Table of Contents

Ukuqonda indlela iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezisebenza ngayo kubalulekile kumntu ngamnye ofuna ukuba nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi nakwizinto zoluntu. Iinkqubo zikarhulumente zilungelelanisa indlela igunya neembopheleleko ezisasazwa ngayo kwilizwe, zidala izakhiwo ezibonisa indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imigaqo, ephunyezwayo, nenyanzelelwa kuyo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo. Ezi nkqubo zinokuhluka ngokuphawulekayo kuxhomekeke kumgangatho wolawulo, ukusuka kuluntu lwasekuhlaleni ukuya kurhulumente wephondo, ekugqibeleni kurhulumente wephondo. Ngokuhlolisisa la manqanaba awahlukeneyo karhulumente, sinokuyiqonda kakuhle indlela izigqibo ezichaphazela ngayo ubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla nendlela abemi abanokubandakanye ngayo nabameli babo ekulungiseni abantu babo.

Ziyintoni Iinkqubo Zorhulumente?

Iinkqubo zikarhulumente zimela intlangano kunye neenkqubo ezisetyenziswa ngamaqumrhu anegunya, enza izigqibo ezimanyeneyo, kwaye anikela iinkonzo kubemi bawo. Ezi nkqubo zimisela imithetho, imibutho, kunye neenkqubo ezilawula indlela amandla asasazwa ngayo kwaye asetyenziswe ngayo kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo yolawulo. Uyilo lwenkqubo karhulumente lubonisa imbali yelizwe, imilinganiselo, intanda-bulumko yezobupolitika, kunye namazwe awahlukeneyo amkela izakhiwo ezisusela kumgangatho ophezulu ukuya kumgangatho ofanelekileyo kakhulu.

Icandelo lommandla, iphondo, kunye nephondo lamaqela aphantsi orhulumente asabelana ngezopolitiko, ngezopolitiko nangezoqoqosho norhulumente ophakathi. Oku kusasazwa kwamandla kudala ulwalamano oluntsonkothileyo phakathi kwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente, ngalinye elineembopheleleko ezahlukeneyo kunye nemimandla yegunya. Ukuqonda olu lwalamano kubaluleke kakhulu kubemi abafuna ukwazi ukuba ngoluphi umgangatho karhulumente ojongene neenkonzo neenkqubo ezithile.

Ukusebenza kwenkqubo karhulumente kuxhomekeke ekuhlaziyweni ngokucacileyo kweembopheleleko, iinkqubo zenkxaso-mali ezaneleyo, namanyathelo aqinileyo okuphendula. Iinkqubo zikarhulumente wale mihla kufuneka zilungelelanise imfuneko yokulungelelaniswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe neengenelo zokwenza izigqibo zasekuhlaleni ezinokusabela kwiimfuno ezingqaleneyo nezithandwa ngabantu.

Iintlobo zeenkqubo zikarhulumente

Amazwe asehlabathini jikelele alungelelanisa oorhulumente bawo esebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokwakha, ezi zindidi zimbini zingundoqo zilungelelaniswa kunye nenkqubo yomanyano. Umzekelo ngamnye uneempawu ezahlukeneyo ezichaphazela indlela amandla asasazwa ngayo nendlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo.

Iinkqubo zomanyano

Asixhenxe kumazwe amakhulu ehlabathi alungelelaniswe kwinkqubo karhulumente: iArgentina, i-Australia, i-Brazil, i-Khanada, i-Indiya, iRashiya ne-United States. Kwinkqubo zorhulumente, igunya lahlulwe ngokwesiseko phakathi korhulumente osembindini noorhulumente bengingqi, nomgangatho ngamnye onolawulo kwimimandla ethile yemigaqo. Eli candelo lolawulo likhuselwe kumgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo okhusela i-OSHMF kumgangatho womabini karhulumente.

Inkqubo zomanyano zinika iingenelo ezininzi, kuquka ubuchule bokuhlalisa abantu abahlukeneyo ngokwezithethe, ngeelwimi, okanye ngokweengingqi. Zivumela ukuba kwenziwe ulingelo lwenkqubo kumgangatho wengingqi, apho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zingavavanywa ngaphambi kokuba zamkelwe ngokwesizwe. Noko ke, iinkqubo zorhulumente zingenza ubunkimbinkimbi kunye nongquzulwano olunokwenzeka xa amagunya olawulo edibana okanye xa imigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente ilandela iinkqubo ezingqubanayo.

Inkqubo ye-Unitary System

kumaphondo afana neFransi neTshayina, amaphondo angaphantsi korhulumente wesizwe, ombindi, kunye nengcamango, urhulumente osembindini unokudala okanye aphelise amaphondo aphantsi kolawulo lwakhe. Iinkqubo zomanyano zinikela ingqalelo kumgangatho wesizwe, oorhulumente bengingqi kunye nowasekuhlaleni befumana igunya kurhulumente ophakathi kunokuba bafumane kumgaqo-siseko.

Inkqubo ezimanyeneyo zinganika ulungelelwano olukhulu ekuphunyezweni kwenkqubo kulo lonke ilizwe kwaye zisenokuphumelela ngakumbi ekulungelelaniseni izinto eziza kuqala zesizwe. Noko ke, zisenokungasabeli kakuhle kwiimeko zengingqi kunye nezinto ezikhethwayo zommandla, njengoko igunya lokwenza izigqibo ligxininise kumgangatho wesizwe.

Iinkqubo zorhulumente wangaphakathi

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bamela umgangatho karhulumente osondeleneyo nabemi kwaye banempembelelo engqalileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngoxa unyulo lukarhulumente wengingqi kunye nezinye izenzo zifumana ingqalelo enkulu kumajelo-ndaba, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banempembelelo enkulu kubantu ngabanye. Aba rhulumente basebenza kwisixeko, kwidolophu, kwingingqi, okanye kumgangatho kamasipala kwaye banembopheleleko yokunikela iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo ezisetyenziswa ngabantu abahlala apho rhoqo.

Ukwakhiwa nokulungelelaniswa koorhulumente basekuhlaleni

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni uquka ubalo-mali, oomasipala, ingingqi, kunye nezithili ezikhethekileyo, nganye eneembopheleleko ezahlukeneyo kunye nenkcazo yeendawo. Isakhiwo esikhethekileyo sikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni siyahluka-hluka kakhulu kuxhomekeka kwimithetho yesizwe nakwiinkcubeko zasekuhlaleni. Kumaphondo ambalwa, ayaziwa ngamagama angafaniyo njengaseLouisiana, apho zibizwa khona ngokuba ziincwadi zelifanti, apho zibizwa ngokuba zii-alaska.

OoMasipala banezakhiwo eziziintloko ezihlanu: iBhunga-Mayor (eqheleke kakhulu), iMayor-Council, iKhomishini, iNgqungquthela yeDolophu, kunye neNgqungquthela yoMmeli. Isakhiwo ngasinye sabelana ngemithetho yamandla ngokwahlukileyo phakathi kwamagosa anyuliweyo kunye nabalawuli abangoochwepheshe. Kwiinkqubo zebhunga-mphathi-mphathi-majoni, imisela inkqubo ngelixa umphathi wezobugcisa esingatha imisebenzi yemini-yosuku nosuku. Kwinkqubo ye-omatiloshe, umlawuli usebenza njengomphathi-omphathi-mgangameli oyintloko kunye namaqondo ahlukeneyo exhomekeke ekubeni inkqubo ibekwe njenge "sigqeshoresi" okanye "omatila-onamandla" okanye "omatilathisi onamandla".

Ubalo lusebenza phantsi kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo eziquka iKhomishini, uMququzeleli weBhunga, uLawulo oluPhezulu lweBhunga, kunye neenkqubo zoMgaqo-siseko. Ezi zakhiwo zohlukeneyo zibonisa iintanda-bulumko ezahlukeneyo malunga nokwahlulwa kwamandla kunye nendima yolawulo olunobuchule kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Iimbopheleleko Ezingundoqo Zoorhulumente Basekuhlaleni

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bajonge iinkonzo ezichaphazela ubomi babantu abafana namasebe omlilo, iindlela neepaki. Umgangatho weembopheleleko zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni mkhulu kwaye uchaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi basekuhlaleni. Abahlali abaninzi abacingi okanye bade baqonde ukuba zingakanani iinkonzo ezinikezelwa ngurhulumente wasekuhlaleni: imfundo, amanzi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenkunkuma, iipaki kunye neelayibrari, iibhasi nezinye iintlobo zokuthutha abantu, ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma, kunye neenkonzo zokuhlangula inkunkuma kunye neenkonzo zokuhlangula.

Phakathi kwezi zinto ziphambili zingumsebenzi ophezulu ka-5 karhulumente wasekuhlaleni: ukulondoloza inkqubela-phambili kunye nomgaqo-siseko, ukunikezelwa kweenkonzo zikamasipala, ulawulo lwempilo karhulumente, ukukhusela imekobume yasekuhlaleni, nokuphakamisa amalungelo abemi.

Imfundo Nemisebenzi Kawonke-wonke

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banikwe imbopheleleko yokwakha nokugcina izibonelelo ezisemzimbeni ezixhomekeke kuzo. Oku kuquka iindlela, iibhulorho, iindlela, iindlela ezihamba ezitratweni, kunye nemiqondiso yeetrato. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni benza imisebenzi kunye namathuba ezoqoqosho ukuze abasebenzi babo bafumane imali ngokufaka imali kwimiqathango, kuquka iindlela, iinqwelo-moya, iinkqubo zokuthutha abantu, nezinye inkqubela yezoqoqosho.

Inkqubo yamanzi nenkunkuma imela izibonelelo eziphambili ezilawulwa ngoorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Kwakhona oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisa izinto eziluncedo ezifana namanzi nombane, ezibalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwebutho labantu. Ezi nkqubo zifuna utyalo-mali oluninzi, ugcino oluqhubekayo, kunye nolawulo olulunonophelo ukuqinisekisa impilo yoluntu nokhuseleko lwemekobume.

Iinkonzo zokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bakwanoxanduva lweenkonzo zokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, kuquka amapolisa namasebe omlilo, adlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko nokhuseleko lwabemi imihla ngemihla. Amasebe amapolisa anyanzelisa imithetho yasekuhlaleni, aphendule kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo, aphande ngolwaphulo-mthetho, asebenze ukunqanda izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngeenkqubo zamapolisa.

Amasebe omlilo anikela iinkonzo zongxamiseko zokuphendula emlilweni, kwizinto zongxamiseko zezamayeza, kunye neziganeko eziyingozi. Amasebe amaninzi omlilo aqhuba imfundo kunye nohlolo lokwakha ukuze anciphise iingozi zomlilo. Kwakhona oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenza nemibutho enjenge-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) ukulungiselela iimvavanyo zongxamiseko, ezinceda abantu bakhuseleke kwintlekele enkulu.

Ukhuseleko Lwempilo Kawonke - wonke Nemekobume

Banembopheleleko yokumisela imilinganiselo yempilo, ukugada ukhuseleko lokutya, nokumisa imithetho yokwakha kunye nemimiselo yokhuseleko, kwaye la manyathelo anokuchaphazela impilo nentlalo-ntle yabemi ngokuqinisekisa ukuba amashishini alandela imigaqo nemithetho yasekuhlaleni. Amasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni aqhuba uhlolo lweevenkile zokutyela, alawula iinkqubo zokuzihombisa, kwaye aphendule kwiingxaki zezifo.

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ujongene nentlalo ephambili ekukhuseleni imeko-bume, kwaye unembopheleleko yokusebenzisa nokumisa imithetho, imithetho, kunye nemigaqo ekhusela imekobume yethu kwizinto ezingcolisayo nezinye iingozi zemeko-bume. Oku kuquka ukulawula ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma eqinileyo nokulahlwa kwayo, ukulawula umoya namanzi, nokukhusela ubuncwane bendalo ngaphakathi kwemithetho yabo.

Imfundo namathala eencwadi

Imfundo karhulumente yenye yeembopheleleko ezinkulu nenkcitho yoorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Izikolo, ezidla ngokulungelelaniswa njengeenjongo ezikhethekileyo zoorhulumente basekuhlaleni, ziqhuba izikolo zikarhulumente, ziqesha othisha, ziphuhlisa uqeqesho oluphakathi kokhokelo lukarhulumente, zibonelele ngeenkonzo zokuhamba nokutya kubafundi. Iibhodi zesikolo zenza izigqibo ngemfundo ngoxa abalawuli abachwepheshayo belawula imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla.

Amathala eencwadi kawonke-wonke asebenza njengezixhobo zoluntu ezinika abantu ithuba lokufumana iincwadi, ijelo leenkqubo zekhompyutha, ukufikelela kwi-intanethi, kunye nenkqubo yemfundo.

Imizi Nokuzonwabisa

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bavelisa baze bagcine iipaki, iindawo zokudlala, imidlalo, neenkqubo zokuzonwabisa eziphucula ubomi zize zikhuthaze impilo yoluntu. Ezi ndawo zinika izithuba zokuqhuba umthambo, ukunxibelelana nendalo. Amasebe okuzonwabisa adla ngokulungiselela iinkqubo zabo bonke abantu abakhulileyo, ukususela kwimidlalo yolutsha ukuya kwimisebenzi yabemi abaphezulu.

Ulwalamano Phakathi Koorhulumente Basekuhlaleni Noorhulumente

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bayalawulwa ngamagunya abo azimeleyo kwaye abanakuyidlulisela imithetho ephikisana nemithetho karhulumente, yaye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni badalwa baze bathotyelwe ngurhulumente, abanako ukukhupha imithetho ephikisana nomthetho karhulumente, kwaye ngokuyintloko baxhomekeke kwirhafu yempahla kunye neendleko zeenkonzo kunemigangatho ebanzi yerhafu. Olu lwalamano lungaphantsi luthetha ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banolawulo olubalulekileyo ngoko oorhulumente banokukwenza noko bangenakukwenza kwaye abanako.

Isakhiwo soorhulumente basekuhlaleni sinqunyulwe yimithetho-siseko karhulumente nemithetho emiselwe ngurhulumente. Amazwana amisela inkqubo esemthethweni apho oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenza khona, kuquka amandla abo, isakhiwo, kunye nemisebenzi yemali. Esi sakhiwo singahluka kakhulu kurhulumente ngamnye, okuphumela kulwahluka-hluka oluninzi kubume borhulumente basekuhlaleni kunye namakhono abo kulo lonke ilizwe.

Nangona urhulumente wengingqi norhulumente belizwe bebelana ngegunya ngeendlela ezininzi, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni kufuneka anikwe igunya ngurhulumente. Lo mgaqo, owaziwa ngokuba ngu-"Dellon's Rule" kwezinye iindawo, uthetha ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banawo kuphela amandla abawanikwe ngokucacileyo ngurhulumente, lawo athe athatyathwa kumagunya agunya agunyasiweyo, kwaye lawo ayimfuneko kwiinjongo zabo.

Ukubonelela ngeenkonzo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Urhulumente uxhomekeke kwimali exhaswa ngemali ngerhafu ebanzi equka ingeniso, irhafu yentengiso kunye nerhafu yeshishini apho oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baxhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yempahla kunye neerhafu zenkonzo ezifana namanzi kunye nenkunkuma. Irhafu yempahla ixhomekeke kwixabiso lezindlu zelizwe kwaye imele umthombo wengeniso

Ukongezelela kwirhafu yempahla, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangenisa ingeniso ngeendleko zomsebenzisi zeenkonzo ezifana namanzi, amachiza okuchitha inkunkuma, kunye neenkqubo zokuzihlaziya. Abanye oomasipala bakwahlawula irhafu yentengiso yasekuhlaleni, iirhafu zehotele, okanye ezinye iirhafu ezikhethekileyo ezigunyaziswe ngumthetho wesizwe. Ukufuduswa kwesebe kuvela kurhulumente norhulumente kubonelela ngemali eyongezelelekileyo, ingakumbi kwiinkqubo ezithile ezifana nemfundo okanye ezothutho.

Ukuba Ngummi OsisiGungu Nedemokhrasi Yasekuhlaleni

Kumasipala okanye koorhulumente basekuhlaleni, abemi bakhetha abasemagunyeni babo. Olu nxibelelwano lwezinyulo lwenza urhulumente wasekuhlaleni abe ngowona mgangatho ulula ukufikelela kuwo ukuba abe lilungu lommi. Abahlali banokuya kwiintlanganiso zebhunga lesixeko, bakhonze kwiibhodi zolawulo, babe nenxaxheba ekuchotshelweni kwabantu, baze banxibelelane ngqo namagosa anyuliweyo.

Unxibelelwano olungqalileyo nabaququzeleli lubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukubonakala, ukuphendula, nokusabela kwiimfuno nenkxalabo zoluntu, kwaye unxibelelwano olungqalileyo lungathatha iindlela ezininzi, kuquka iintlanganiso zeholo yedolophu, iifomati, amaphephandaba, amajelo-ndaba entlalo-ntle, namathuba entlalo-ntle namagosa anyuliweyo nabasebenzi bakarhulumente.

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni idemokhrasi nokuqinisekisa ukuba onke amalungu oluntu anokuthetha ngendlela yawo, kwaye urhulumente wasekuhlaleni unokuba negalelo ekudaleni ibutho labantu elinobulungisa ngokunika abemi amandla okwenza izigqibo ezimalunga nengingqi zabo. Le nkalo yorhulumente woluntu inika abemi amathuba okuvelisa ubuchule boluntu nokubandakanyeka kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi.

Urhulumente okanye oorhulumente bePhondo

Urhulumente okanye oorhulumente bamaphondo bahlala kwithala eliphakathi kwiinkqubo zorhulumente, besebenza njengebhulorho phakathi koorhulumente bengingqi kunye noorhulumente besizwe. Aba rhulumente bajonge imimandla emikhulu kwilizwe elithile kwaye banamagunya abalulekileyo kwiindawo ezichaphazela iindawo ezininzi. Amagunya akhethekileyo norhulumente okanye izakhiwo zephondo ziyahluka ngokwemimiselo yesiseko selizwe nezithethe zezobupolitika.

Isakhiwo noMbutho

Zonke iirhulumente zelizwe zifuziselwe ngurhulumente wesizwe yaye ziquka amasebe amathathu: abaphathi, awezomthetho, kunye nezomthetho. Oku kwahlula amagunya kudala inkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelana okuthintela naliphi na isebe ekusebenziseni igunya eligqithisileyo.

Onke amaphondo angama-50 akhiwe yizindlu zowiso-mthetho ezibunjwe ngabameli abanyuliweyo, abaqwalasela imicimbi eveliswa yirhuluneli okanye evezwe ngamalungu ayo ukwenza umthetho oba ngumthetho, kwaye indlu yowiso-mthetho iyaluvumela uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente imisele umthetho werhafu kunye namanqaku okungaqeshwa, ayinxalenye yenkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisa phakathi kwamasebe amathathu karhulumente abonisa inkqubo karhulumente aze athintele naliphi na isebe ekusebenziseni kakubi igunya lakhe.

Ngaphandle kwelizwe elinye, iNebraska, onke amaphondo anendlu yowiso-mthetho ye-baobaral eyakhiwe ngamagumbi amabini: indlu encinci ephezulu nendlu esezantsi enkulu, kunye namagumbi amabini enza imithetho yesizwe kwaye aphumeza ezinye iimbopheleleko zolawulo (Nebraska ngurhulumente okuphela kwelizwe onegumbi elinye kwindlu yakhe yowiso-mthetho). Isakhiwo se-bidamaral sinika uhlolo olongezelelekileyo kumandla omthetho kwaye sivumela ukuqwalaselwa kwemithetho ecetyisiweyo.

Isebe eliphethe i-Advice

Isebe elilawulayo likarhulumente lijongene nokuphunyezwa nokugcinwa kwemithetho ewiswa lisebe lowiso-mthetho, nakumaphondo amaninzi, irhuluneli ikhonza njengentloko yesebe elilawulayo kwaye inegunya lokumisela amagosa ahlukahlukeneyo afana noonobhala kunye namagunya. Ngokuqhelekileyo iRhuluneli isebenzisa amagunya aneminyaka emine kwaye inamandla abalulekileyo kuquka amandla omthetho, ukucebisa uqingqo-mali, kunye nemiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo.

Abalawuli bephondo (okanye abalawuli bengingqi/besebe abafanayo) basebenza njengamagosa olawulo ayintloko ephondo okanye ummandla, kwaye imisebenzi yabo iquka ukuzalisekisa imithetho yesizwe neyephondo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo kunye nokulawula amasebe karhulumente namasebe amaphondo. Iofisi yerhuluneli ilungelelanisa umsebenzi wamasebe nesebe elihlukeneyo lephondo, ngalinye elijongene nemimandla ethile yenkqubo.

Iimbopheleleko Namandla Angundoqo

Urhulumente nephondo lisingatha iimbopheleleko ezininzi ezichaphazela ubomi babantu. Imimandla esebenzayo apho oorhulumente bephondo banegunya eliquka ezolimo, ubugcisa nenkcubeko, imfundo esisiseko neyesibini, imekobume kunye nokhenketho, impilo, izindlu, iindlela, ezothutho, kunye nentlalo-ntle yoluntu.

Imfundo

EKhanada, imfundo ingumsebenzi oyintloko woorhulumente bamaphondo, yaye amaphondo anamandla okuseka nokugcina izikolo, iikholeji, neeyunivesithi kwimida yawo, kwaye akwalawula uqeqesho nemilinganiselo yemfundo kumaphondo awo. Oorhulumente baseburhulumenteni bamisela imigangatho yemfundo, abafundisi-mfundo abagunyazisiweyo, banika inkxaso-mali kwimimandla yesikolo yasekuhlaleni, baqhuba neeyunivesithi neekholeji zephondo.

Iphondo ngalinye linayo inkqubo yalo yemfundo, enokuhluka-hluka kakhulu ukusuka kummandla omnye ukuya komnye. Olu tshintsho luvumela amaphondo namaphondo ukuba avumelane neendlela zokufundisa neemfuno zasekuhlaleni namaxabiso, nangona likwanokudala umahluko kumgangatho wemfundo neziphumo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo.

Impilo

Urhulumente noorhulumente bamaphondo bafeza indima ebalulekileyo ekunikezelweni nasekumiselweni kwempilo. Bagunyazisa iingcali zonyango, balawula izibhedlele nezinye iziko zonyango, baqhube iinkqubo zempilo kawonke-wonke, yaye ngokufuthi balawula iinkalo ezibalulekileyo zenkxaso yezonyango. Kumazwe anenkqubo yezonyango yesizwe, oorhulumente bephondo basenokuba nembopheleleko yokudlulisela iinkonzo zezonyango kwigunya labo.

Kwakhona amaziko alawula ii-inshorensi zempilo, ajonge iinkqubo zeMedicaid (eUnited States), aphendule kwiimeko ezimaxongo zempilo kawonke-wonke. Isifo se-COVID-19 sibalaselisa indima ebalulekileyo yoorhulumente borhulumente kunye noorhulumente bamaphondo ekulawuleni iingxaki zempilo yoluntu ngomlinganiselo ofana neenkqubo zokuvavanya, amaphulo okugoma, nemiqathango yempilo kawonke-wonke.

Izakhiwo Zezithuthi

Urhulumente noorhulumente bamaphondo bajongene nezibonelelo eziphambili zezothutho eziquka iindlela zasemasimini, iindlela zikarhulumente, iibhulorho kunye neenkqubo zothutho zikawonke-wonke ezinqumla imida yasekuhlaleni.

Aba rhulumente balawula ukugcinwa kwezithuthi, ukubhaliswa kwemoto, nemithetho yeemoto.

Ubuncwane Bemvelo Nokhuseleko Lokusingqongileyo

Ukhuseleko lwemekobume lubhekisela kumanyathelo athathiweyo okukhusela nokukhusela imekobume, yaye oku kusenokuquka iinkqubo ezinxulumene nobunjani bomoya, ubunjani bamanzi, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, ulawulo lwenkunkuma, kunye nokuchaphazeleka kwemekobume, kwaye oorhulumente kuwo onke amanqanaba (aseburhulumenteni, asekuhlaleni, nawasekuhlaleni) baneembopheleleko zokumisela nokumisela imithetho nemigaqo yokukhusela imekobume.

Oorhulumente namaphondo balawula ubuncwane bendalo phakathi kwemida yabo, kuquka amahlathi, izimbiwa, kunye nobuncwane bamanzi. Banika imvume yokukhupha imithombo yezovimba, balawule ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, bakhusele nemimandla efuna ukuchaphazeleka kwemekobume.

Okusesikweni Kolwaphulo - mthetho

Amazwe aphethe iinkqubo zentolongo, abaphathi-mikhosi yamapolisa karhulumente, kunye nokulawula iinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Achaza amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho (ngaphandle kolwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwana), amisela imigaqo yokugweba, kunye neenkundla ezilawulayo ezisingatha uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho nawamakhaya. Amagqwetha aseburhulumenteni akhonza njengamagosa aphambili asemthethweni, amela urhulumente kwimicimbi engokwasemthethweni kwaye anika ukhokelo olusemthethweni kumasebe karhulumente.

Irhafu nengeniso

Irhafu kunye nentlawulo yengeniso zizinto ezibalulekileyo zoorhulumente bamaphondo. Urhulumente noorhulumente bamaphondo bafaka iirhafu ezahlukeneyo kuquka irhafu yengeniso, irhafu yerhafu, irhafu yeshishini, kunye nerhafu kwimveliso ethile enjengepetroli, utywala necuba.

Izakhiwo zerhafu ziyahluka kakhulu kumazwe nakumaphondo, zibonisa iintanda-bulumko ezahlukeneyo zezobupolitika neemeko zezoqoqosho. Amanye amagunya axhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yengeniso ngoxa amanye exhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yerhafu yerhafu okanye kwezinye imithombo yengeniso. Oku kungaphembelela ukuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho, izigqibo zeendawo zoshishino, kunye nenkcubeko yokufuduka.

Ulwalamano noorhulumente Bomanyano Noorhulumente Bendawo

Ngaphantsi koMgaqo-siseko weSihlaziyo weshumi kuMgaqo-siseko wase-United States, onke amagunya anganikwanga urhulumente worhulumente agcinelwe amagunya nabantu. Lo mgaqo-siseko umisela amagunya azimeleyo anegunya eliphakamileyo kunalawo aphantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente worhulumente worhulumente.

Nangona iKhanada ngoku ithathwa njengesizwe sorhulumente wephondo kwaye ingeyiyo intsebenziswano, iqheliselwa ukuba iphakathi kwezotyiso ezithelekisayo zehlabathi, kunye noMthetho weCanadian kunye noMthetho womGaqo-siseko, 1867, wanika oorhulumente bephondo amandla angakumbi abasoloko bewasebenzisa ukusukela usukelo lwabo ngaphandle korhulumente worhulumente.

Nangona urhulumente noorhulumente bephondo besabelana ngezixhobo ezininzi, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni kufuneka anikwe igunya ngurhulumente. Olu lwalamano lunika oorhulumente bephondo noorhulumente bephondo ulawulo olubalulekileyo kwibutho lorhulumente, amagunya, kunye nemisebenzi yasekuhlaleni. Urhulumente wenza izigqibo eziphathelele igunya noomasipala.

Urhulumente OsisiFrentshi

Urhulumente worhulumente wesizwe umele olona mgangatho uphezulu wegunya kumazwe anenkqubo yorhulumente. Ulawula imiba yokubaluleka kwesizwe kunye namandla okuqhuba achaphazela lonke ilizwe. Isakhiwo, amagunya, kunye nolwalamano lukarhulumente osezantsi luchazwa ngokuqhelekileyo kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe.

Isakhiwo noMbutho

Urhulumente woManyano ucwangcisa amasebe amathathu: abaphathi, abaphathi-mthetho, kunye nezomthetho. Isebe eliphetheyo, elikhokelwa ngumongameli okanye yindunankulu, lizalisekisa lize linyanzelise imithetho. Isebe lemithetho, elidla ngokuba negumbi elinye okanye amabini, limisela imithetho kwaye limele abemi. Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho lize licombulule iimpikiswano ngokusetyenziswa kwalo.

Kwinkqubo yomongameli njenge-United States, amasebe alawulayo nawasemthethweni anyulwa ngokwahlukeneyo kwaye anegunya elizimeleyo. Kwinkqubo yepalamente enjengeKhanada, isebe elilawulayo liyaphuma lize lihlale linetyala kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, libangela ukudityaniswa kwamagunya kunokuba lahlulelene ngokungqongqo.

Iimbopheleleko Ezingundoqo Zomanyano

Urhulumente osisiZwe usingatha iimbopheleleko ezifuna umanyano lwesizwe okanye ezichaphazela ilizwe lilonke. Ezi zinto ziquka ukukhusela ilizwe, inkqubo yamanye amazwe, inkqubo yemali, nolawulo lwezorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Ukhuselo nokhuseleko lwesizwe

Urhulumente wesizwe ugcina imikhosi exhobileyo, uqhuba imisebenzi yomkhosi, kwaye ukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe. Ithethana ngezivumelwano zokuzikhusela, ilawula amaqumrhu obulumko, kwaye ilungelelanisa iimpendulo kwiimeko zokhuseleko zesizwe. Inkqubo yokhuselo ifuna ukwenza izigqibo ezisemgangathweni kunye nobuncwane obuninzi obunokuthunyelwa ngurhulumente wesizwe kuphela.

Inkqubo yaMany ’ Amazwe Nonxulumano Lwezizwe Ngezizwe

Oorhulumente abalungelelanisiweyo bamela amazwe abo kwimicimbi yezizwe ngezizwe, bathethane, bagcine ulwalamano oluphakathi kwamanye amazwe, yaye baba nenxaxheba kwiintlangano zezizwe ngezizwe. Bathetha ngelizwi elinye kulo lonke ilizwe ekuqhubaneni noorhulumente bamazwe asemzini namaqumrhu ahlukeneyo.

Urhulumente welizwe wamazwe angaphandle uquka izivumelwano zorhwebo, inkqubo yokufuduka, nokuba nenxaxheba kumaziko amazwe ngamazwe afana neZizwe Ezimanyeneyo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wezezimali kunye noLawulo lwezoqoqosho

Urhulumente olawula iimali zesizwe, ulawulo lweenkqubo zebhanki, kunye nokusebenzisa inkqubo yemali kwiibhanki ezisembindini. Balawula ukunikezelwa kwemali, bamisela inzala, basebenzele ukugcina uzimaso lwezoqoqosho. Le misebenzi ifuna igunya elisemgangathweni ukuqinisekisa inkqubo emanyanisiweyo yezoqoqosho kulo lonke ilizwe.

Urhulumente wesizwe ulawula inkqubo yezoqoqosho yesizwe ngemilinganiselo yemali equka irhafu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemali.

Urhwebo lwengingqi yezorhwebo kunye noxokelelwano

Urhulumente womanyano ulawula ezorhwebo ezinqumla imida yephondo okanye yephondo, uqinisekisa ukuba izinto neenkonzo zihamba ngokukhululekileyo kulo lonke elo lizwe.

Eli gunya lilawula imimandla enjengezefowuni, ezothutho, amandla neenkonzo zemali. Umthetho womanyano umisela imithetho efanayo enceda iimarike zelizwe ukuba zikwazi ukuthengiswa kwaye kuthintelwe ukusetyenziswa kwemimiselo karhulumente engqubanayo.

Isalathisi soMgaqo-siseko

Iinkqubo zomanyano zisebenza phantsi komgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo ochaza amagunya neembopheleleko zomgangatho ngamnye worhulumente. Le mithetho-siseko imisela imithetho esisiseko yokulawula, ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye, nokunika iinkqubo zokucombulula iimpikiswano phakathi komgangatho owahlukeneyo karhulumente.

ImiGaqo-siseko ibala amagunya athile anikwe urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhulumente ngeli lixa egcine amanye amagunya koorhulumente okanye kumaphondo. Amanye amagunya asenokuba ngamaxesha afanayo, okuthetha ukuba omabini amanqanaba karhulumente anokusebenzisa igunya kwezo mimandla. Umgaqo-siseko usebenza njengomthetho ophakamileyo, kwaye zonke izenzo zikarhulumente kufuneka zihambelane namalungiselelo awo.

Ukwahlulwa Kwamandla

Ulwahlulo lwamandla phakathi kolawulo norhulumente okanye oorhulumente bamaphondo lumele uphawu oluchazayo lweenkqubo zorhulumente. Eli candelo lijolise ekulungelelaniseni iingenelo zokusebenzisana phakathi kunye neengenelo zokwenziwa kwesigqibo esifanelekileyo.

Amagunya aququzelelayo esizwe aquka iindawo ezifuna ukufana okanye ukunxibelelana kwesizwe, njengokuzikhusela, imicimbi yangaphandle, kunye nemali. Urhulumente osusiweyo okanye amagunya ephondo asoloko equka iindawo apho umahluko wasekuhlaleni wamkelekileyo okanye unqwenelekayo, njengomthetho wempahla, ubume besizwe, kunye neenkalo ezithile zemfundo.

Amagunya ahambelanayo avumela omabini amanqanaba karhulumente ukuba asebenze kummandla omnye, nangona umthetho karhulumente udla ngokulawula xa kukho umlo. Ezi mbopheleleko zokwabelana zifuna umanyano kunye nentsebenziswano phakathi komgangatho karhulumente ukuze kuphetshwe ukwenziwa kwemiqathango esebenzayo.

Ulwalamano lwamaBhunga kunye neNkxaso

Ulawulo lwale mihla lufuna intsebenziswano nokulungelelana okunzulu phakathi komgangatho owahlukeneyo karhulumente. Nangona umgangatho ngamnye uneembopheleleko ezahlukeneyo, iindawo ezininzi zemigaqo zibandakanya imigangatho emininzi esebenzayo kunye ukuze kufunyanwe iinjongo ezifanayo.

Umanyano lwamaPhondo

I-Communityism ichaza iinkqubo apho imigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente isebenza kunye ukucombulula imingeni yenkqubo. Kunokuba basebenze kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo, oorhulumente basebenzisana kwizinto eziza kuqala, kwimithombo yequmrhu, nokuphunyezwa kweenkqubo ngokulungelelanisa.

Le nkxaso idla ngokubandakanya ukuxhasa iinkqubo zikarhulumente okanye oorhulumente bengingqi. Urhulumente wengingqi angamisela iinjongo ezibanzi zomgaqo-nkqubo aze anikezele inkxaso yemali ngeli xesha evumela imigangatho ephantsi yendlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo. Le ndlela idibanisa izinto eziphambili zesizwe nolwazi lwasekuhlaleni kunye nolwamkeleko.

Uthutho loorhulumente olusebenzisanayo

Ukudluliselwa kwemali ukusuka kumgangatho ophezulu ukuya kumgangatho ophantsi karhulumente kumela inkqubo ebalulekileyo yeenkonzo zemali kunye nokulungelelana kwezibonelelo kwiimiqathango. Iirhulumente zoMasipala zisoloko zinika oorhulumente bephondo okanye bamaphondo iminikelo ngeenjongo ezithile ezifana nemfundo, unyango, okanye izibonelelo.

Oku kudluliswa kunokuzimela, kufuna ukuba oorhulumente abamkelayo bahlangabezane nemilinganiselo ethile okanye basebenzise imali kwiinjongo ezithile, okanye ngokungaxhomekekanga, bevumela oorhulumente abamkelayo ukuba basebenzise iimali ngendlela elungileyo.

Ubuchule Bokusebenzisana

Oorhulumente basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukulungelelanisa iinkqubo kunye nokucombulula iingxabano. Amabhunga eeBhunga elingurhulumente ahlanganisa amagosa asuka kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ukuze axubushe amaxhala afanayo kunye nokuphuhlisa iindlela ezilungelelanisiweyo. Iintlanganiso ezithe rhoqo phakathi korhulumente norhulumente okanye iinkokeli zamaphondo zinceda unxibelelwano nokusebenzisana.

Amanye amazwe aseka amaziko asesikweni okusebenzisana kwezentlalo-ntle yoorhulumente. La maqumrhu alungiselela iingxoxo, ukwabelana ngolwazi, kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezidityanisiweyo kwimiba echaphazela imigangatho emininzi karhulumente.

Ucelomngeni Kulawulo Olukumgangatho Oninzi

Ngoxa iinkqubo zikarhulumente zomgangatho ophakamileyo zinika iingenelo ezininzi, zikwazisa iingxaki ezifuna ukusoloko zijongwa kwaye zikwazi ukuqhelanisa.

Iimpikiswano Eziphambili

Iimpikiswano zibakho xa imigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente izibanga inegunya kwimbambano enye okanye xa ingquzulwano yemigaqo yayo. Iinkundla zomGaqo-siseko zisoloko zicombulula ezi mpikiswano ngokuchaza ulwahlulo lwamagunya, kodwa imida yamagunya alawulayo isenokuhlala ingacacanga okanye ikhuphisana.

Ukuxakeka kakhulu kunokubangela ukudideka ngomgangatho worhulumente omele uphendulwe ngeziphumo ezithile. Izakhamuzi zisenokuzama ukuqonda ukuba nguwuphi urhulumente ezinokuthetha naye ngemibandela ethile, kwaye oorhulumente basenokubandakanyeka ekubekeni ityala xa kuvela iingxaki.

balance

Ukungalungisi okuphakathi komthamo wengeniso nokuchitha iimbopheleleko kudala iingxaki zemali. Amanqanaba asezantsi karhulumente asoloko enoxanduva olubalulekileyo lokunikezelwa kweenkonzo kodwa alinganiselweyo amandla okunyusa ingeniso, awenza axhomekeke ekudlulisweni okusuka kumgangatho ophezulu karhulumente.

Ezi zingqinelwano zinganyanzela ulawulo loorhulumente abakumgangatho ophantsi kwaye zidala uxanduva kwiimeko zemali kumgangatho neemeko. Ukuthetha ngemeko ezingalungelelaniyo zemali kufuna ukuba kwenziwe ngenyameko iinkqubo zerhafu nokudlulisa iinkqubo ukuqinisekisa ukuba oovimba banele kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente.

Iindleko zokulungelelanisa

Ulawulo olukumgangatho omninzi lufuna ulungelelwaniso oluninzi, oluthabatha ixesha kunye noovimba. Oorhulumente kufuneka banxibelelane, balungelelanise imigaqo-nkqubo, baze balawule ulwalamano oluntsonkothileyo phakathi kwesebe.

Ngoko, iingenelo zokusebenzisana kwezixhobo `kuquka iziphumo ezingcono zenkqubo, ukwenziwa kwemiqathango, ukuncitshiswa nokusetyenziswa kakuhle kwezibonelelo'. Ngokufuthi zithethelela ezi ndleko. Ubuchule bokusebenzisana bunganciphisa umthwalo ngeli lixa unyusa inzuzo yolawulo lwemigangatho emininzi.

Ukuphendula kunye nokubonisa ngaphaya

Ulawulo lwedemokhrasi lufuna ukuba oorhulumente kuzo zonke imigangatho baqhubeke benoxanduva kubemi kwaye basebenze ngendlela ecacileyo. Umgangatho omninzi karhulumente ubangela amathuba nocelomngeni lokuphendula.

Ukuphendula

Unyulo lunikezela ngendlela eyintloko yokugcina oorhulumente benoxanduva. Abami bangavota amagosa angakwaziyo ukunikela izithembiso okanye amagosa angenalwazi.

Noko ke, ulawulo lwemigangatho emininzi lungawenza ube nzima uxanduva lokhetho. Iivoter zingazama ukunikezela ityala okanye ukubekwa ityala xa imigangatho emininzi karhulumente isabelana ngeziphumo. Oku kudida kunganciphisa ukusebenza konyulo njengobuchule bokuphendula.

Ukubonakala Kwabantu Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni wakha intembelo kuluntu lwakhe ngokusebenza kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Iimfuno ezibonisa ngaphaya kwengqondo, kuquka imithetho evulekileyo yeentlanganiso, ukufumaneka kwengxelo kawonke-wonke, nokutyhilwa kwemali, zinceda abemi basekuhlaleni bajonge imisebenzi karhulumente baze bagcine amagosa etyala.

Amathuba okuthabatha inxaxheba kuwonke-wonke avumela abemi ukuba baphembelele izigqibo zikarhulumente ngaphambi kokuba zigqitywe. Ukuva, amagqabaza, neekomiti zobugcisa zinika izitishi zegalelo lobumi. Ezi nkqubo zisebenza kakuhle xa oorhulumente befuna iingcinga ezahlukahlukeneyo kwaye bebonisa indlela igalelo likawonke-wonke eliphembelela ngayo izigqibo zokugqibela.

Imilinganiselo yokusebenza

Oorhulumente basebenzisa umlinganiselo othe kratya wokusebenza ukuze babonise ukuphendula nokuphucula ukunikezelwa kweenkonzo. Ngokulandela iziphumo nokupapasha inkcukacha zemisebenzi, oorhulumente banika abemi ulwazi lokuvavanya ukusebenza nokusebenza.

Umlinganiselo womsebenzi ungachaza iindawo ezifuna uphuculo, ulungelelanisa ukuthelekiswa ngaphaya kwemithetho, kwaye uxhase ubungqina obusekelwe ekwenzeni izigqibo. Noko ke, ukulinganisa ukusebenza kukarhulumente kubangela iingxaki, njengoko iinjongo ezininzi zikarhulumente kunzima ukulinganisa kwaye iziphumo zixhomekeke kwizinto ezingaphaya kolawulo lukarhulumente.

Iingxaki Nemikhwa Yangaphambili

Iinkqubo zikarhulumente ziyaqhubeka ziguquka ngenxa yokutshintsha kweemeko kunye nocelomngeni oluvelayo. Imeko ezininzi zitshintsha indlela oorhulumente abakuwo onke amanqanaba asebenza ngayo kunye nendlela abasebenzisana ngayo.

Indaleko Nokuguquka Komzimba

Amazwe amaninzi aye afudukela ekuphuculweni okufanelekileyo, afudusa amagunya neembopheleleko kumazwe asembindini nakumazwe asekuhlaleni. Oku kubonisa ukuqaphela ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banokukwazi ukuyiqonda nokuyisingatha kakuhle imfuno yoluntu.

Indaleko ingenza urhulumente abe nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi ngokusondeza urhulumente kubemi nokuvumela umahluko wemiba obonisa iinjongo zasekuhlaleni. Kodwa ke, kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banako ukukwazi nokusebenzisa iimbopheleleko zabo ezandisiweyo ngokunempumelelo.

Urhulumente wamanani kunye nobugcisa

Ubugcisa butshintsha indlela oorhulumente abaqhuba ngayo iinkonzo kunye nendlela abasebenzisana ngayo nabemi. Ii-ofisi ze-intanethi zivumela abemi ukuba bangene kwiinkonzo, bahlawule amatyala, bathumele iizicelo ngaphandle kokutyelela iiofisi zikarhulumente. Izixhobo zamanani zinceda oorhulumente nabemi bakwazi ukunxibelelana, ukuze ulwazi lufikeleleke kwaye lukwazi ukwenza iindlela ezintsha zokuthabatha inxaxheba.

Ubugcisa bukwaxhasa ukulungelelanisa okungcono phakathi kwamanqanaba karhulumente ngeesiseko sogcino-lwazi ezabelanayo, ukunikezelwa kweenkonzo ezidityanisiweyo, ukutshintshiselwana kolwazi lokwenene ngexesha. Kodwa ke, ukutshintshwa kwamanani kufuna utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo kwaye kunyusa inkxalabo malunga nokuzimela, ukhuseleko, kunye nokugqithisela kwamanani.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Neengxaki Zemekobume

Utshintsho lwemozulu lufuna ukuba kubekho ulungelelwano kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente.

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni babaluleke ngokukhethekileyo ekusebenzeni kwemozulu, njengoko belawula umhlaba, besebenzisa imigaqo yokwakha, kunye nenkqubo yezothutho zasekuhlaleni.

Iingcinezelo zobungcali kunye nodlwabevu lwezibonelelo

Urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangena kwikota yesibini yowama - 2026 benombono ocacileyo woko kusenokuziswa yimali eseleyo, njengoko ingeniso iye yazinziswa, kodwa kwakhona oko kuthetha ulwando olumandla olungaqhelekanga oorhulumente abaninzi abanalo kwiminyaka yakutshanje baye baqalisa ukuthomalalisa, yaye kusenokuba ncinane ukukwazi ukufikelela kwiindleko ezinyukayo, ukulawula ukulibaziseka kwemali, okanye ukusabela kwiingxaki ezingalindelekilenga.

Oorhulumente kuwo onke amanqanaba bajamelana noxinzelelo lokwenza okungakumbi bengenamali ingako, njengoko iimfuno zeenkonzo zinyuka ngeli xesha ukwanda kwengeniso kuhlala kunyanzelekile. Ukwaluphala kufuna utyalo-mali oluninzi, iindleko zonyango ziyaqhubeka zinyuka, kunye noxinzelelo lwemiqathango yemali yengqesho. Ezi zingcinga-mali zemali zomhlala-phantsi zifuna ukhetho olunzima malunga nezinto eziza kuqala kunye nomgangatho wenkonzo.

Izisongelo Zokhuseleko

Ulwaphulo-mthetho lusoloko lungolunye lwezona zinto ziphambili ezixhalabisa oorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Njengoko oorhulumente bexhomekeke kwiinkqubo zamanani, baba ngamaxhoba okuhlaselwa ngekhompyutha okuphazamisa iinkonzo, ukulalanisa kwenkcazelo echukumis ’ umbilini nokuphelisa ukuthembana kwabantu.

Ukuze bakhuseleke kwiikhompyutha kufuneka baqhubeke befaka imali kwizinto eziluncedo, beqeqesha abasebenzi yaye besenza izinto ezinokwenzeka.

Ukubaluleka Kwenkqubo Yokuqonda Yoorhulumente

Ukuqonda indlela iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezisebenza ngayo kunika abemi amandla okuba babe nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi nokuxhasa izilangazelelo zabo.

Le ndlela ichaza amathuba okuganana kwezentlalo. Izakhamuzi ezikwaziyo ukuba izigqibo zenziwe ngayo zinokuba nenxaxheba kwiinkundla zikawonke-wonke, ekuqhagamshelaneni namagosa anyuliweyo, ekusebenzeni kwiibhodi zonyulo, nasekuvoteleni kuwona mgangatho wonke karhulumente. Ukuba nenxaxheba kuqinisa idemokhrasi kwaye kunceda ukuba imigaqo karhulumente ibonise imilinganiselo yoluntu nezinto eziza kuqala.

Abo banomdla kwimisebenzi yorhulumente, iinkqubo zikarhulumente zokuqonda zinika isiseko esiyimfuneko sokuqhuba icandelo loluntu. Enoba basebenza kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni, wengingqi, okanye karhulumente, abasebenzi bakawonke-wonke bayangenelwa ngokuqonda indlela amanqanaba ahlukeneyo karhulumente asebenza ngayo kunye nendlela umsebenzi wabo ohambelana ngayo kwinkqubo yolawulo olubanzi.

Oovimba Bokufunda Okungakumbi

Iiwebhsayithi zikarhulumente zinikela inkcazelo ngeenkonzo, amagosa anyuliweyo, ucwangciso lweentlanganiso namathuba okuba nenxaxheba ekuhleni.

Imibutho yemfundo ye-Avic inikela iinkqubo nezinto zokunceda abantu baqonde urhulumente baze baphucule ubuchule boluntu.

ezi nkonzo kunye neenkcubeko zemfundo kunye nophando lweenkqubo zikarhulumente nokupapasha iingxelo ezihlalutya ukusebenza kwenkqubo karhulumente kunye neenkqubo ezinokusetyenziswa. Ezi mithombo ingenza ubani aqonde ngokunzulu indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo kunye nobungqina bokuba ziziphi imigaqo-nkqubo ezisebenzayo.

Kwabo bafuna ukuqonda iinkqubo zikarhulumente kwamanye amazwe, imibutho efana iOrganing for Economic Co-apersion and Development (OECD) kunye neZizwe ezimanyeneyo [ zinika ulwazi oluthelekisayo malunga namacandelo orhulumente kunye nemisebenzi ehlabathi jikelele. Ezi mbono zamazwe ngamazwe zingakhanyisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulungiselela urhulumente nokulungisa iingxaki eziqhelekileyo.

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zikarhulumente zilungelelanisa indlela oorhulumente abazenza ngayo izigqibo ezimanyeneyo kunye neenkonzo zikarhulumente. Ukusuka kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni ukulungiselela iinkonzo zemihla ngemihla zoorhulumente bamaqumrhu abalawula izinto eziza kuqala, umgangatho ngamnye ufeza indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo (_iiinkqubo zabo, iimbopheleleko, kunye nolwalamano-----------------------------------------nke-

Nangona iinkqubo zikarhulumente zingafani kumazwe ngamazwe kwaye ziguquka ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziyaneengxaki eziqhelekileyo eziquka ukudibanisa umgangatho karhulumente, ukulungelelanisa umbindi nokuthotyelwa kweliso eliphantsi, nokuhlala ujongene nabemi. Ukulungisa ezi ngxaki kufuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo, ukuqhelana, kunye nokuthenjiswa kwabemi.

Njengoko imibutho ijongene nocelomngeni oluntsonkothileyo olufana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ukuphazamiseka kobugcisa, neengcinezelo zolawulo, ulawulo olunempumelelo lwemigangatho emininzi lubaluleka ngokukhulayo. Ngokuqonda indlela iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezisebenza ngayo kwaye zisebenza ngayo ngokukhutheleyo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi, abemi banokuba negalelo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba oorhulumente kuwo onke amanqanaba banceda uluntu kwaye basabela kwiimfuno zoluntu.

Nokuba ufuna ukuqonda indlela odluliselwa ngayo umthetho wasekuhlaleni, indlela oorhulumente norhulumente abasabelana ngayo ngeembopheleleko, okanye indlela yokuthetha ngemibandela ozikhathaleleyo, ulwazi lweenkqubo zikarhulumente lunika isiseko sokuzibophelela ngokunempumelelo kwebutho labantu. Le ngqiqo iguqula iingcamango ezingabonakaliyo zolawulo zibe lulwazi olusebenzisekayo olunika abemi amandla okubumba imimandla yabo kunye nelizwe labo.