Ukwazisa: Iliwa Lokusesikweni

Indima yeenkundla kwinkqubo esemthethweni ibalulekile kulawulo lobulungisa. Iinkundla zisebenza njengendawo apho iingxabano ziconjululwa khona, imithetho iyatolikwa, kwaye kunikwa ubulungisa. Ukuqonda uhambo lwetyala ukusuka ekufakeni isigwebo kubalulekile kubafundi nabafundisi abakwinkalo yomthetho. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa icandelo ngalinye lolo hambo lobunzulu, ukuqaqamba kwemisebenzi yenkundla ebalulekileyo kwinyathelo ngalinye. Nokuba ungumfundi wezomthetho, umkhomi ofuna ukuqonda indlela inkqubo esemthethweni esebenza ngayo, ukuqonda ukunduluka kweprocedism ukusuka ekuququzeleleni ukuya kwisigqibo sokugqibela kungundoqo wokuqonda indlela iinkundla ezigcina ngayo ulungelelwano nokuphakamisa umthetho.

Ukuqonda Inkqubo Yenkundla

Inkqubo yenkundla ingaba ntsokothile, ngemigangatho neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeenkundla. Inkundla nganye inolawulo lwayo nemisebenzi yayo ekhethekileyo. Ukuqondwa ngokucacileyo kwesi silawuli senkundla yezobungangamsha linyathelo lokuqala ekuqondeni inkqubo engokwasemthethweni.

Isiqinisekiso: Isiseko samagunya eNkundleni

I Jurisdiction ibhekisela kwigunya lenkundla lokuva nokugqiba ityala. Ineengxenye ezimbini eziphambili: ulawulo lwesithobo (uhlobo lwetyala inkundla enokuliva) kunye negunya lobuqu (igunya lenkundla kumaqela abandakanyekileyo). Umzekelo, inkundla yesithili yephondo ingava amatyala abandakanya umthetho karhulumente okanye ulawulo lwahlukeneyo, ngelixesha inkundla yamatyala isingatha ngokusesikweni imicimbi ekhutshwa phantsi komthetho karhulumente. Ukuqonda igunya libalulekile kuba ukuvala icala enkundleni ephosakeleyo kungakhokelela ekulahlweni.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

  • IiNkundla eziPhambili: Ezi zinqanaba lokuqala leenkundla apho kusungulwa khona kwaye kuviwa khona. Kwinkqubo yengingqi, ezi ziiNkundla zeSithili se-U.S. kwiinkqubo zephondo, zinokubizwa ngokuba ziiNkundla eziPhakamileyo, iiNkundla zeNtlanganiso, okanye iiNkundla zephondo. Iinkundla zamatyala ziqhuba iinkundla ezichanile, zifumana ubungqina, kwaye zisebenzisa umthetho kwiingxelo ezinikelweyo.
  • IiNkundla ezinika imvume: Ezi nkundla zihlola izigqibo ezenziwe ziinkundla zamatyala ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho usetyenziswe ngokuchanekileyo kwaye iimpazamo zenkqubo azichaphazelekanga kwisiphumo. Iinkundla zezicelo azikhange ziphinde zihlole izibakala; zihlola ingxelo neempikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni. Kwinkqubo karhulumente, ezi ziinkundla ze-U.S.
  • IiNkundla eziPhezulu: Inkundla ephakamileyo elawulayo, enenkcazelo yokugqibela kwimicimbi engokwasemthethweni. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ihleli kwincopho yenkqubo karhulumente, ngelixa urhulumente ngamnye enenkundla yakhe ephakamileyo (ngamanye amaxesha ebizwa ngokuba yiNkundla yezibheno). Ezi nkundla zineengcebiso, ithetha ukuba zikhetha amatyala okuwaphulaphula.

Iinkundla ezizodwa

Ngaphandle kwemigangatho eqhelekileyo, amagunya amaninzi aneenkundla ezikhethekileyo ezigxininisa kwiintlobo ezithile zamatyala. Imizekelo iquka iinkundla ezinika imali, iinkundla zerhafu, iinkundla zentsapho, iinkundla zabantwana, neenkundla zenkundla ezilawula amaziko asekuhlaleni.

Inkqubo Yokujija Komzekelo

Ukubekwa kwetyala linyathelo lokuqala kwinkqubo esemthethweni. Kubangela ukuba igunya lenkundla liqukunjelwe ityala. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukunikezela amaxwebhu asemthethweni kwinkundla efanelekileyo nokubhengeza iqela elichasayo. Iinkundla zanamhlanje zidla ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ze-elektroniki (ukukhupha) ukuqukuqela kweli nyathelo.

Amaxwebhu Angundoqo Kokubethwa Koobumba

  • Uphazamiso okanye isibongozo: I-Placttiff (okanye umceli) ifakela isikhalazo esichaza ityala ngokuchasene nommangalelwa. Olu xwebhu kufuneka luqulathe inkcazelo ecacileyo yeengxelo ezisemthethweni, izibakala ezixhasa ezo mbango, kwaye isiqabu sifune (ngokokonakaliswa yimali okanye umyalelo). Imithetho yeFederal ifuna "umfutshane nomba ocacileyo" ukubonisa ukukhulula.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Izikhuphi: Izicelo zikhutshwa yinkundla kwaye zisetyenziswa kummangalelwa, zixelelwa ngesenzo somthetho kunye nommiselo wexesha omele uphendule (ngokuqhelekileyo 21 ukuya kumashumi amathathu). Inkonzo yenkqubo mayihambisane nemithetho engqongqo ukuqinisekisa inkqubo efunekayo.
  • Imali ebhatalayo: I Fees kufuneka ihlawulelwe ukusungula imeko, enokuhluka ngokwamagunya nohlobo lomzekelo. Umzekelo, ukubeka imeko yesizwe yesizwe ngoku ixabisa ii-$22 (iii-42) kwimirhumo yemali. Amaqela angenalukhuphiswano angafaka kwimo yefoma puperes kwimirhumo okanye ukunciphisa iindleko.

Ulawulo lomgangatho ophezulu

Iinkundla ezininzi ngoku zifuna ukuqokelelwa kwezixhobo zekhompyutha ngenkqubo enjenge PACER (Ithuba lokufumana kwiCurt Electronic Records) kwiinkundla zesizwe okanye izinto ezilinganayo zikarhulumente. I-flageter inciphisa iphepha, ikhawulezisa ukumisa, kwaye ivumela amaqela ukuba afake amaxwebhu kude. Iinkundla kwakhona zimisela inani letyala kunye nejaji (okanye ijaji yejaji kurhulumente) emva kokufakwa kwephepha, eqala abaphathi benkundla abakhutheleyo betyala.

Iinkqubo ezijoliswe phambili

Xa ityala likhombelwe kwaye ummangalelwa ephendule (ngempendulo okanye ngokuhamba), ityala lidlulela kwisigaba sangaphambi koshicilelo. Eli qonga lidla ngokuba yeyona ndawo ibalulekileyo yokucazululwa, njengoko libumba ubungqina kunye nemibandela esemthethweni eza kunikelwa ekucinyweni.

Ukufumanisa: Ukutyhila Inyaniso

Ukufunyanwa kwenkqubo elungiselelweyo apho amaqela aqokelela ubungqina nolwazi kuwenye neyomntu ngamnye nakumacala amathathu. Injongo kukuphelisa izinto ezingalindelekanga nokukhuthaza iindawo ezintle zokuhlala. Izixhobo zokufumana izinto ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Imibuzo ebhaliweyo ethunyelwa liqela elinye komnye, emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ummiselo:[ ubungqina bomlomo obuthatyathwe phantsi kwesifungo ngaphandle kwenkundla, nethuba lokuhlola ukunqamleza. Imithetho igcina ubungqina kwaye ityhile izibakala.
  • [[UMTLL:0] Izicelo zokuveliswa kwamaxwebhu: Iimfuno zamaxwebhu afanelekileyo, ii-imeyili, okanye ulwazi olugcinwe ngocoselelo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zemvume: iingxelo omnye acela omnye ukuba avume okanye akhanye, acuthe umba wokuvavanywa.

Intshukumo: Ukuliguqula Ityala Ngaphambi Kokuvavanywa Kwetyala

Izahlulo zefayile zingathatha intshukumo ukusombulula imiba ethile phambi kokuvavanywa. Iintshukumo eziqhelekileyo zangaphambi kovavanyo ziquka:

  • [[NTL: 0] Ukukhupha: I-Agues zelokuba nokuba zonke izibakala kwisikhalazo ziyinyaniso, i-statiff ayinayo ingxelo esemthethweni (umz., ukunqongophala kolawulo, ukungakwazi ukubeka imbambano).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Umbutho womgwebo wesishwankathelo: ucela inkundla ukuba igqibe ngetyala ngaphandle kwetyala kuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene ngayo nayiphi na into yezinto eziphathekayo. Ukuba iyavunywa, inkundla ingena kugwebo lweqela elihambayo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Motion to Compel Discovery: ifayile xa iqela lingaphumeleli ukuvelisa iimpendulo zokufumanisa, licela inkundla ukuba iyalele ukuthobela.

Ukuzinziswa kwengxoxo kunye neSisombululo Sezinye Iingxabano

Amatyala amaninzi ayaconjululwa ngaphambi kokuba kuthethwe ityala ngokuxoxwa. Iinkundla zikhuthaza ukuhlaliswa kwemiqathango yokulondoloza oovimba bezomthetho. Amanye amagunya afuna ukuba amaqela angene kwingqungquthela yokuhlalisana okanye afumane imvume. Kwi-media, iqela lesithathu elingoondilele linceda ekuncedeni isivumelwano sokuzithandela. Ukuba ukurhoxiswa kwetyala kuyaqhubeka, ityala libhekisa kwityala. Iinkundla zikwayalela ukuba kuqwalaselwe uxanduva kwasekuqaleni okanye iingqungquthela zetyala ziqumlanise imigaqo yokungathathi-nxaxheba.

Inkqubo Yokuvavanywa

Ukuba ityala alizinzi okanye aligqitywanga ngokuhamba, liqhubekeka licinywe. Inkqubo yokuvavanya yenzelwe ukulungiselela yaye ilandela iinkqubo ezizizo ezenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni nokuchanekileyo.

Ukhetho

Kwiimeko apho ityala labachopheli-tyala linyanzeliswa khona, inyathelo lokuqala kukukhetha inkundla yabachopheli-tyala. Inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yivoir black ibandakanya ukuncitshiswa kweejaji ezinokubhencwa okanye iingxabano. I-Attorney (okanye ijaji kwezinye iinkundla) ibuza imibuzo, kwaye icala ngalinye lingavavanya abachopheli-tyala ngenxa (umz., ikhethe) okanye ukusebenzisa imingeni yokukhulula (inani elimiselweyo) ukubetha abacholi ngaphandle kokunika isizathu, logama nje ukubetha kungekho mvume.

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Bobabini abaphulaphuli banikela ityala labo kumajaji okanye kwijaji. I-poltiff iyahamba kuqala, ichaza oko ubungqina buza kukubonisa. Ukuzikhusela kunganika ingxelo yokuvula ngokukhawuleza emva okanye ukuyigcina de kube emva kwemeko ye-potlaff. Iingxelo zokuvula azibobungqina kodwa ziyindlela yoko iqela lizimisele ukukungqina.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Le yintliziyo yetyala. Ummangalelwa uveza imeko yakhe phambili, ubiza amangqina kunye nokwazisa imiboniso. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokunqumla-i-examine ingqina ngalinye. Emva kokuba ummangalelwa ehleli, ummangalelwa anganikela ubungqina bakhe kunye namangqina. Ummangalelwa ngoko unethuba lokuphinda ajonge ubungqina bommangalelwa. Imithetho yobungqina ilawula oko kunokuvunywa; umzekelo, ihempe iyafumaneka ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphandle kokuba isebenza.

  • [[Ubungqina bobungqina: 0] amangqina enyaniso angqina ngoko akubonayo, akuvile, okanye akwenzileyo. Amangqina anikela iimbono ezisekelwe kulwazi olukhethekileyo.
  • [[UMTH: 0] Ubungqina obuthe ngqo:[[FL:1] Amaxwebhu, iifoto, iividiyo, kunye nezinto ziphawulwe njengemiboniso kwaye zivezwe ngobungqina.
  • Imilinganiselo: Izivumelwano zingavumelana nezibakala ezithile ukugcina ixesha.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Iqela ngalinye lishwankathela imeko yalo lize libalaselise ubungqina obungundoqo. I-polattiff ithi ubungqina bungqina oko bakuthethayo ngoko kufunwa bubungqina (ubungqina obuninzi kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni; ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho). Ummangalelwa uthi ubungqina bufutshane. Iingxoxo zokuvala asibobungqina kodwa ziimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni ngoko kumele kutsalwe.

Intshukumo yomgwebo neyomva wesiphelo

Emva kokuqukunjelwa kwetyala, inkundla iya kugweba, esi sisigqibo esisemthethweni senkundla sokulungisa elo tyala.

Isigwebo noMgwebo

  • [[FLT: 0] Jury Verdict: Ekumangaleleni abachopheli-tyala, iijaji ngabom kwaye zifikelele isigqibo. Abachopheli-mthetho kufuneka balandele imiyalelo yomgwebi kumthetho. Isigqibo sisenokuba siso sonke (ukuthembeka nomonakalo) okanye sisodwa (impendulo kwimibuzo echanekileyo).
  • Ityala leBench: Kumatyala ngaphandle kwejaji, ijaji igqiba izibakala nomthetho. Umgwebi ukhupha iziphumo zenyaniso nezigqibo zomthetho, ezibumba isiseko somgwebo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Impumelelo yomgwebo: Umabhalana wenkundla ungena umgwebo kwidokisi. Oku kubangela ummiselo wexesha lokuhamba kwasemva kovavanyo kunye nezibheno.

Intshukumo yeposi

Emva kwesigqibo, amaqela angafaka ifayile yentshukumo ukucel ’ umngeni isiphumo phambi kwesicelo. Iintshukumo eziqhelekileyo zasemva kovavanyo ziquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuqulunqwa komgwebo njengomcimbi woMthetho (JMOL):[ Ithetha ukuba ubungqina abwanelanga ukuxhasa isigqibo. Ufakelo emva kwetyala ukuba benziwe ngexesha lokuvavanywa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umqukumbelo wovavanyo olutsha: uchaza iimpazamo ezingokwesithethe, ukuziphatha okubi, okanye isigqibo sichasene nobunzima bobungqina.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuququzelela kuMgwebi oAmend: icela inkundla ukuba itshintshe umgwebo, ngokufuthi ukulungisa iimpazamo ezisemthethweni okanye utshintsho lomonakalo.

Ukuba ezi zintshukumo azivunywanga, imeko ilungele ukubhenela.

Inkqubo Yezibheno

Ukuba iqela alinelisekanga sisigwebo, bangabhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Inkqubo yesibheno asilotyala lesibini kodwa kukuhlola iinkqubo zenkundla echongiweyo nezigqibo ezingokwasemthethweni.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwesibheno

  • Ipesenti yezibheno: Iqela elinomtsalane (appet) lifakela isaziso ukusungula isibheno kunyaka ongqongqo (umzekelo iintsuku ezingama-30 kwinkundla yequmrhu).
  • Ingxelo ekwizibheno iqukumbela inkundla egwebayo idlulisa ingxelo esemthethweni, kuquka izibongozo, iirekhodi, kunye neziboniso kwinkundla yeziphumo zengxelo.
  • Briefs: omabini amacala angenisa iimpikiswano ezibhaliweyo ezichaza indawo yawo. Impelesi ichaza kafutshane isizathu sokuba inkundla yamatyala iphambuke; imiba emfutshane ye-appellee yesizathu sokuba isigqibo kufuneka siqinisekiswe.

Impikiswano Engoonobumba

Inkundla yetyala ingaba netyala lokuba bobabini banikele iimpikiswano zabo. Abagwebi badla ngokubuza imibuzo ukucacisa imiba engokwasemthethweni. Impikiswano yezomlomo idla ngokufutshane (imizuzu eli-15-30 kwicala ngalinye) kwaye ijoliswe kwiingongoma ezingundoqo.

Imigangatho yempinda

Iinkundla zezicelo zisebenzisa imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo exhomekeke kwinkupho. Imibuzo yomthetho iphinda incitshiswe i-ovo[[FLT: 1] (ntsha). Ukufumana inyani kuphinda kubuye kuhlolwe imposiso yeqophelo ye . Izigqibo zobulumko zibuye zibuye zilungiswe ze-'[[[FLT:]4] isicwangciso sendlela yengqiqo [[]. Le milinganiselo igqiba umgangatho wexesha lokubekelwa ixesha eliphantsi kwenkundla yenkundla yetyala inika inkundla evavanyiweyo.

Iziphumo ezinokwenzeka

  • Inkundla edityanisiweyo iyavumelana nenkundla evavanyiweyo kwaye ixhasa ugwebo.
  • Inkundla enika ingxelo ifumana impazamo kwaye ibhukuqa ugwebo, isoloko ilungisa ityala loqhubekeko.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Remand: ithumela eli tyala emva kwinkundla yamatyala ukwenzela ukuvavanywa okutsha okanye izinto ezongezelelekileyo ezifunyenweyo ezihambelana noluvo lwenkcazelo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] guqula inxenye yomgwebo (umz., unciphisa umonakalo).

Le nkqubo yezibheno inokuqhubeka idlulela kwiinkundla eziphakathi ize ekugqibeleni ifikelele kweyona nkundla iphakamileyo (inkundla ephakamileyo okanye ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States), nangona ezi nkundla ngokufuthi zinokukwazi ukukhanyela ukuhlolisiswa.

Isiphelo: Indima Engenakuthelekiswa Nanto Yenkundla

Indima yeenkundla kwinkqubo esemthethweni ibalulekile ekulondolozeni ucwangco nobulungisa kwibutho labantu. Ukusukela ekuqulunqeni komthetho ukuya kumgwebo wokugqibela (*) nakwinkqubo yokucenga. Inyathelo ngalinye lenzelwe ukuxhasa umthetho. Iinkundla zinikela ubundilele apho amaqela anokuveza iimpikiswano zawo, anezingcaciso ezisekelwe kumthetho kunye nobungqina, kwaye afune ukubuyisela ityala. Ukuqonda olu hambo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofunda okanye osebenza kwinkqubo esemthethweni. Ukuqhubeka nokufunda, [[FLT: 0] U.S. iinkundla zeewebhsayithi ezithi zinika iingcaciso ezizinzileyo zenkundla nemigaqo elungileyo. Imanyano yeMelikany [FT][FT][F:3]