Inkqubo elindelekileyo asiyonkqubo yobuchule obuqhelekileyo; yimfundiso esisiseko echaza ulwalamano phakathi kwesizwe nomntu ngamnye ngaphakathi komgaqo-siseko. Isebenza njengenkqubo esisiseko esemthethweni yokuqinisekisa ukuba amandla amakhulu karhulumente okuhluza ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla isetyenziswa ngokuzibamba, okusesikweni, kunye nokuxelwa kwangaphambili. I-Enshrine isebenza kwiSinyusi seNtlanthiso seNyaka neshumi elinesine, njengenkqubo engundoqo "incwadi yomthetho" yesizwe, inyanzelela ukuba isebenze ngokusesikweni kwaye inike ithuba elibalulekileyo lokuviwa ngaphambi kokuba kuthatyathwe isenzo esingalunganga. Ngaphandle kokukhusela okusemthethweni, inkqubo esemthethweni izakuphumela kwinkqubo yokuzilawula, yenza inkqubo ebaluleke kakhulu yesidima somntu ngamnye ngokuchasene nemeko yalo.

Iintsika Ezimbini Zenkqubo Elindelekileyo: Iprocedtural kunye neMphantsi

Ukuqonda kwangoku kwenkqubo efunekayo kufakwe kwimihlathi emibini eyahlukileyo kodwa enxulumeneyo: inkqubo efunekayo kunye nenkqubo encinci efunekayo. Ngelixesha inkqubo efunekayo inxulumene ne yendlela yokwenza umsebenzi karhulumente, encinci efunekayo ithandabuza iphonografie ithandabuza into [ [iiindlela engundoqo], kanye amandla karhulumente okusebenza kwingqukuva ethile. Zombini iimfundiso zibalulekile, kodwa zisebenza kwiimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo ezingokwasemthethweni kwaye zikhusela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezilangazelelo.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo: "Indlela" yokusesikweni

Inkqubo esesikweni igunyazisa ukuba urhulumente alandele iinkqubo ezisesikweni nezisesikweni phambi kokuba ahluthe umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Akwanelanga ukuba urhulumente abe nesiseko esisemthethweni somsebenzi wakhe; kufuneka aphumeze loo ntshukumo kwinkqubo ecacileyo. Ityala lesazinzo [[FLT]] [1] [umdlalo wobuqu oza kuchatshazelwa yisenzo soburhulumente]. [6] iseke iinkalo ezithambileyo ezithi zifake inxenye ezintathu zovavanyo ezisetyenziswa ziinkundla ukufumana oko kumele nakwenziwa ngumthetho. Oku kuvavanyanzelo oluzenzekelayo luzakuba luchaphazwe ngesenzo soburhulumente; (2) umngcipheko wokungaphazanyiswa kwenteko, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwexabiso elikhoyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa koncedo loncedo lomthetho; (3) kunye nentelelo lomthetho oluthe lwandisiwe.

Iziqalelo ezingundoqo zendlebe eyaneleyo ziquka:

  • Isaziso sento elungileyo: abantu kufuneka bafumane isaziso esicacileyo nesifike ngexesha lesenzo sikarhulumente esicetyiweyo kunye nesiseko esisekelwe kuso.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Opportiny ezakuviwa: Phambi kokuhluthwa kokugqibela, umntu kufuneka abe nethuba elibalulekileyo lokunikela ubungqina, aphikisane nemeko yabo, ajongene namangqina angalunganga.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umenzi wesigqibo sokungabikho kwenxaxheba: Umfuthizi makangakhethi buso, angabi nabungcathu bobuqu okanye bemali, kwaye ahlukane nempembelelo engafanelekanga yezobupolitika.
  • [[UMTL:0] Asekunene kwiSicelo: Kwimeko ezininzi, ingakumbi apho imithetho enzima engokwasemthethweni isebenza khona okanye apho kukho inzala yenkululeko ebalulekileyo esengozini, ilungelo lokumela ngokusemthethweni liyinxalenye engundoqo yokuchongwa ngokufanelekileyo.

Umlinganiselo wezi mfuneko uthambekile. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo egcinwe . Goldberg v. Kelly [1970]) ukuba umnini-ntlalo-ntle unelungelo lokuva ngokupheleleyo phambi kokuba ukupheliswa kweenzuzo, inikwe iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo, iziphumo ezinikezelweyo ezikhawulezileyo nezitshabalalisayo kumsebenzi womntu ngamnye. Ngokuphikisanayo, iMaws ngokwayo, iNkugqibele ukuba ukupheliswa kwenzuzo yesiphene kungafuneki kuphulaphule ngenxa yokuba ubungqina bezonyango buyenziwa kakhulu kwaye bunemdlalo olubalulekileyo. Oku kulungele ukusetyenziswa ngendlela elungeleneyo ukusetyenziswa kulungeleneyo, ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwemeko oluthe ngqo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-accce.

Inkqubo ePhambili ePhambili: "Yintoni" Yenkululeko

Inkqubo esisiseko esisiseko yeyokuphikisana kakhulu nemfundiso enamandla. Ithi amalungelo athile asisiseko asekelwe ngokunzulu kwimbali nesithethe sohlanga kangangokuba urhulumente akanakuwaphazamisa, kungakhathaliseki iinkqubo ezisetyenzisiweyo, ngaphandle kokuba anobulungisa obunyanzelisayo. Le mfundiso ifuna ngokunempumelelo ukuzoba umgca phakathi kolawulo oluvumelekileyo lukarhulumente lwentlalo-ntle yoluntu kunye nokungalawuleki kwisiseko sobuqu.

Inkqubano yembali yenkqubo encinci efunekayo iphawulwa ngokutshintsha okubalulekileyo. Ngexesha Lochner (phantse ngo1897 ukuya ku1977), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasebenzisa inkqubo esezantsi efunekayo ukukhusela inkululeko yezoqoqosho, ukubetha imithetho eyayilawula iiyure zokusebenza, kunye nezivumelwano zomsebenzi ngaphantsi kwemfundiso yesivumelwano. Inkundla yabangela ukuba umthetho waseNew York ubeke ityala lababhaki kwiveki engama-60 yeyure yomsebenzi [FLT:]. v[FLT][FLT] [3] [190]. Oku kusetyenziswa kobundlobongela kwaphela kwemfundiso yayingasamkelekanga ngexesha lokuHwala kweNkuhlalo, kunye nemithetho yezoshishino.

Emva kokuhoxa, iNkundla yaqalisa ukusebenzisa inkqubo efunekayo yokukhusela umntu ngamnye, kunokuba ifumane imali, inkululeko. Ixesha elishenxsiweyo lafika Griswold v.Connecticut[[[[FLT]] [1965], eyathi yawisa umthetho ovala ukusetyenziswa kwebhabhabhaza ngesibini esitshatileyo, ukufumana ilungelo kwi-e-- jini yomtshato kwi-"Bhin" yeBhili yelungelo. Le sizathu siso sicheba silungiselelwe [[FLT:]. [FFFFFFFFLT] [eg:] [endlane, essssss. "ekufulls], "ekufulls]

IGenesis yembali neyomGaqo-siseko

Imvelaphi yenkqubo efunekayo ibuyela emva kwiMagna Carta yowe-1215, eyavakalisa ukuba akukho mntu okhululekileyo onokuthi abanjwe, avalelwe, okanye agxothwe "ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe. Eli binzana lalingukhokho wembali kwinkqubo efunekayo yale mihla eqinisekisa, ukuseka umgaqo ongundoqo wokuba umlawuli ubotshwe ngumthetho. Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, ibinzana elithi "ngomthetho welizwe" lalitolikwa ngabaphengululi bezomthetho wezomthetho osemthethweni ofana noMnu Edward Coke njengoko kuyimfuneko ukuseka imigaqo kunye namasiko asemthethweni, ngokunempumelelo emisela amandla apheleleyo eBhulume. Iincwadi zikaChoke zaphelo ziphembele kakhulu amaMelika, awayewabona amazwi echaphane ngokuchasene nemithetho yolawulo oluphezulu.

EUnited States, umgaqo waqaliswa waqinisekiswa okokuqala kuMphetho-mva wesihlanu, wagunyaziswa ngowe-1791, othintela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba ahluthe nawuphi na "ubomi, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho. Noko ke, iSiHlanzo sesihlanu asizange sisebenze kurhulumente. Ulwando olukhulu lwenkqubo efunekayo lweNkqutyana emva kweMfazwe yeSiphendu soMkhosi wamakhaya kunye nokukhuselwa kweRhulumente [[FLT: 0]] uKhuliso loMfuno-mali [ [ngendlela] ngo1868]. Icandelo 1 kweMiqatha YesiHlambo yokuHlulwa kweSindululo seMida yeSindululo alizange liwamkelele amatyala ngokucacileyo ekunciphelisweni "Nawuphi nabani nabani nabani nabani nabani nabani na, okanye impahla empatho ekhoyo eesandleni yomthetho ongenakuthetheka. Ilungiselelo esingeyonganyani sipheka kumthetho, ingulo eUnited States, ikhusela ngokuchasene nomthetho wonke.

Ukwenza inkqubo elindelekileyo kumxholo okhethekileyo

Oku kubangelwa kukuba ikho into ethethwayo; yinto yemihla ngemihla kwiinkundla zenkundla, kwiindlebe zolawulo kwanakwiinkqubo zamanani.

Isenzo Sezaphuli - mthetho: Owona Mgangatho Ubalaseleyo Wobulungisa

Ngenxa yokuba ukuphuthelwa kwenkululeko ngokuvalelwa kuluhlobo olumandundu lwesenzo sikarhulumente, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ubangela umgangatho ophezulu wenkqubo efunekayo yokukhusela. Ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo liyilwe ziziqinisekiso eziliqela ze-lickrock procedal. Ilungelo lokuphumelela ekunikezeleni icebo, elifakwe kwi-[FLT][10] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [1] i-grand v. [[FLT][5] [[FLT] [196]], lifuna ukuba kunikelwe igqwethantswo engenakukwazi ukuhlawula ityala elingenakukwazi ukuhlawula ityala elikwityala elikhoyo. Xa kuthe ngxaki, ikhonziwa ityala elininzi lifuna ukukhonziswayo, ityala eliphantsi kwetyala elifunekayo ukuyelela ukulishwa. [Noneempepho yoncedo olungeyonke, eliphantsi koncedo lwetyala] [Foff5]

Inkqubela-phambili yolawulo lwangaphakathi nolwabaphathi: Ukuthamba

Kumongo woluntu nowolawulo, inkqubo efunekayo ithambe ngakumbi, kodwa ayisosothusi. Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo .Goldberg v.Kelly imisiwe ukuba urhulumente kufuneka anikeze intshumayelo olucacileyo phambi kokuphelisa intlalo-ntle yomamkeli, iqonde ukuba inzala yangasese kwintlalo-ntle yorhulumente ingaphezulu kwendlela elungileyo. Lo mgaqo unyuse kwizenzo ezibanzi zikarhulumente, kuquka ukupheliswa kwamalungelo abazali, ukukhutshwa kwemicimbi, ukulahlekelwa kwempahla, ukuhlangabezana nokungaphiwa kwemeko ekhoyo, nokungaphindwa kwemeko eninzi. Imeko enkulu yemeko yetyala efudukayo inyuse phambili inkcotha, njengoko kuthe ukuliselwa kobucala nokungamele kungqinelwa kolawulo olusemthethweni olusemthethweni olusemthethweni lwemithetho-A.

Umlinganiselo Wamanani: Inkqubo Elindelekileyo Kwixesha Lemithetho Yomthetho

Ubuxhakaxhaka bubangela imibuzo emitsha nelucelomngeni kwinkqubo efunekayo. Imfuneko yoMmiselo wesi-5 weSindululo, enyanzeliswe ngomthetho wokususa, yinkqubo efunekayo yokukhusela ukuzimela. [FLT][1][FLT][FLT][2][[FLT]] [208], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqonda ukuba ukuxhuzula kukarhulumente kweeveki zeengxelo zendawo yeseli kubangela ukuba "phendla" kufuneke isiqinisekiso, kuboniswe ukwanda okubalulekileyo kokhuseleko lwezintluvo zamanani. Noko ke, ukunyuka kwemithetho yemithetho esetyenziswa ngaphambi kokuhlolwa nokukhutshwa kwemiqatha. Ngokufunyaniswayo kudla ngokujongwe kwendlela ephambili. Ukukhusela iingxelo ze-groptting kudla ngokujoliswe kufutshane okanye ukusetyenziswa kwe-"igropt gree "earthrialthrom" ekungamele ukuba kuvavanywe imeko yolwaphulo-mthetho elungileyo, kumele ukungene mvume yobulungisa, ukuvunywa kobubulungisa, xa ku

Ukunyamezela Ucelomngeni Nemida Yexesha Elizayo

Phezu kwako nje ukubekwa kwayo ezisekelweni, inkqubo efunekayo ijongene nezisongelo ezizingisileyo nezingaguquguqukiyo. Ukufakwa ngamandla kwenkqubo yobulungisa kubangela uxinzelelo olukhulu lokunikela ngetyala ngenxa yokusebenza kakuhle. Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kokuvalelwa kwangaphambili, apho abantu babanjwe iinyanga ezininzi belindele ukuvavanywa ngenxa nje yokuba bengenakukwazi ukuthenga ibheyile, isohlwayo esingapheliyo phambi kwayo nayiphi na isiqinisekiso, isenza intshukumisa enamandla yokumangalela ukumangalelwa kwetyala kungakhathaliseki ukuba limsulwa. Oku "kucela ukukhongozelelwa" ukuthomalalisa ngokungenasizathu sokungabi natyala nokulunga, okungundoqo okungundoqo okufanelekileyo kokuvavanywa. Kwindawo ephakathi kwemikhosi yasekuhlaleni, imfundiso yokhuseleko ethembekileyo yorhulumente esoloko ikhuselwayo ekukhuselweni ityala ngenxa yokungathotyelelwa komthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko somthetho wesizwe. Oku "Kusetyenziswa ngokuzinziswa komnye umgaqo wolawulo lwesizwe, apho urhulumente uthetha ukuba kufuneke ukuvinjwe, imigaqo ekufuneka ukuba kusetyenziswa kwesongelo emkhosi eninzi somkhosi, ingundala, ngokokuba ingundala

Ukufikelela kobulungisa kuselucelomngeni olungundoqo. Ixabiso eliphezulu lomelo lwasemthethweni lithetha ukuba abantu abaninzi abajongene nokulahlekelwa ngumthetho, ukugxothwa, okanye ukugxothwa banyanzeleka ukuba bahambe ngendlela entsonkothileyo ngaphandle kwegqwetha. Ngoxa Gideon[ iqinisekisa ukuba icebo kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, akukho lungelo lilinganayo lokucebisa amatyala, kwanaxa imfuno exhotyisiweyo yento exhotyisiweyo, ixhomekeke kwinkqubo yesiqhelo yokuziqhelanisa, enoba i-lokhwe, ikhaya, okanye i-atmostionstyheed , okanye i-atmosfectrial syt syt syt syt, ithetha ukuba loo projectivementssolment idlalverts projectivessourcesss, okanye ukuphucula ubugcisa obuqhelekileyo.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo efunekayo ngumsonto odibanisa ilaphu lobulungisa baseMerika. Ukusukela ekusungulweni kwalo kwimiqathango yeMagna Carta ukuya ekusebenzeni kwayo kwale mihla kwimo enkulu yolawulo kunye nendawo yamanani, iye yahlala isokhuselo lokuqala ekusetyenzisweni ngamandla karhulumente. Umahluko phakathi kwenkqubo efunekayo neyangaphakathi ephakathi kwemithetho esesikweni kunye neyobulungisa baseMerika uqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yomibini ilungile kumsebenzi wayo kwaye ihloniphe ezona zinto zingundoqo zenkululeko yomntu. Ngoxa imfundiso ijongene nemingeni engapheliyo ```izibuko eligxakekileyo) kunye nezibonelelo zokhuseleko lwesizwe. Umgaqo-mthetho ongundoqo uhlala uhleli phezu kwawo wonke: akukho mntu umele ukuva okulungileyo phambi komthetho. Ukugcina imilinganiselo engundoqo ifuna ukuphaphakanyiswa ngokulinganayo, nokufikelela okulinganayo nokulingana nokufikelela kobulungisa, nokulingana nokulingana nokulingana nokusetyenziswa kobulungisa nokusetyenziswa kwawo wonke umthetho.