Yintoni Inkqubo Elungele Ukulawula?

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral zisethi yemithetho emisela indlela abavoti abaguqulelwa ngayo kwizihlalo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho okanye kwiofisi yesebe elilawulayo. Zichaza yonke into ukusuka kwindlela abavoti abayilelwe ngayo ukuba babalwe ngayo kwaye bakhethwe njani abaphumeleleyo. Ngelixesha abaqhubi benkqubo yokulungisa isenokubonakala ikhomba ngobuchule, ukhetho lwenkqubo yonyulo luneziphumo ezinzulu zomelo lwezopolitiko, urhulumente, ukuzinziswa kwendlela yokuvota, kunye nempilo yedemokhrasi iyonke.

Embilinini wayo, inkqubo yonyulo iphendula imibuzo emithathu esisiseko: ngubani ozakuvota, baphi, ivoti zitshintshwa njani, kwaye abavoti baguqulelwa njani ekubeni balawule? Iimpendulo zahluka kakhulu kuwo onke amazwe, zibonakalisa imeko eyahlukileyo yembali, izithethe, neenjongo zezobupolitika. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo ziyimfuneko kungekuphela nje kwizazinzulu zezobupolitika kodwa kwanakubafundisi nabafundi abafuna ukuqonda isizathu sokuba ezinye iidemokhrasi zivelise iinkqubo eziziicandelo ezimbini ngelixa ezinye zikhuthaza imibutho edityani, isizathu sokuba ezinye iinkokeli ziphumele uloyiso lwelizwe kunye nezinye iipalamente ezixhonywe, kwaye kutheni ezithi jikela kulo lonke ilizwe, kwaye kutheni umvoti wevoti ingongomi ingafani ngokuphawulekayo kuhlanga olunye.

Imbali yenkqubela yenkqubo

Imvelaphi yenkqubo yokhetho lwangoku ikwinkulungwane ye-18 neye-19, njengeenjongo zedemokhrasi ezisasazeke kulo lonke elaseYurophu naseMerika. Iinkqubo zangaphambili zaziqheleke zilula iindlela zobuninzi, apho umvoti othe waphumelela kakhulu. Inkqubo ye-United Kingdom yokuQala-Past-The Post (FPTP) umzekelo, yaguquka yasuka kunyuko lwedemokhrasi lwaphakathi. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, abaguquli baqala ukuthandabuza enoba iinkqubo ezinjalo zazimela kakuhle oko kuthanda kwabantu, ingakumbi njengoko i-i-fffrever yandisa ukuquka abantu abaninzi nabahlukahlukeneyo.

Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, iingcinga eYurophu nakwezinye iindawo zaqalisa ukuphuhlisa umelo lolwahlulo lwezicwangciso zePR. Isazi sezibalo sase Belgium uVictor D’Hondt sayila indlela yokudibanisa izihlalo ngokwe-ntlulo, namazwe afana ne Belgium, iFinland, neSwitzerland amkele i-PR ekuqaleni konyaka wama 1900. Emva kwemfazwe yehlabathi II, amazwe amaninzi asanda kuzenzela ngokwawo namazwe aqala ngokutsha azama ukuzama iinkqubo ze-pyriginithi, axubanisa iziqalelo ze-atrianism kunye nolungelelaniso. Namhlanje, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha se-democracracrali zisebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lokulinganisa ulwahlulo, ngelixa ezinye ziphethe inkqubo ezingundoqo okanye ezixubileyo. I-E[FLT]

Amalungu angundoqo Enkqubo E-Elector

Phambi kokuntywila kwindlela ethile, kubalulekile ukuqonda iibloko zokwakha ezichaza nayiphina inkqubo yokukhetha. Ezi ziqalelo zichaphazela indlela abavoti abahlulwe ngayo nendlela iziphumo ezimeleyo ezichanekileyo ngayo.

Ububanzi beSithili

Ubukhulu besithili bubhekisele kwinani labameli abanyulwe ukusuka kwisithili esinye sonyulo. Isithili esinye (SMDs) sikhetha kuphela ummeli omnye, ngeli xesha izithili (MD) zikhetha ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu. Ubukhulu besithili bunempembelelo enamandla kulwahlulo: isithili esikhulu sityekele ekuvezeni iziphumo ezithe chatha kuba zivumela amaqela amancinane aphumelele kwizihlalo ngosabelo esincinane sevoti.

Imida Engagqibekanga

Iinkqubo ezininzi zolungelelwaniso zimisela ipesenti encinane yevoti ekufuneka iphunyezwe liqela ukuze lifumane naziphi izihlalo. Lo mqobo, osoloko ubekwe phakathi kwe 3% ne 5%, wenzelwe ukukhusela amaqela amancinane okanye angomelelayo ekungeneni kwepalamente. Noko ke, uyakwazi ukukhupha amalizwi amancinane asemthethweni. Umzekelo, umqobo ka-5% eJamani uye waphikiswana ngengxoxo kamashumi eminyaka. IACE Electoral Knetwork ye-LD [ inika iingcaciso ezintsontela ezineenkcukacha zemiqobo nemiqobo yawo.

Isakhiwo sebhola

Indlela abavoti abaluchaza ngayo ukhetho lwabo kwivoti ingahluka-hluka: iibhola ezingqukuva zivumela ukhetho olunye (kumntu oza kubhaptizwa okanye kwiqela), ngeli lixa abavoti bebhoti-mali bevumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe abathathi-nxaxheba ngendlela yokukhetha. Isakhiwo sebhola enobuncutshe sichaphazela ngqo nokuba abavoti bangaxhasa amaqela amaninzi okanye imigca yeqela elinqamlezeneyo.

Ifomu yolwandle ye-Alposition

Xa amavoti ebalwa, isalathisi sezibalo simisela ukuba zingaphi izihlalo ezifunyanwa liqela ngalinye. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo ziquka indlela yeD’Hondt (esetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu), indlela yeSainte-Laguë (esetyenziswe eNew Zealand nakwamanye amazwe aseScandinavia), kunye nereyithi yomlinganiselo weHare. Ifomu nganye ineembono ezahlukeneyo: D’Hondt ithanda amaqela amakhulu, ngexesha iSainte-Laguë ingulwahlulo oluthe kratya.

Iintlobo zeenkqubo ze-Electoral: Kuhlalutyo lwe-DEP

Inqaku lokuqala lidwelise udidi, ulungelelwano, kunye neenkqubo ezidityanisiweyo. Ngezantsi sandisa udidi ngalunye ngokweenkcukacha ezininzi, imizekelo, kunye nenkcukacha ezicacileyo.

Iinkqubo zooMasipala

Iinkqubo zolawulo loomasipala zenziwe kumgaqo wokuba umvoti okanye iqela elinolona khetho luphumelelayo. Zisoloko zisetyenziswa kumazwe anesithethe sikarhulumente omnye kwaye zinxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo nemodeli yeWestminster.

Isiphelo- Sokuqala- Sesiphelo- (FPTP)

I-FPTP yinkqubo elula engundoqo: umvotelwa onenani eliphezulu leevoti kwingingqi enye uphumelela isihlalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba inabaninzi na. Le nkqubo idla ngokuvelisa uqhagamshelwano olunamandla phakathi kwe-actifications kunye nomeli wabo, kodwa isenokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezingaqhelekanga. Umzekelo, kunyulo lwe-UK jikelele lwe-UK, iSizwana se-Consovation sawina 37% wevoti kodwa sabanjwa 51% yezihlalo, ngexesha i-UK Indevision Par yamkela 12.6% yevoti kodwa isihlalo esinye kuphela. Le “win’s cooser." ibala le FPPP. Abagxeki bephikisa ukuba i-PPP irhoxinze i-'ivotarty-votalders.

Inkqubo enee-Rund ezimbini (Rhuqa)

Isetyenziswa eFransi, eBrazil, kunye nonyulo olukhulu lomongameli, inkqubo yombutho emibini ejikelezayo ifuna umvotelwa ukuba afumane uninzi olupheleleyo (ngaphezulu kwama-50%) uphumelele kwisangqa sokuqala. Ukuba akukho mjikelo wesibini ubanjwa phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba ababini okanye abangaphezulu. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba uphumelele ekugqibeleni unenkxaso enkulu, kodwa inokuba nexabiso elininzi kwaye ingacinezela ukubhadula kowesibini ukuba uvotisi bavakalelwa ukuba iqabane labo abathandayo alikho ekubalekeni.

Enye i Vote (Ranked-Choice)

Kwenye indlela yokuvota, abavoti abathathi-nxaxheba ngokwendlela yokukhetha. Ukuba akukho mvotelwa wamkela uninzi lwevoti yokuqala ethandwayo, umvoti wokugqibela urhoxisiwe, kwaye amavoti abo asasazwa kukhetho olulandelayo. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka de umvotisi afikelele uninzi. I-Australia isebenzisa le nkqubo kwindlu yayo esezantsi. Ikhuthaza abaza kuba bangenele ukubhenela ngaphaya kwesiseko sabo kwaye inciphisa imfuneko yokuvota. Amanye amagunya eUnited States, anjengeMaine neAlaska, amkele uvota okhetho olusemthethweni lwendlu yayo esezantsi.

Iinkqubo zomelo lweprojekthi

Umelo lwepropotical lufuna ukulingana nepesenti yezihlalo zeqela elifumanayo kwipesenti yeevoti. Iinkqubo ze-PR zixhaphakile kwilizwekazi leYurophu, i-Latin America, kunye nedemokhrasi ezininzi ezintsha.

Udweliso- Lweqela PR

Kwiinkqubo zoluhlu lweqela, ivoti, ivoti, kunye namaqela afumana izihlalo ngokuhambelana nesabelo sawo sovoti. Amatheko agcwalisa ezo zihlalo kuluhlu oluphezulu lwabatsha abatshayeli. Kukho iinguqu ezimbini ezingundoqo: uluhlu oluvaliweyo (apho iqela limisela umyalelo) kwaye livule uluhlu (apho abavoti banokubonisa izikhethelo zabo kubathathi-nxaxheba). Izintlu ezivaliweyo zinika iinkokeli zolawulo oluthe kratya ngaphezulu, ngelixa zivula uluhlu oluthe ngqo kubavoti-nxaxheba. Iindlela ezithi ziD’Hondt neSaint-Laguë ziqhele ukusetyenziswa ukunikezela izihlalo. Amazwe afana neNetherlands asebenzisa isithili esinye esinomqobo osezantsi, eziphumela kwimithetho-macalicaluni neendawo eziqhelekileyo. Ezinye iingingqini ze-Portugal, njengeeast Portugal, kunye noomatikethi ezihlala kulo.

Isivakalisi esinye esidluliswayo (STV)

STV yinkqubo yokuvota ekhethekayo esetyenziswa kwimimandla emininzi. Abavoti abakwisigaba esiphezulu ngokomyalelo wokukhetha. Abathathi-nxaxheba abafikelela kumlinganiselo weevoti banyulwe, kwaye amavoti aseleyo adluliselwa kubanyuli abaseleyo. i-STV ivelisa iziphumo ezithe ngqo ngeli lixa ivumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba okanye kumaqela ahlukeneyo. Isetyenziswa e-Ireland, eMalta, nakwiNtsimbini ye-Australia. STV ityekele ukukhuthaza intra-partlykhudments kwaye inika i-votaft uluhlu olubanzi lwezinto ezikhethwayo, kodwa inkqubo yokubala ilula kwaye inokuba cace kancinane kuvoti.

Iinkqubo ezixutyiweyo

Iinkqubo zokhetho ezidityanisiweyo zidibanisa amalungu omelo olukhulu nolwahlulahlulo, ngenjongo yokulinganisa amandla azo zombini. Ezi ndlela zimbini zingundoqo zixutywe ngamalungu (MMP) kunye namalungu axubeneyo ayintloko (MMM).

Ipropoti yorhwebo exutyiweyo

KuMMP, abavoti bafaka iivoti ezimbini: enye yezamkeli kwisithili sabo sobulali (ngokuqhelekileyo igqitywe yi-FPPP) kunye nenye yeqela. Ezi zihlalo zoluhlu zabelwe ukuhlawulela naziphi na izihlalo zesithili ezibangelwa zizihlalo zesithili, beqinisekisa ukuba ukwenziwa jikelele kwendlu yowiso-mthetho kuhambelana nesabelo seqela ngalinye. IJamani, New Zealand, kunye neScotland zisebenzisa i-MMP. Le nkqubo ivelisa iziphumo zolwahlulo ngexesha logcino-melo lwengingqini. Ngoko ke, iyakwazi ukukhokelela “kwizihlalo zesikhululo-ofisi zesithili ukuba iqela lifumana izihlalo ezininzi kunesabelo salo somlinganiselo, kwaye isenokufuna ipalamente enkulu ukuze ihlalise izihlalo ze-omatilo.

I-Member Majorian (MMM) exutyiweyo

Ku MMM (ekwabizwa ngokuba kukuvota okunxulumeneyo), izintlu ezimbini zisebenza ngokuzimeleyo. Izihlalo zesithili zinikwa i-FPTP, kwaye izihlalo zoluhlu zabelwa ngokulinganayo, kodwa izihlalo zoluhlu azilungani nakuphi na ukuphambuka kwiziphumo zesithili. Oku kusoloko kuphumela kwiziphumo ezincinci ze-MMP. IJapan, uMzantsi Korea (de ngo-2020), kunye ne-Mexico isebenzisa iintlobo ze-MMM. Inkqubo ingabonisa ukuba nenxaxheba enkulu kuba isithili linika ibhombu, ngexa isavumela amaqela amancinane ukuba aphumelele ezinye izihlalo.

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral: Ii-off zorhwebo neziphumo

Akukho nkqubo yokhetho igqibeleleyo. Nganye ibandakanya urhwebo phakathi kwamaxabiso afana nomelo, uzinzo, ukuphendulana, nokulula. Inqaku lokuqala likhankanye ukuba iinkqubo zolawulo olukhulu zisoloko zikhokelela koorhulumente abazinzileyo kodwa zikhokelela kumaqela amancinci asezantsi, ngexa i-PR ikhuthaza ulwahlulo kodwa ivelisa ulwahlulo. Siyandisa koku ngomlinganiselo owongezelelweyo.

Ukuzinza Kukarhulumente Nokwakha Imali

Iinkqubo zoorhulumente abaninzi abayinxalenye enye, abanokukhupha umthetho ngokukhawuleza baze baphenduliswe ngabavoti. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iinkqubo ze-PR zifuna oorhulumente abasebenzisanayo, abanokuba zizinzileyo ngakumbi ukuba amaqela asebenzisana kodwa banokukhokelela ekubopheleleni ukuba izahlulo zeengcamango zinzulu. Umzekelo, i-Itali, ifumana utshintsho oluthe rhoqo phantsi kwe-PR ecocekileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kutshintsho olwazisa inkqubo exubileyo. Noko ke, amazwe amaninzi ePR, anjengeJamani namazwe aseNordic, anandipha ulawulo oluzinzileyo oluzinzileyo lwemimiselo yokulala.

Ukumela amancinane namabhinqa

Iinkqubo zepropotigal zivelisa iipalamente ezahluke kakhulu ngokwezini, ubuhlanga, kunye neengcamango. Imimandla emininzi yamalungu ivumela amaqela ukuba athathe amabhinqa okanye abatshakazi abambalwa ngaphandle kokubeka engozini ukulahleka kwesihlalo kwiqela elilawulayo. Uphando lubonisa ukuba amazwe asebenzisa iPR athambe ukuba nomelo oluphezulu lwamabhinqa epalamente. Umzekelo, iRwanda, esebenzisa inkqubo yokuvala iPR enezihlalo ezigciniweyo, enomlinganiselo ophezulu wamabhinqa kwipalamente. Iinkqubo zobujaji, ngokwahlukileyo, zingenza imiqobo yokumela abambalwa, ingakumbi ukuba izithili zitsale ukrwelo oluncinane. [[FLT] [FLD:] Amabhinqa [FLD:] anikezela ngophando phakathi kweenkqubo zoomati nolungele ukulingana.[FLD1]

Igalelo

I-Voter voteout iphenjelelwa ziimeko ezininzi, kodwa inkqubo yokhetho idlala indima. Olunye uphando lucebisa ukuba iinkqubo ze-PR zithambeke zisiba notshintsho oluphezulu kuba abavoti bavakalelwa kukuba amavoti abo anokuchaphazeleka kwiziphumo, ingakumbi kwimimandla ekhuselekileyo apho iFPTPvote isenokuhlala khona. Noko ke, ulwalamano alululanga ngqo; ukuvota okunyanzelekileyo (njengoko kuse-Australia) kunye nokusondelelana konyulo kukwanothunywa abaphambili. Iinkqubo zonyulo ziyakwazi ukuvelisa ukujika phezulu ukuba amaqela akhuphisana, kodwa izihlalo ezininzi zinokugqitywa ngemidangangezo ezibangela ukuvota, ukunciphisa intshukumisa yokuvota.

Uphando lwemeko kwinkqubo ye-Electoral

Sinyusa uphando olufutshane olukwinqaku lokuqala, sinikela uhlalutyo olunzulu lwendlela ezisebenza ngayo iinkqubo zokhetho kumazwe amaninzi.

IUnited States: Ipast- Post neziphumo zayo

I-United States isebenzisa i-FPTP ukwenzela unyulo kwiNdlu yabameli, kunye nenkqubo yokufumana impumelelo kwiElectoral College ukwenzela unyulo lomongameli. Le nkqubo ifake iinqobo ezimbini ezihlukeneyo, eyenza kube nzima kakhulu kumaqela esithathu ukuzuza izihlalo. Unyulo lukamongameli 2016 lwabona abathathi-nxaxheba besuka kwiGreenland naseLibertarian amaqela afumana i-5% yevoti eyaziwayo kodwa akukho voti yokhetho. Kwimilo yezindlu, i-gerrymandering kunye nobubanzi belizwe le-votiventia kuthetha ukuba imimandla emininzi ayikhuphisananga, ikhokelela ekubopheleleni ephantsi kwevoti-voti-yo. Iinzalo zokungenisa i-votication ezikhoyo kwamanye amazwe nakumazwe (ggcooser).

IJamani: Iprojekthi exutyiweyo yeMember njengendlela yokuyekelela

Inkqubo yokhetho yaseJamani isoloko ichazwa njengemodeli yendlela yokudibanisa umelo lwengingqi kunye nolwahlulo. Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ama-Almeter anyanzelisa inkqubo eya kuthintela ukubuya korhulumente wobuzwilakhe, kwaye i-MMP ivela njengolwahlulelwano phakathi kweBritane FPTPP kunye nePR enqwenelwa yiNkulwa yiSocial Democrates. Iivoti ezimbini zinevoti, kwaye ulwabeko lwezihlalo kwiBoundastag lwenzelwe ukuba lube nolwahlulo. Umbini umphetho ugcina amaqela angenamsebenzi, nangona i-PFTPD iwela kwiJamani (AfD) esuntray 2017, ngoku iphethe izihlalo. Iinkqubo zakutshanje zithetha ngengxaki ye-Ahanglane ngokudiod ngokudibanisa izihlalo. Inkqubo ye-Jamani iveneend iveneeat CD/UCC okanye imigangatho kawonke kawonke.

INew Zealand: Ukusuka kwiFPTP ukuya kwiMMP

Ukutshintsha kwe-New Zealand ukusuka kwi-FPP ukuya kwi-MMP ngo-1996 ngumzekelo oqhelekileyo wotshintsho lonyulo lwezinyuko eziqhutywa yi-MMP. Phantsi kwe-FPTPP, unyulo kabini ngo-1978 nango 1981 iSigqeba esichasayo seLabour Parti liphumelele iivoti ezingaphezulu kuneSizwe saseSizwe silawulayo kodwa izihlalo ezimbalwa. Unxunguphalo lukawonke-wonke lwakhokelela kwiKhomishini yobukumkani kunye nesibopho sokuchola i-Amperpola i-MMP. Ngo-2011 i-2011 yabona ukurhoxilonga kwe-vota kwe-politiki yaseNew Zealand: oorhulumente abaninzi abanorhulumente abahlukeneyo banqongophele, yaye oorhulumente ababhiyo baba ngaba lilungu lendlela yokulawula. Noko ke, uMMP yabangela ukugxekwa kombutho woluntu oluqhelekileyo.

Iinkqubo zomdlalo kunye nomelo lobuncinane

Enye yeembambano ezidala ingxabano kwinkqubo yokukhetha indlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba ubuhlanga, ulwimi, okanye ubugqeba bonqulo bungakhetha abameli abakhethe bona. Iinkqubo zooMajortarian zinokungawavumeli amacandelo amancinane asasazekileyo ngokweemeko, ngelixa iinkqubo ze-PR zingawanika ilizwi ukuba azenzela amaqela awo okanye ukuba umqobo usezantsi. Amanye amazwe akhetha amanyathelo akhethekileyo anjengezihlalo ezigciniweyo (umz., iPakistan yamaKristu namaHindu), eyahlukeneyo imiqulu enyuliweyo (umz., iNew Zealand yeMāori), okanye iinkqubo ezixubeneyo ezimele ukuba zime ngendlela elungelelanisayo (umz., iLebhanome). Indlela ekhethelweyo yenkqubo ekhethekileyo inokuba yenziwo okanye i-ebacbate ngokuzilwa okanye ngokungquzula. Iincwadi ezikwindawo zoobumba-othoni, njengeekhi yesixhobo esibonisa i-Bosley, kunye nesixhobo esibonisa ukuba i-emele i-evad esenziwe ukuba i-emele i-e.

Utshintsho Neengxoxo Zakutshanje

Utshintsho lwenkqubo ye-Electoral lungumba ophilayo kwidemokrasi ezininzi. EKhanada, amaphondo amaninzi aye aba namasebe ajongene nokutshintshela kwiPR okanye ukuvota okucuthelweyo, nangona kungekho namnye ophumeleleyo. I-United Kingdom iye yazama ukuvavanya iVote ehambela phambili kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni kwaye iye yathatha inkqubo exubileyo exhasa iPR House of Lords. EUnited States, imibutho efana noFactorote exhasa ukuvota okuphezulu njengendlela yokunciphisa umgangatho we-PR, iseke ikhuthaza abatsha abatsha abatsha abanokukhetha abanokuhlala eqonono. Okwangokunje, amazwe afana neHungary ashenxibileyo kwicala elichaseneyo, ukwamkela inkqubo exutyiso oluphiweyo ekhetha kakhulu iqela elilawulayo elihamba ngejijekelweyo. [FFFlGenelvel]

Isiphelo: Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Inkqubo Yobuchule Kubalulekile

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral aziyonkqubo zobugcisa nje; zibumba ugcino-lwazi lwemeko lwezopolitiko apho abemi bethatha inxaxheba khona. Baphembelela abanyulwayo, indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imigaqo-nkqubo, nokuba ngaba abavoti baziva beva amazwi abo. Kubafundisi- ntsapho nabafundi, bafunda iinkqubo zokhetho zinikela ifestile kwindlela ulungelelwaniso lwedemokhrasi olukwimiqathango: umelo. uzinzo lwezinziwo zobuqu. ulungelelwaniso, ulwahlulo, ubuchule. Inkcubeko. Njengoko ihlabathi lijongene nemingeni enjengokuthintela, ukunyuka kwe-populis, kunye nemfuneko yokuquka amaqela asezantsi, ukwenziwa kweenkqubo zokhetho kuhlala kusesona sixhobo sibalulekileyo sokulungisa idemokhrasi. Ngokuqonda iinketho neziphumo zazo, abahlali bangenza ukhetho olucacileyo ngendlela elungele ukusebenza ngayo.