapan.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uMthetho wamakhaya uqukwa. Amazwe anenkqubo yomthetho wasekuhlaleni anemithetho ebanzi, ehlaziywa ngokuqhubekayo echaza yonke imicimbi enokuziswa phambi kwenkundla, inkqubo esebenzayo, kunye nesohlwayo esifanelekileyo kwityala ngalinye. Le migaqo ijolise ekunikezeleni iingxelo ezicacileyo, ezicwangcisiweyo zemigaqo esemthethweni ezigqunywe kuzo zonke iinkalo zomthetho, zinciphisa imfuneko yokutolikwa kwemithetho nokuyila ukuqiniseka okukhulu ngeemfuno zomthetho.

Kwinkqubo yomthetho wasekuhlaleni, indima yomgwebi kukuseka izibakala zetyala nokusebenzisa amalungiselelo ekhowudi esebenzayo. Nangona ijaji isoloko izisa izityholo ezisesikweni, ihlolisisa ityala, ize igqibe kwityala, isebenza kwisiseko esimiswe yiseti yemithetho ebanzi, edityanisiweyo. Le ndlela iyahluka kakhulu kwiinkqubo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo, apho abagwebi basebenzisa igunya elingakumbi lokutolika kwaye izigqibo zabo zidala imizekelo engqinelanayo.

Iinkqubo zoMthetho wamakhaya zidla ngokusetyenziswa ngokutsha. Ijaji ithatha indima ephambili ekuphengululeni izibakala zetyala nokugqiba umthetho osebenzayo. Igxininisa kukutyhila inyaniso kunokuthembela kuphela ekudluliseleni ubungqina. Le ndlela yokuncina amakholwa ibonisa ingcamango eyahlukileyo ngendima yokugweba, ijonga abagwebi njengabaphandi abakhutheleyo abafuna inyaniso kunokuba bangabaqhathanga abaphikisi phakathi kwamaqela akhuphisanayo.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, umthetho wamakhaya awugxininisi kakhulu kwimizekelo. Nangona izigqibo ezivela kwiinkundla eziphakamileyo zinokugqalwa njengezinyanzelayo, azinyanzeli. Abagwebi banenkululeko engakumbi yokuchaza umthetho osekelwe kwizibakala ezithe ngqo zetyala elikhoyo, ngaphandle kokubotshwa ngokungqongqo yimigwebo yangaphambi kokuba kugwetywe. Oku kuguquka kuvumela abagwebi bomthetho wesizwe ukuba basebenzise imigaqo engqineke ilungelelene neemeko ezithile ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa yimizekelo ephelelwe lixesha.

Ukuthelekisa uMthetho Oqhelekileyo Nenkqubo Yomthetho Wamakhaya

Namhlanje umahluko phakathi kweemfundiso eziqhelekileyo zomthetho nezingokwamakhaya uxhomekeke kwimvelaphi epheleleyo yomthetho. Iinkqubo zomthetho oqhelekileyo zibhekisela kakhulu kwimimiselo, kodwa amatyala agweba athathwa njengowona mthombo ubalulekileyo womthetho. Lo mahluko usisiseko uguqula indlela iinkqubo zomthetho ezikhula ngayo, indlela amagqwetha aqeqeshwa ngayo, indlela okuthethwa ngayo, nendlela okusesikweni okusetyenziswa ngayo.

Inkqubo yomthetho eqhelekileyo ayibhalwanga njengenkqubo yomthetho wasekuhlaleni. Oku kuthetha ukuba iinkqubo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo zinika amaqela ububele obungakumbi ukuze akhe ulwalamano lwawo ngezivumelwano nangezivumelwano, kunye namalungiselelo ambalwa angomthetho ayimfuneko aboniswa ngokusebenza komthetho. Kukho amalungiselelo ambalwa aboniswayo kwisivumelwano phantsi kwesixokelelwano somthetho esiqhelekileyo – ngoko kubalulekile ukumisela wonke amanyathelo alawula ulwalamano phakathi kwamaqela kwisivumelwano ngokwaso.

Ngokuchasene noko, kukho amalungiselelo aliqela achazwa kwisivumelwano esiphantsi kwenkqubo yomthetho wasekuhlaleni – okungabalulekile kangako kudla ngokubekwa ekubekeni onke amabinzana alawula ulwalamano phakathi kwamaqela kwisivumelwano ngokwaso njengesivumelwano sokungafezeki okanye impatho enokuthi ilungiswe okanye ilungiswe ngokusebenzisa umthetho. Oku kusoloko kuphumela ekubeni isivumelwano sibe sifutshane kuneso sinye kwilizwe eliqhelekileyo.

Indima yabagwebi yahlukile kakhulu phakathi kwezi nkqubo zimbini. Eyona iphambili kukumiswa kwabagwebi: Phantsi komthetho oqhelekileyo, abagwebi badla ngokumiselwa emva komsebenzi owempumelelo ongokwasemthethweni, ngelixa amagunya omthetho wamakhaya ethanda ukumisela abaphumeleleyo baphume ngqo eyunivesithi. Oku kungachaphazela imbono yomhlaba yabagwebi. Ezi ndlela ezahlukeneyo zomsebenzi zijolise kwiimbono zogwebo kunye nokufikelela ekutolikeni okusemthethweni.

Iinkqubo Zonqulo Nezobufundisi

Ngaphandle komthetho oqhelekileyo, iinkqubo zomthetho zifeza indima ebalulekileyo kwibutho labantu abaninzi. Umthetho wamaSilamsi (ummandla), umthetho wamaYuda (uHalakha), nomthetho weCanon (umthetho weCawa yamaKatolika) umela izithethe eziphambili zonqulo ezilawula iinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobomi babalandeli. Ezi nkqubo zifumana igunya kwiincwadi zonqulo, izithethe, neenkcazelo zolwazi kunokuba zichazwe ngokwenkqubo yezomthetho okanye yezomthetho.

Kwamanye amazwe, umthetho wonqulo ulawula imicimbi yobuqu enjengemitshato, uqhawulo - mtshato, ilifa, kunye nolwalamano lwentsapho, ngoxa umthetho wehlabathi uxubusha imicimbi yezorhwebo, izaphuli - mthetho neyolawulo.

Umthetho oqhelekileyo, osekelwe kwizenzo nezithethe ezinde zoluntu oluthile, uyaqhubeka uphembelela iinkqubo zomthetho kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, ingakumbi kwimicimbi enxulumene nomhlaba, isigqibo, kunye nolawulo loluntu. Amazwe amaninzi aquka iziqalelo zomthetho wesithethe kunye neenkqubo ezisemthethweni ezisesikweni, ukwenza isiseko sobuninzi somthetho esiqaphela imithombo emininzi yegunya elisemthethweni.

Iinkqubo zomthetho ezixutyiweyo

Amanye amazwe afana noMzantsi Afrika asebenzisa intlanganisela yomthetho wasekuhlaleni nowaseSpeyin. Ezi nkqubo zidibeneyo okanye ezixubeneyo zidibanisa amalungu asuka kwizithethe ezahlukeneyo zomthetho, ngokufuthi zibonakalisa imbali entsonkothileyo yamakoloni okanye imigudu yamabhombu ukudibanisa amandla endlela ezininzi zokuthetha. ULouisiana lilizwe lodwa e-U.S. elinomthetho waburhulumente osekelwe kakhulu kwimithetho yamaFrentshi neSpeyin, ngokuchasene nomthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi. ELouisiana, umthetho wabucala wagunyaziswa kwiLouisiana Covin Code.

Iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo zibonisa ukuba izithethe ezingokwasemthethweni azifani kwaye ibutho labantu linokukwazi ukudibanisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zomthetho. Ezi nkqubo zixubeneyo zidla ngokuba neempawu ezahlukileyo ezahlulayo kwizithethe zabazali bazo, zidala izithethe ezingokwasemthethweni ezahlukileyo ezinceda inkcubeko ezahlukahlukeneyo nembali yazo.

INkqubo yoHlahlelo loMgaqo-nkqubo: Ukusuka Kwizicwangciso Ukusa Kuzaliso

Ukuqonda indlela esungulwa ngayo, esetyenziswayo, nokusetyenziswa kwayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela oorhulumente abalusingatha ngayo ucelomngeni lobuntlalo-ntle nokusukela usukelo olumanyeneyo. Inkqubo yokwenziwa kwayo ibandakanya amaqondo amaninzi, abadlali abaninzi, kunye nokunxibelelana okuntsonkothileyo phakathi kwamaziko ahlukeneyo kunye namaqela abantu abanomdla. Nangona iinkqubo ezithile zahluka-hlukeneyo kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente ezahlukeneyo, ukuphuhliswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo kulandela imigaqo ecacileyo ebandakanya ukumiselwa kwemimiselo, ukubekwa, ukusetyenziswa, ukusetyenziswa komntwana, ukuphunyezwa, kunye nokuhlolwa.

Ukulungelelanisa: Ukubona Iingxaki Nezinto Eziza Kuqala

Inkqubo iqala ngokucwangcisa, iqonga apho imiba ethile ifumana ingqalelo kwaye igqalwa njengeengxaki ezifuna ukuphunyezwa ngurhulumente. Asizizo zonke iingxaki zentlalo eziyenza ifikelele kwinkqubo ecwangcisiweyo; impembelelo ezahlukahlukeneyo yemiba efumana ingxubangxubevange equka ubungxinano kunye nobungakanani bengxaki, ukukhutshelwa kwemiba yonxibelelwano kunye nenkxalabo yoluntu, ukukhuthazwa kwenzala kunye nemibutho yentlalo, ukubhekisa kwiziganeko ezifana neziganeko okanye iintlekele, kunye nokungabi nako kwezobupolitika kunye nexesha.

Ucwangciso lwe-agenda lungolwendalo lwezopolitiko, lubandakanya ukhuphiswano phakathi kwamaqela awahlukeneyo afuna ukubeka inkxalabo yawo phambili. Abarhwebi benkqubo ```iindivide''' okanye imibutho eqokelela izikhundla ezithile zenkcubeko-nkqubo).

Amajelo eendaba asebenza njengomlamli ogxekayo kwimimiselo ehleliwe, egqiba ukuba zeziphi iimbambano ezifumana ingqalelo kawonke-wonke nendlela ezifakwa ngayo. Ingxelo enkulu yamajelo eendaba inganyusa imibandela engaqondakaliyo ibe yeyona iphambili kwilizwe, lo gama ukunqongophala kokungathethi kusenokugcina iingxaki ezinzulu kucwangciso lwenkqubo. I-media yezentlalo iguqule le ntshukumo inamandla, yenza ukuba iintshukumo zengca zikwazi ukudlula abagcini-sango besithethe kwaye ikhuthaza ingqalelo kawonke-wonke kwiimbambano ezithile.

Umgaqo-nkqubo: Izicombululo

Xa umba ufikelela kucwangciso lwenkqubo, iqonga lokuyila libandakanya ukuphuhlisa izindululo ezithile ukucombulula ingxaki echaziwe. Le nkqubo iquka ukuhlalutya ingxaki kunye nezizathu zayo, iinjongo zolawulo kunye neziphumo ezifunekayo, ukuphuhlisa ezinye iindlela kunye nezisombululo, ukuvavanya iindleko, iingenelo, kunye nokungaqondakali kwemiqathango ekhethekileyo equka ukubeka umthetho okanye ulawulo.

Ukwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo kubandakanya ubugcisa kunye nomgwebo wezopolitiko. Iirhulumente zidla ngokuqhagamshelana neengcali zemibandela, uphando lwe-oventine, ukuququzelela amatyala kawonke-wonke, nokucela amagalelo kubantu abaphethe ityala ukuze kwaziswe inkqubela-phambili yenkqubo.

Umgangatho wokulinganisa kufuneka ulungelelaniso oluninzi kuquka ukuphumelela ekusingatheni ingxaki, ukuphumelela kwezoqoqosho kunye nenkcitho yexabiso, ukufezekisa kwezobupolitika kunye nokwamkela, ubuchule bolawulo ukuzalisekisa inkqubo, ukulingana nokusasazwa kwempembelelo, kunye nokungaguquguquki kwemithetho ekhoyo kunye nemigaqo. Ezi ngcinga zikhuphisanayo zifuna ukunqandwa okunzima, kunye nabagcini beemathiriyeli abahlukeneyo bangabeka amaxabiso ahlukeneyo.

Kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, ukwenziwa kwenkqubo kubandakanya iinkqubo zokwahlukana ezibandakanya abemi kunye noluntu oluchaphazelekayo. Ukuxilongwa kwabantu, iindawo zokusebenza ezitshayelela iimasti, kunye neefomati ezifuna imvume yokunikela amathuba okubonelela ngemithetho ephuhlisiweyo. Ezi ndlela zokwabelana zinokuphucula umgangatho womgaqo-nkqubo ngokubandakanya ulwazi lwasekuhlaleni kunye nengqiqo eziluncedo, ngoxa kwakha inkxaso yoluntu kunye nokufaneleka kwemigaqo yesiphelo.

Ukungatshati Kwabazali Abangabo: Ukwenza Izigqibo

Ukunikelwa kwenkqubo yokwamkelwa komgaqo-nkqubo kubandakanya isigqibo esisemthethweni sokumisela inkqubo ethile. Kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, oku kudla ngokufuna iindleko ukudlula ngohlolo lwekomiti kunye nokuva, iingxoxo zomgangatho kunye nokulungisa, amavoti kumagumbi owiso-mthetho anye okanye amaninzi, kunye nemvume yegunya eliphezulu okanye iveto. Inkqubo yokukhulisa umntwana ngokusemthethweni inika amathuba amaninzi okulungisa, ukulalanisa, nokuchasa, ukubonisa ii-chekeko kunye nokulungelelana okusekwe iinkqubo ezininzi zikarhulumente.

Iimeko zezobupolitika eziphembelela kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yokwamkelwa kwemithetho. Abameli kufuneka baqwalasele ukhetho oluququzelelweyo, izikhundla zeqela, iingcinezelo zomdla, neenkolelo zabo. Isakhiwo sokubophelela inzala yoluntu kufuneka sidibane ngokwaneleyo ukuze koyise inkcaso kunye nemiqobo enxulumeneyo. Oku kudla ngokufuna ulalanisa kunye nokuxolelwanisa, okuphumela kwimigaqo ehluke kakhulu kwiinkalo zokuqala.

Kwinkqubo zepalamente, umphathi oyintloko uqhelisela ulawulo olungakumbi kwiinkqubo zowiso-mthetho, ekwenza ukuba inkqubo yokwamkelwa isoloko isetyenziswa ngakumbi xa urhulumente eyalela uninzi lowiso-mthetho. Iinkqubo zoomongameli kunye nokwahlulwa kwamandla ngokufuthi zifumana iinkqubo zokumkelwa ngokuchaseneyo, ingakumbi xa amaqela ahlukeneyo elawula amasebe aphetheyo nawowiso-mthetho.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo inokumkelwa ngeenkqubo zolawulo kunokuba ifakwe umthetho, kunye namaqumrhu alawulayo avelisa imithetho nemimiselo phantsi kwegunya emiselwe yimimiselo. Le nkqubo yolawulo iquka isaziso kunye namagqabaza avumela ungeniso lukawonke-wonke, uhlalutyo lwempembelelo yolawulo, kunye nokuhlolisiswa yimibutho yooorhulumente. Nangona ulawulo lungabonakali kakuhle kunenkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ukulawulwa kuvelisa inkqubo echaphazela ngokuphawulekayo abemi namashishini.

Ukuzalisekisa Inkqubo: Ukuqhelisela imigaqo-nkqubo

Ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yokwamkelwa akuqinisekisi ukuphunyezwa kwayo ngempumelelo. Iqonga lokuzalisekisa libandakanya ukuguqulela izigqibo zomgaqo-nkqubo kwisenzo ngokuphuhlisa imimiselo neenkqubo ezineenkcukacha, ngokumisela oovimba kunye nabasebenzi, ukuseka izibonelelo zentlangano kunye neembopheleleko, ukunxibelelana namaqela achaphazelekileyo, nokuhlola ukuthotyelwa nokusebenza kwawo.

Ukuphunyezwa kwempumelelo kufuna oovimba abaneleyo kuquka inkxaso-mali, abasebenzi, ubugcisa, kunye neenkqubo zolwazi. Abasebenzi abaneleyo bamela unobangela oqhelekileyo wokusilela kokuzalisekiswa, njengoko amaqumrhu engenabo ubuchule bokuphumeza iimbopheleleko zawo ezibekiweyo. Inkxaso yezobupolitika ikwayimibandela; imigaqo exhathisayo eqhubekayo isenokuhlangabezana nokuchaswa kokuzalisekiswa kwemisebenzi echaphazelekayo, amagosa omgangatho ophantsi, okanye abantu ngokubanzi.

Ukuntsonkotha kolawulo lwangoku kuthetha ukuba ukuphunyezwa kwemibutho emininzi esebenza kumgangatho owahlukeneyo karhulumente. Oku kubandakanya imiqathango ephakathi korhulumente kudala imingeni yokusebenzisana, njengoko amaqumrhu awahlukeneyo esenokuba nezinto eziza kuqala, amandla, kunye nokuchazwa kweemfuno zenkqubo. Ukucacile unxibelelwano, unxibelelwano olusebenzisanayo, kunye nenkqubo esebenzayo yokulungelelanisa izinto kufuneka ukuze kuphunyezwe ngokunempumelelo.

Abaphathi-mikhosi abakwimigangatho ephezulu yesitrato − abasebenzi abasebenzisana ngqo nabemi .----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------solive, bamisela i-zigqi benza izigqibo-zigqi nge-zigqi, benza izigqibo, iinjtime, iin yenk elawula, inkqana, inkqali, inkqali, inkqele, inkca, inkcaza i-mali, i-mali, i-mali, i-mali, i-mali, i-gongxdrogla, i-sccuba yoogla, i-q

Uvavanyo lomgaqo-nkqubo: Umsebenzi wokuvavanya kunye

Uvavanyo lomgaqo-nkqubo lubandakanya uhlolo olucwangcisiweyo lokwenziwa kwenkqubo, ukuvavanya enoba iinkqubo ziphumeza iinjongo zazo ezicetyiweyo na kwaye ziziphumo ezingacwangciswanga ezizivelisayo. Uvavanyo lungalungisa, luqhutywa ngexesha lokuzalisekisa ukunceda ulungiso oluphakathi, okanye ukushwankathela, ukuvavanya iziphumo zonke emva kokuzalisekiswa. Zombini ezi ntlobo zinika ulwazi olubalulekileyo ekuphuculeni kwemigaqo-nkqubo nokwazisa izigqibo zexesha elizayo.

Uhlolo oluqatha lusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufikelela kuquka uhlalutyo lweziphumo zogcino-lwazi, uhlolo lweziphumo zomngeni kunye nodliwano-ndlebe, uhlalutyo lwexabiso kunye nexabiso lexabiso, ukuthelekiswa namaqela olawulo okanye iimeko ezisemgceni, kunye nohlolo lweenkqubo zokuzalisekisa kunye nocelomngeni. Ezi ndlela zincedayo ukufumanisa oko kusebenzayo, ngokokuba kuxhomekeke entwenini, kwaye ngamalini.

Uvavanyo lujamelene nocelomngeni oluninzi. Ukumiswa kweziphumo eziphawulweyo zibangelwa ngumgaqo-nkqubo kunokuba zivele kwezinye izinto. "Uphando olucokisekileyo" lungamisela ukufumaneka kogcino-lwazi nomgangatho wezinto ezinokwenzeka. Uhlolisiso lwezobupolitika lungaphembelela iinkqubo zokuhlola, njengabaxhasi abachaphazelekayo abafumana iziphumo ezithile basenokufuna ukukhangela imibuzo, iindlela, okanye iinkcazelo.

Naphezu kwale mingeni, uvavanyo ludlala indima ebalulekileyo ekumiselweni kwenkqubo esekelwe kubungqina. Uhlolo lwenkqubo lwenza ukuba kufundwe kumava, kucaciswe imisebenzi engcono, kupheliswe iinkqubo ezingasebenzi kakuhle, kunye nophuhliso lwenkqubo engaphumeleliyo. Ngokwandayo, oorhulumente bafaka iimfuno zohlolo ekuthabatheni imigaqo ngokusemthethweni, ukuvavanya iziganeko zexesha elithile nokunika ingxelo yeziphumo.

Uphengululo nophengululo

Inkqubo yeyomthetho ixhomekeke kulwazi oluqhelekileyo kunokuba ibe yeyomgca. Uhlolo olufunyenweyo, ukutshintsha kweemeko, kunye nophuhliso lwezopolitiko lusoloko lukhokelela ekuhlaziyweni kwenkqubo, kuveliswe iindleko ezinika ingxelo eziqhubela kwindaleko yenkqubo. Imithetho-mthetho ingalungiswa, yandiswe, incitshiswe, okanye ipheliswe ngokusekelwe kuhlolo lokusebenza kunye nokutshintsha kwezinto eziphambili.

Inkcazelo yenkqubo ikwalawula ezopolitiko ngokwazo. Amaqela abangela ii-constituecties", angenelwa kwiinkqubo ezithile kwaye aququzelela ukuzikhusela. Ezi zingqinisi-phambili ziphembelela iingxoxo zenkqubo zexesha elizayo, maxa wambi zikwenza kube nzima ukuguqula okanye ukuphelisa iinkqubo kwanaxa uvavanyo lubonisa ukuba azisebenzi. Ukuqonda ezi mpembelelo zobupolitika kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuzinziseni inkqubo nokutshintsha.

Unxulumano loMphathiswa kwiNkcubeko

Ukusekwa kwenkqubo yanamhlanje kugxininisa ngokungakumbi ekufakeni izibambiso, kuqonda ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo esebenzayo ifuna ingcebiso kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo nakumaqela achaphazelekayo. Abantu abafumana inkxaso-mali baquka abantu, amaqela nemibutho efuna inkcubeko kwimimandla ethile, ukususela kubemi nakwimibutho yoluntu ukuya kumashishini, amaqumrhu obugcisa namaqela ajongene nemicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Abafaki-nxaxheba basebenzisa iinjongo ezininzi. Inika abenzi benkqubo ulwazi olubalulekileyo ngeengxaki, izisombululo ezinokwenzeka, kunye neziphumo ezinokwenzeka. Inceda ukuphawula iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga kunye nocelomngeni olungenakubonakala kubenzi benkqubo. Yakha inkxaso kunye nokufaneleka kwemigaqo ngokunika ilizwi lamaqela achaphazelekayo ekwenzeni izigqibo. Yaye ingenza ukwenziwa kwemiqathango kuphuculwe ngokufaka umgcini-mathikithi kwinkqubo.

Ukuganana kwabantu abatsha kubandakanya iindlela ezininzi eziquka ukuchotshelwa kwetyala likawonke-wonke kunye namaxesha okugqabaza, iikomiti zobugcisa kunye namaqela asebenzayo, uphando kunye noluvo, amaqela agxininisa, kunye nee-intanethi zolwazi olungenaluvo. Indlela nganye inamandla kwaye imida ngokokumela, ubunzulu boganana, kunye neemfuno zemali.

Ukubotshwa kwabasebenzi abasebenzayo kufuneka kulungiswe kakuhle kwaye kuqukelwe. Iinkqubo kufuneka zifikelele ngapha koko kuqukwa ngamaqela asezantsi nabemi abaqhelekileyo. Ulwazi kufuneka lufikeleleke, lunikelwe ngeendlela ezenza ukuba igalelo elinentsingiselo liqwalaselwe ngabangengochwepheshe. Isivumelwano kufuneka sibe selokwenene, namathuba okwenene okuphembelela izigqibo kunokuba nje zinxulumane nolo lomfuziselo. Yaye iinkqubo kufuneka zibe cacileyo, ngenkcazelo ecacileyo yendlela igalelo eliqwalaselwe ngayo kwizigqibo zokugqibela.

Indima Yokuthengwa Kwenkqubo

Ubuchule bobugcisa budlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwakheni inkqubo njengoko oorhulumente becombulula iingxaki ezinzima ezifuna ulwazi olukhethekileyo. Iingcali zinikela ngobungqina benzululwazi, uhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho, utoliko olusemthethweni, kunye nengqiqo ezisebenzisekayo ezazisa inkqubela-phambili yenkqubo. Noko ke, ulwalamano phakathi kobuchule nokwenziwa kwesigqibo sedemokhrasi luphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo ngendima efanelekileyo yolwazi lobugcisa kwiinkqubo zobupolitika.

Iingcali zifak' isandla ekumisweni kwenkqubo ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ziqhuba uphando lokuchaza iingxaki nokuvavanya izisombululo ezinokwenzeka. Zisebenza kwiikomiti zobucukubhede zinikela ingcebiso kubenzi benkqubo. Zingqina ukuba zithetha ngeemeko zokucacisa imicimbi yobugcisa kubaququzeleli-mthetho. Abasebenzi bamaziko karhulumente abasebenzisa iinkqubo. Yaye banenxaxheba kwiingxoxo zikawonke-wonke, zinceda abemi baqonde imicimbi entsonkothileyo.

Ixabiso lobuchule licacile kwimiqathango emininzi yezomgaqo-nkqubo. Inkqubo yemozulu ifuna ukuqonda inzululwazi yomoya kunye neenkqubo zamandla. Inkqubo yempilo ixhomekeke kulwazi lwezamayeza nolweentsholongwane. Umgaqo-nkqubo wemali ufuna ubuchule kwimicimbi yezoqoqosho nemisebenzi yentengiso. Imigaqo esebenzayo kwezi ndawo kufuneka yaziswe ngolwazi lobugcisa olunxulumeneyo.

Noko ke, ubuchule bunemida. Iingcali zingangavumelani ngemibuzo yobugcisa, ukubonisa ukungaqiniseki kwenzululwazi yokwenene okanye iindlela ezahlukeneyo zolwazi. Iidilesi zolwazi "yontoni" ne "intoni enokuba" kodwa azinakugqiba "kuba ziintoni" kwaye izigwebo zexabiso eziqhuba ukhetho lwenkqubo. Iingcali zinokuba nocalucalulo, izilangazelelo, kunye namabala angabonakaliyo aphembelela iingcebiso zazo.

Ulawulo-demokhrasi lufuna igalelo lobuchule lokulungelelanisa igalelo lobugcisa bezobupolitika kunye nemilinganiselo kawonke-wonke. Amagosa angenalwazi, kungekhona iingcali ezingakhethwanga, kufuneka enze izigqibo zokugqibela zenkqubo, aqinisekise ukuba iinkqubo zibonakalisa idemokhrasi kunye nemigangatho. Kodwa ezo zigqibo kufuneka zaziswe ngobona bungqina kunye nohlalutyo olukhoyo. Ukwakha amalungiselelo abangela ukuba kubekho unxibelelwano olunempumelelo phakathi kobuchule nokwenza izigqibo zedemokhrasi kusel

Ucelomngeni kwiNkcubeko yeNkcubeko yeNkcubeko

Kukho iingxaki ezininzi ezibangela ukuba kubekho umgudu onzima wokucombulula iingxaki zentlalo.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika

Ukwanda kolwahlulo lwezobupolitika kwidemokhrasi ezininzi kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuyila inkqubo. Xa amaqela ezobupolitika nabaxhasi bawo beneembono ezahlukeneyo kwimibandela engundoqo, ukufumana isiseko esiqhelekileyo kuba lucelomngeni. Ukwenziwa kwerhafu kungakhokelela kwintsontela, ukuthintela inyathelo kwiingxaki ezibalulekileyo, okanye kwimigaqo engazinziyo ejika ngokukhawuleza kunye notshintsho kulawulo lwezobupolitika. Ukwakha iminqoqo-siseko kunye nokufikelela kuhlengahlengiso oluphezulu lokuyila inkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Ulwazi Oluninzi Nenkcazelo Ephosakeleyo

Iminyaka yamanani inika amathuba kunye nocelomngeni lokwenziwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo. Nangona ubuninzi benkcazelo bufumaneka lula, ukwahlula ubungqina obunokuthenjwa kulwazi olugqwethiweyo kuya kusiba nzima. Izixhobo zonxibelelwano zibangela ukuba kusasazwe ngokukhawuleza iingxoxo zobuxoki okanye ezilahlekisayo ezinokugqwetha iingxubusho zenkqubo. Amagumbi athe ngqo kunye namasuntswana ahluza iinguqu anokuqinisa iinkolelo ezikhoyo kunokuba zichane nabantu kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo. Ezi zenzo zibangela ukuba umgudu wokwabelana ngeengxaki kunye nezisombululo ezinokwenzeka ube nzima.

Ukugxila Kwi-Term

Imijikelo ye-Electoral kunye nobude bengqalelo lwamajelo eendaba zidla ngokudala uxinzelelo lweziphumo ezifutshane, okwenza kube nzima ukucombulula iingxaki ezifunekayo, ukubotshwa kwemeko-bume okuthe rhoqo. Utshintsho lwexesha elide, uhlaziyo lwezibonelelo, utshintsho lwemfundo, kunye nezinye iingxaki ezininzi zifuna iinkqubo ezingayivelisi iingenelo ezibonakalayo kangangeminyaka okanye amashumi eminyaka. Iinkqubo zezobupolitika ezinika iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo zisenokuzama ukwenza iziphumo eziyimfuneko zexesha elide lokutyalwa okanye zifunyanise iindleko ezifutshane ukwenzela ingeniso zexesha elide.

Uqhagamshelwano oluntsonkothileyo nonxulumano

Imingeni yenkqubo yanamhlanje iya intsonkotha kwaye idibene. Iingxaki kummandla omnye `njengempilo kawonke-wonke, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, okanye ukuwohloka kwemekobume'. Ukulungisa ezi ngxaki ngokunempumelelo kufuna iindlela ezidityanisiweyo ezinqamleza imida yesithethe kunye nemithetho yentlangano. Noko ke, ukwakhiwa korhulumente kusoloko kuhlala kuqinile, kwenza kube nzima ukunxibelelana.

Izilondolozi Zikavimba

Oorhulumente bajamelana nemiqathango engapheliyo yoovimba ethintela iindlela ezinokukhethwa kwinkqubo. Iingcinezelo ze-Fiscal, ezikhuphisanayo, nokuchasa kwezobupolitika kwirhafu kuthintelo lwemali ekhoyo ukwenzela amanyathelo amatsha. Umthamo wolawulo `abasebenzi, ubuchule, kunye neenkqubo ezifunekayo ekuzalisekiseni iinkqubo/oooorhulumente abanolwahlulo oluqhubekayo loqingqo-mali. Ezi ngxaki zifuna ukhetho olunzima malunga nezinto eziza kuqala kunye norhwebo.

Ushishino Lwehlabathi Neengxaki Zamazwe Ngamazwe

Ukulungisa ezi ngxaki zifumaneka kumazwe ngamazwe, kuquka ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukungazinzi kwezoqoqosho, ukufuduka nobugrogrisi. Ukulungisa ezi ngxaki kubandakanya intsebenziswano nentsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe, ukanti oorhulumente besizwe bahlala belawula imigaqo-nkqubo. Ukulawula iingxaki zehlabathi lonke ngokunempumelelo ngoxa ukuhlonela ulawulo lwesizwe nokuziphendulela kolawulo loburhulumente kubangela iingxaki eziqhubekayo.

Iinkqubo zolungiso lomgaqo-nkqubo wolungiso

Phezu kwalo nje olu celomngeni, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zingaphucula inkqubo yokwenziwa kunye neziphumo. Ukwenza inkqubo esekelwe kubungqina kugxininisa ukusebenzisa uphando olungqongqo kunye nohlolo lokwazisa izigqibo. Le ndlela ibandakanya ukuqokelela nokuhlalutya ugcino-lwazi, ukujonga iinkqubo zomqhubi kunye novavanyo lokuvavanya ungenelelo phambi kokuphunyezwa komyikelo opheleleyo, ukujonga iziphumo zenkqubo kunye nokufunda kwiziphumo, kunye nobuchule bokuphuhlisa inkqubo enika impumelelo ebangela uphuculo oluqhubekayo.

Iinkqubo ezibandakanyekileyo nezinenkululeko zinokunyusa ubulunga bomgaqo-nkqubo nokulunga ngokubandakanya abangenisi-mali nabemi abahlukeneyo. Abaqulunqi bezomthetho abacwangcisiweyo banceda abenzi benkqubo bafumane ulwazi olusasazekileyo nobuchule basekuhlaleni, bachaze iingxaki neziphumo ezingacetywanga, bakhulise ukuqonda nokuxhasa uluntu, kwaye baqinisekise ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo ibonakalisa amaxabiso nezinto eziza kuqala zoluntu.

Ukuzama ukulungelelanisa ulawulo kuyavuma ukuba inkqubo idla ngokubandakanya ukungaziqiniseki nokuntsonkotha okwenza kube nzima ukuceba izinto ezibanzi. Kunokuba uzame ukuyila iinkqubo ezigqibeleleyo kusengaphambili, ukugxininisa ukufunda ngokuzilungisa, iziphumo, ukulungelelanisa iindlela ezisekelwe kumava, nokugcina ubuchule bokusabela kwiimeko ezitshintshayo. Le ndlela yokuzilungisa inokuba luncedo ngokukhethekileyo ekucombululeni iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo, ezicothayo.

Ukuphucula ubuchule bukarhulumente .) Ngokufaka utyalo-mali kwabasebenzi, ubugcisa, iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi, kunye namandla entlangano (_inika amandla okuphuhlisa nokuzalisekisa iinkqubo ezisebenzayo. Iingcali, imibutho kawonke wonke efunyenwe kakuhle ibalulekile ekuguquleleni iinjongo zenkqubo kwiziphumo zehlabathi lokwenene.

Ukuqinisekisa iinkqubo zokuphendula kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zinceda izilangazelelo zikawonke-wonke kunokuba zifezekise izilangazelelo ezincinane. Ukubonakalisa ngaphaya kokwenza izigqibo, ukongamela okuqinileyo kwamasebe owiso-mthetho nakwezomthetho, uvavanyo oluzimeleyo, nokugada uluntu lonke olusebenzayo, konke kunegalelo ekulawuleni okunetyala.

Ukuhambelana phakathi kweenkqubo zorhulumente kunye nezindululo zomgaqo-nkqubo

Ukwakhiwa korhulumente okunempembelelo ephawulekayo kwiinkqubo zomthetho neziphumo. Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zikarhulumente zidala intshukumisa eyahlukeneyo, imiqathango, kunye namathuba okuyila inkqubo. Ukuqonda olu lwalamano kunceda ukuchaza umahluko kwiinkqubo ezifikelelayo kunye neziphumo kumazwe ngamazwe.

Iinkqubo zePalamente, apho umphathi olawulayo ephuma kwaye exhomekeke kwinkxaso yemithetho, ngokuqhelekileyo yenza kubekho inkqubo engqinelanayo, elungelelanisiweyo, elungelelanisiweyo xa iqela elinye okanye umanyano oluzinzileyo lulawula urhulumente. Ukudityaniswa kwamandla alawulayo kunye nowiso-mthetho kunciphisa iingongoma ze-veto kwaye kuvumela ukuba kusetyenziswe inkqubo yokwamkelwa. Noko ke, ukubekwa kwamandla kusenokunciphisa uxilongo lwegunya likarhulumente kwaye kunciphisa amathuba okungeniswa kwegalelo.

Isixokelelwano somongameli kunye nolwahlulo lwamagunya sidala iingongoma ezingakumbi kwaye sifuna ukuvumelana okubanzi ukuze kuthathwe inkqubo ethile. Oku kungavelisa imigaqo-nkqubo elungeleleneyo, elalanyayo kodwa kungakhokelela kwiqhina lenqanawa xa amaqela ahlukeneyo elawula amasebe. Uzimele- geqe nendlu yowiso-mthetho ingenza uvavanyo olunamandla nolungelelwaniso oluthe vetshe kodwa ingenza lukhuni inkqubo yokulungelelanisa.

Iinkqubo zomanyano ezahlula igunya phakathi koorhulumente besizwe nabongamazwe ngamazwe zivelisa amathuba okulinga inkqubo kunye nokwahluka-guquka. Ama-odonga okanye amaphondo angasebenza njenge "imisebenzi yedemokhrasi," ukuvavanya iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufikelela kwiingxaki ezifanayo. Ukusungula okuphumelelayo kunokunwenwa kwezinye iindawo okanye kuthathwe ngokwesizwe. Noko ke, urhulumente unokwenza iingxaki zomanyano kwaye uxhathise imigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe.

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral ziphembelela ukwenziwa kwenkqubo yenkqubo yokubumba inkqubo yeqela kunye nomelo. Iinkqubo zomelo lweproporto zidla ngokuvelisa iinkqubo ezininzi ezifuna urhulumente abamanyeneyo, ezisenokukhuthaza ulalanisa nokufuna ukuvumelana. Iinkqubo zooMajoni badla ngokuvelisa iinkqubo ezineenxalenye ezimbini ezinobuyiselo olucacileyo kodwa ezinokuvela kancinci kwizinto ezinomdla.

Ikamva Likarhulumente Nenkqubo Esemthethweni

Iinkqubo zikarhulumente nomthetho ziyaqhubeka ziguquka ngenxa yokutshintsha kweemeko zentlalo, zezoqoqosho, kunye nobugcisa.

Ubugcisa bamanani butshintsha indlela oorhulumente abasebenza ngayo kunye nendlela abasebenzisana ngayo nabemi. Iinkqubo zorhulumente zibangela ukuba kusasazwe iinkonzo ze-intanethi, kuncitshiswe iindleko zenkonzo ze-intanethi, kuncitshiswe kwaye kuphuculwe ufikelelo. Amaqonga amanani adala amathuba amatsha okuthembisana nokuthatha inxaxheba ekuyisebenziseni inkqubo. Ugcino-lwazi kunye nobuchule bokuyila izixhobo zokuphucula inkqubo kunye nokusebenza kwayo. Noko ke, ukwenziwa kwamanani kunyusa inkxalabo malunga yimfihlo, ukhuseleko, ukuchasana, kunye nolwahlulo lwamanani olungangeni kwizixhobo zobugcisa.

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye neengxaki zokusingqongileyo ziya kukhula ngokuhambelana nemigaqo-nkqubo kunye nezinto eziza kuqala kurhulumente. Ukulungisa le mingeni kufuna ukucinga okunde, intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe, nokuvuma ukubeka iindleko zexesha elide ukwenzela iingenelo ezinde zexesha elide, .

Utshintsho lobomi babantu kuquka ukwaluphala kwabantu kumazwe aphucukileyo kunye nokunqongophala kolutsha kumazwe asakhasayo kuya kudala ucelomngeni kunye namathuba awahlukeneyo enkqubo. Ukufuduka okuqhutywa ngamathuba ezoqoqosho, imfazwe, kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu kuya kuvavanya iinkqubo zolawulo kunye nokudibana kwentlalo-ntle yabantu. Indlela oorhulumente abalawula ngayo ezi nguqulelo zamanani abantu iya kubumba impumelelo yezoqoqosho, ukuzinza kwentlalo, nokuma kobupolitika.

Ulwalamano phakathi koorhulumente besizwe namaziko alawula umhlaba wonke luza kuqhubeka luguquka. Iingxaki zamazwe ngamazwe zifuna intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe, kodwa iimvakalelo zobuzwe nenkxalabo ngolawulo zibangela ukuxhathisa igunya lezizwe ngezizwe. Ukufumana ulawulo oluphumelelayo olusingatha iingxaki zehlabathi lonke ngoxa ukulondoloza imbopheleleko yedemokhrasi kuhlala kuselucelomngeni oluqhubekayo.

Ulindelo lobumi lukarhulumente luyatshintsha, kukho iimfuno zokubonakala okungakumbi, ukuthatha inxaxheba, nokusabela. Imibutho yoluntu eqhutywa ngonxibelelwano lwamanani inokuba nempembelelo ngokukhawuleza kwiimbambano kwaye ibangele oorhulumente baphendule. Indlela iinkqubo zezobupolitika eziziqhelanisa ngayo nezi njongo zitshintshayo ngoxa zigcina ulawulo olunempumelelo iya kuchaphazela ukufaneleka nokuzinza kwazo.

Isiphelo: Indaleko Eqhubekayo Yolawulo

Urhulumente kunye nenkqubo yomthetho zimela uvavanyo oluqhubekayo loluntu lokuzilawula ngokwalo. Ukusuka kwizixeko zamandulo ukuya kumazwe anamhlanje, ukusuka kwimimandla yolawulo-siseko ukuya kulawulo-melo, ukusuka kumthetho wesithethe ukuya kwimithetho ebanzi engokwasemthethweni, ezi nkqubo zibonakalisa imigudu eqhubekayo yokulungelelanisa amaxabiso akhuphisanayo kuquka inkululeko nocwangco, ubuchule kunye nokuzinzisa, ukuzinza nokuvumelana nemeko, amalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye nentlalo-ntle entlanganiselaneyo.

Ukuqonda iziqalelo zolawulo lukarhulumente, iinkqubo zomthetho kunye nokumiswa kwemigaqo kunika ulwazi olubalulekileyo ukuze abantu babe ngabemi abatsha. Ezi zinto zilawula amathuba kunye nemiqathango abantu abajamelene nayo, amalungelo abo kunye neembopheleleko abazithweleyo.

Akukho namnye urhulumente okanye inkqubo yomthetho egqibeleleyo okanye esebenzayo emhlabeni wonke. Ibutho elahlukeneyo lijamelene nocelomngeni olwahlukileyo, linemilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo, kwaye lisebenza kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Oko kusebenza kakuhle kwenye imeko kusenokusilela kwenye. Umahluko wenkqubo karhulumente neyomthetho ubonisa oku, kunye nebutho ngalinye elivelisa ibutho elilungele iimeko zalo ezithile.

Kanti imigaqo ethile ibonakala ibaluleke kakhulu ukuze iphumelele, ikhokelwe ngokusemthethweni kuquka umthetho onyanzelisa amandla angekho mthethweni, iindlela zokuphendula ezinika abemi ithuba lokuba babe nembopheleleko, ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo asisiseko kunye nenkululeko, iinkqubo eziquka iimbono ezahlukeneyo, kunye nekhono lokusingatha iingxaki ezidibeneyo ngokunempumelelo. Indlela le migaqo elungelelanisiweyo iyahluka, kodwa ukubaluleka kwayo kungaphaya kweentlobo ezithile zikarhulumente.

Imingeni ejongene nolawulo lwangoku ininzi, ukusuka ekuthathweni kwezobupolitika nakububuxoki ukuya kutshintsho lwemozulu kunye nokuphazamiseka kobugcisa. Ukulungisa olu celomngeni kuza kufuna utshintsho kumaqumrhu karhulumente, kwiinkqubo, nakwizibonelelo zoluntu.

Ekugqibeleni, ukufaneleka korhulumente kunye neenkqubo zomthetho kuxhomekeke kungekuphela nje kumaziko asemthethweni kodwa kulwazi, ukuganana, nokuzibophelela kwabemi. Ulawulo lwedemokhrasi lufuna ukuba nenxaxheba ngolwazi, ukuzimisela ukudibana neengxubevange, nokuzinikezela kwizinto ezintle eziqhelekileyo. Ukuqonda indlela urhulumente nenkqubo engokwasemthethweni esebenza ngayo, kunye nendlela abanokuphuculwa ngayo abemi ukuze babe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo ekulungiseni ikamva labo.

Njengokuba imibutho iqhubeka ibhenela kwaye ijongene neengxaki ezintsha, urhulumente kunye neenkqubo zomthetho ziza kuqhubeka zisenza ulungelelwano. Imibuzo esisiseko ephathelele indlela yokulungelelanisa ubomi, yokwabelana amandla, yokuphatha okusesikweni, nokulandela okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo okusaseleyo namhlanje njengokuba kwakunjalo kwizithandi zobulumko neenkcubeko zezobupolitika zamandulo. Ngokuqonda isiseko sale nkqubo nokuzibandakanya ngokucinga ngeengxoxo eziqhubekayo eziphathelene nolawulo, abemi bangafak'ams' kwiprojekthi eqhubekayo yokwakha ngokusesikweni, esebenzayo, kunye namaziko asabelayo.

Amaziko Aphambili Okuqonda Urhulumente Nenkqubo Esemthethweni

  • Izakhiwo zeGosa zahluka-hluka kakhulu, ukusuka kwidemokhrasi ezigxininisa ulawulo-siseko oluqhelekileyo ukuya kulawulo lookumkani olusekelwe kulandelelwano olungokwemfuza, ukusuka kwii-riphabliki ezinyuliweyo zoonkokeli ukuya kulawulo olulawulayo olugxininisa kumandla
  • Iinkqubo ze-ligeta zinika izicwangciso zobulungisa, kunye neenkqubo zomthetho oqhelekileyo ezixhomekeke kwimodeli yomthetho ogwebayo kunye neenkqubo zomthetho wasekuhlaleni ezisekelwe kwikhowudi ebanzi
  • Ulwakhiwo lwe- lubandakanya amaqondo amaninzi kuquka umiselo locwangciso, ulwakhiwo, ulwamkelo, uzalisekiso, kunye novavanyo, ngalinye linika ucelomngeni kunye namathuba ahlukeneyo
  • Ukhuphiswano kunye nobuchule zombini zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni iinkqubo ezisebenzayo, nangona ukulungelelanisa ulwazi lobugcisa namaxabiso edemokhrasi kufuna ingqalelo enkathalo
  • Izicwangciso zomthetho kunye nomthetho unyanzela amandla karhulumente kwaye ukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye kungakhathaliseki uhlobo oluthile lorhulumente
  • Ukwahlula amagunya kunye nokuhlola kunye nolungelelwaniso kuthintela ukugxininiswa kwegunya kwaye kukhusela kwiinkqubo zobuzwilakhe ezininzi zikarhulumente
  • Ingxaki ze- yexesha elizayo iquka ukususelwa kwethafa, ukuxokiswa, ukuntsonkotha, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweengxaki zamazwe ngamazwe, zifuna iindlela zolawulo kunye nokwenziwa kwenkqubo
  • [[UMTL:0] Iinkqubo zolawulo ziphembelela inkqubo yeziphumo ngezisusa, izithintelo, namathuba eziwadalayo kubenzi benkqubo
  • Isiphumo solawulo sifuna [ amaziko anamandla kunye nokuququzelela, abemi abanolwazi abakulungeleyo ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi
  • IGosa kunye neenkqubo zomthetho ziyaqhubeka ziguquka ukuphendula kwiimeko ezitshintshayo zentlalo, zezoqoqosho, zobugcisa, kunye nezobume bemeko-bume

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngorhulumente nangenkqubo yomthetho, oovimba abaninzi bakhona. iZizwe ezimanyeneyo zinika ulwazi olukwinkqubo zezolawulo zezizwe ngezizwe kunye nothelekiso lweenkqubo zezobupolitika. IBhanki yeWorld Bank elawulayo [[] inikela uluvo kuphuhliso lweziko kunye nenkqesho. Amaziko e-Acamperacm acinga ukuba ii-injini zikhokelele i-ejoni enje Brookis I-Inza e kunye [FLT] ne Ink Ement for International Possel [Fct:]] ipapalise uphaza uphando olulukuphelo oluqhelekileyo kwiimeko neenkqubo zenkqubo ze-Romatiod .

Ngokubandakanyeka kwezi zinto nokuzibandakanya ngokuzimisela kubomi boluntu, abantu banokwandisa ukuqonda kwabo urhulumente neenkqubo zomthetho ngoxa befak ’ isandla kumsebenzi oqhubekayo wokuphucula ulawulo ukuze kungenelwe bonke.