Inkqubo esemthethweni ekhuthaza ulawulo: Ukhokelo lolwimi olucacileyo

Amaziko alawulayo asebenza njengentsika ebalulekileyo yolawulo lwale mihla, echaza umsantsa phakathi kwemiqathango yomthetho ebanzi kunye neenyaniso ezisebenzisekayo zokunyanzelisa imithetho entsonkothileyo kwiimizi - mveliso ezahlukeneyo. Ukusuka ekukhuseleni imekobume ukuya kwiimarike zemali, ukusuka ekukhuseleni ukutya ukuya ekusebenziseni i-intanethi, la maqumrhu abumba phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla eUnited States. Ukuqonda inkqubo esemthethweni elawula la maziko anamandla kubalulekile kubemi, amashishini, kunye neengcaphephe zomthetho ngokufanayo. Olu khokelo luhlolisisa inkqubo engokomthetho entsokothile esemva kwamasebe olawulo, ukuchaza ngolwimi olucacileyo indlela abafumana ngayo igunya labo, abamisela ngayo imithetho, abathobela, nabahlala benoxandumiso-wonke kunye neenkundla.

Yintoni Imigaqo Elawulayo Yaye Kutheni Ikho?

Umthetho wolawulo uquka imithetho kunye nemigaqo esemthethweni elawula ulawulo nomgaqo-siseko wamasebe karhulumente (obabini oorhulumente norhulumente). Ngokuqhelekileyo, amaqumrhu olawulo enzelwe ukukhusela umdla kawonke-wonke kunokuthethelela amalungelo abantu. La maqumrhu akhoyo ngenxa yokuba ulawulo lwangoku luye lwantsonkotha kakhulu kwaye luneenjongo zokulungelelanisa ulawulo ukuba lucombulule zonke iinkcukacha zokuzalisekisa nokugcinwa komthetho.

Eneneni, ngenxa yokuba iBhunga lingenakunyanzelisa lize limisele wonke umthetho eliwumiselayo, kufuneka lixhomekeke kumaqumrhu ukumisela, ukunyanzelisa, kunye nokulawula imithetho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente emiselwe yiBhunga. Ubuninzi kunye nobuchule obuntsonkothileyo bomthetho wangoku . Ukusuka kwimilinganiselo yokhuseleko lwenyukliya ukuyekela imigaqo yezonyango ukuyekelela ukurhweba ngemithetho.

Iintlobo zenkqubo zoLawulo

Amaziko alawulayo adla ngokubekwa kwiindidi ezimbini eziphambili: amaqumrhu aphetheyo namaqumrhu azimeleyo. Amanye amasebe aziwayo ngamaziko alawulayo anjengeSebe lezeNkcubeko neSebe loKhuseleko. La masebe asebenza phantsi kolawulo olungqalileyo lomongameli kunye neenkokeli zawo asebenza ngokuyolisa uMongameli.

Eminye imizekelo iquka amaqumrhu azimeleyo anjengeKhomishini yeFederal Trade, iSecureties kunye neKhomishini ye-Exchange, kunye ne-Entevironmental Protection Agency, onke azimeleyo kulawulo olungqalileyo lukaMongameli. Amasebe azimeleyo asoloko ephethe iikhomishini ezinamalungu amaninzi akhuselwe ngokutyikitya nangakhuselwa, enzelwe ukuwakhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika nokuqinisekisa ukuba aqhubeke eqeqeshiweyo kulawulo olwahlukileyo.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko: Ukubekwa kwegunya

Izicelo zinikwa igunya yiKhonkxamenti (okanye kwimeko yombutho karhulumente, indlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente), ukuthatha imbopheleleko yokuphumeza amalungelo athile asuka kwiBhunga. Olu thunyelelwa ligunya lumele enye yezona zibalulekileyo(/yaye maxa wambi kuthanda ukuphikisana) iingcebiso zomthetho wolawulo.

Indlela Ingqungquthela Enikela Ngayo Igunya Ngomthetho Onegunya

Imigaqo-nkqubo yenziwa ngemithetho yayo ephilayo, emisela imithetho emitsha, yaye ngokwenza njalo, idala abameli abahlukeneyo ukuba batolike, basebenzise, baze banyanzelise loo mithetho mitsha. Le mithetho ibizwa ngokuba ngumthetho onika amandla, isebenza njengomgaqo-siseko wombutho ngamnye, uchaza umsebenzi wawo, isakhiwo, namandla.

Imigaqo-nkqubo inikwe igunya lokuseka umthetho wolawulo ngemithetho emiselwe yiBhunga. YiKhomishini enika amandla jikelele nakhethekileyo kumasebe ahlukeneyo oMazwe oManyano ngokunika umthetho kunye nemithetho jikelele yolawulo lwawo olufanelekileyo nolulungelelanisiweyo. Umzekelo, xa iBhunga lidlulise i-Congress i-Deoc Air Act, ladala i-Arhente yeNkukhusela iNkathi yeMyuselo-bume yeMmandla, layinika igunya elikhethekileyo lokumisela imigangatho yomgangatho womoya, ukukhupha umgangatho ophantsi, nokunyanzelela ukuthotyelelwa.

Imfundiso Engaphiliyo Nemida Yayo

Ngumgaqo osemthethweni othi isebe lowiso-mthetho lorhulumente (iKhontrakthi) ye-United States alinakuliphathisa igunya layo lowiso-mthetho kwisebe elilawulayo (uMongameli kunye namaqumrhu asekuhlaleni). Lo mgaqo, owaziwa njengemfundiso engagunyaziswanga, usuka kwiGatya I lomGaqo-siseko, elibeka wonke amagunya owiso-mthetho kwiBhunga.

Abanye abaphengululi abafunda ngokubhalwa kwemibhalo baphikisa ngelithi abameli bolawulo abahambelana nemithetho, ingakumbi ngenxa yokungaqinisekiyo ukuba imigaqo-siseko yabathunywa abagunyazisayo ukulungiselela umthetho. Kodwa ke, ukubekwa kwemithetho esemthethweni kwangoku kujonga imibutho yomgaqo-siseko, kwaye kuyimfuneko kwingqiqo esebenzayo neqhelekileyo. Iinkundla zisoloko zixhasa abathunywa begunya ixesha elide xa iBhunga linika umgaqo "ongenakuthelekelelwa" wokukhokela ukukhokela, nangona iingxoxo eziphathelele kwimibutho yabathunywa ziqhubeka kwiingingqi ezingokwasemthethweni nezezobupolitika.

UMongameli angazalisa kuphela iingxaki zokusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo xa igunya lowiso-mthetho lweBhunga ligqibile ukwenza imithetho. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba abameli abasebenza phakathi kwemida emiselwe ngabameli abanyuliweyo ngeli xesha begcina ububhetyebhetye obufunekayo ukuphendula imibuzo entsonkothileyo yobugcisa nemigaqo-nkqubo.

UMthetho woLawulo: Isiseko semisebenzi ye-Arhente

Ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza ekudalweni kwamaziko amatsha azimeleyo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini (jonga ngezantsi), iNgqungquthela yamisa iAdministrative Procedure Act (APA) ngo- 1946. IAPA imela isiseko somthetho wolawulo lwamaqumrhu, imisela iinkqubo ezifanayo abameli abamele bazilandele xa besenza imithetho kunye nokuphelisa iimpikiswano.

I-APA ngummiselo wokulungisa olungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba kufanelekile kwaye kulula ukumanyana kwiinkqubo ezisetyenziswa ngabameli borhulumente. Lo Mthendeleko yinkqubo yolawulo olubanzi, imiyalelo, kunye nokumisela imithetho jikelele. I-APA ngumthombo oyintloko womthetho wolawulo lwamaqumrhu orhulumente, ngoxa ulawulo kunye nolawulo lwamaqumrhu karhulumente lulawulwa zizenzo zezoburhulumente ezithelekisayo.

Amalungiselelo Neenjongo Ezingundoqo

Ngenxa yokuba umGaqo-siseko waseUnited States ungamiseli mida kweli gunya lolawulo lobugqeba, iBhunga le-APA lamisela iinkqubo zomthetho wolawulo ezifanelekileyo ukuze zihambelane neemfuno zomGaqo-siseko kwinkqubo efanelekileyo. I-APA isebenza imisebenzi emininzi enzima: iqinisekisa ukuba mhlophe kwimisebenzi karhulumente, inika amathuba okuba nenxaxheba kuwonke-wonke, imisela imilinganiselo yokuhlola, kwaye ikhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye kwiinkqumrhu yorhulumente.

Iinkqubo ze-arhente zikhutshwa ukusuka kwimithombo emine yegunya: i-APA, imimiselo yendalo, imithetho yemibutho, kunye noqheliselo lombutho ongacwangciswanga. Iinkqubo zingenza kuphela phakathi kwegunya lazo elinikezelwe ngokulandelelana, kwaye mazihambisane neemfuno ze-APA. Esi siseko sesiseko sesakhiwo esineentambo ezininzi siqinisekisa ukuba abameli bahlala benetyala lo gama begcina ubuchule bokuphumeza iinkonzo zabo ze-statory.

Izenzo zolawulo lobuRhulumente

Kumgangatho wesizwe, uguqulelo lokuqala loMgaqo-nkqubo weModeli weSizwe se-Administrative Procediture lwapapashwa kwaye lwapapashwa ngo-1946 yiKhomishini yoMthetho we-ULC, apho kunyaka iSivumelwano soLawulo lwePhondo sayalelwa khona. Iquka imigaqo esisiseko ngobuchule obupheleleyo bokwanela ukuxhasa iimpawu ezibalulekileyo, ngoko ke yi "umzekelo", kwaye ayingo "uhlobo", nokwenziwa. Amazwe aye amkela iintlobo zawo zenkqubo zolawulo, adale iinkqubo ezifanayo zesebe likarhulumente ngexa kulungiselelwa iimfuno nezithethe zasekuhlaleni.

Umthetho wolawulo ukho kuzo zonke iinkqubo zorhulumente ezingama-50 kwaye usebenza ngokufanayo kwiparadigm yesizwe. Ama-odolo ayahluka ekusebenziseni kwawo amagama, amasebe kunye nemibutho, kunye neemfuno zolawulo. Ukuqonda umthetho wolawulo lwamaqumrhu kunye nolorhulumente kubalulekile kuye nabani na oqhuba imicimbi yowiso-mthetho, njengoko ushishino oluninzi lujongene nomgaqo-siseko kumgangatho omninzi karhulumente.

Inkqubo Yokwenza Umthetho: Indlela Ingxamiseko Edala Ngayo Imithetho

Ukubekwa komthetho yinkqubo esetyenziswa ngamaqumrhu karhulumente ekwenzeni, ukuguqula, okanye ukubuyisela. Iingqungquthela zinika igunya lokumisela imithetho kumaqumrhu karhulumente ukuze kuzalisekiswe imimiselo yowiso-mthetho. Le nkqubo iguqula imiqathango ebanzi yomthetho ibe yimiyalelo engqalileyo, enyanzelisayo elawula yonke into ukususela kukhuseleko lomsebenzi ukuya kumgangatho wemekobume.

Iyintoni Imithetho?

Imithetho yolawulo kumgangatho wesizwe ibizwa ngokuba yimithetho (okanye imimiselo). Imithetho ibhengezwa ukuzalisekisa, ukutolika, okanye ukugunyazisa umthetho okanye inkqubo. Amagama "imithetho" kunye "nentsingiselo efanayo" kumongo womthetho wolawulo lwamagunya kwaye isetyenziswa ngokulinganayo. Imithetho yeSebe, ikwabhekiswa ekuthenjisweni ngokulinganayo njengemimiselo, ithathwa ngabameli kwaye ithathwa njengegunya elisemthethweni.

Umthetho uvela ngohlobo lwemithetho, imimiselo, imigaqo, imiyalelo, kunye nezigqibo. Imithetho ekhutshwe kweli gunya ithwala amandla nesiphumo somthetho kwaye inokuba neziphumo ezithe ngqo zokuzalisekisa inkqubo. Xa yamkelwe ngokufanelekileyo, imimiselo yeziko inesiphumo esisemthethweni esibambekayo esifana neso sidluliswa yiBhunga, yenza inkqubo yokwenza imithetho ibe kukusetyenziswa okugxeka amandla karhulumente.

Comment

IAPA iinkcukacha ezisetyenziswa ngokunqabileyo kwimigaqo ecwangcisiweyo kunye nezifunekayo zokuyila imithetho engacwangciswanga, apho uninzi lwemithetho yemibutho ikhutshwayo. Umthetho othuleyo, owaziwa njengomthetho wesaziso nowokwenza imithetho, umele eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo apho abameli benza ngayo imimiselo.

Ukwenza umthetho kulawulwa kakhulu yimigangatho ebekwe kuMthetho we-Administrative Procedure (5.U.S. ○ . Le nkqubo ilandela ulandelelwano olucwangcisiweyo olulungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukubaneka nokuthabatha inxaxheba koluntu:

Inyathelo 1: Phawula Ukwenziwa Kolawulo Okucetyiswayo

Ngokwesiqhelo, umbutho kufuneka unike isaziso sikawonke-wonke somthetho ocetyiswayo phambi kokuba usebenze (5.S.C. ISAYA 553(b). Isaziso sifeziwe ngokupapasha umthetho ocetyiweyo kwiFederal Register. Umbutho unika isaziso somthetho ocetyisiweyo (NPR), epapashwe kwiFederal Register, ukuchaza nokucela amagqabaza ngesenzo somthetho esicetyisiweyo. Xa ukwenziwa komthetho, umbutho kufuneka unikezele isaziso kwiFederal Register yomthetho ecetyisiweyo kwaye uchaze igunya elisemthethweni elicetyisiweyo phantsi komthetho ocetyiswayo.

Esi saziso kufuneka siquke umbhalo womthetho ocetyiswayo, ingcaciso ngenjongo yawo nesiseko sawo somthetho, kunye nolwazi malunga nendlela abantu abanokunikela ngayo amagqabaza nangexesha abanini-mali. Oku kuveza ngaphaya kolwazi kuvumela abantu abachaphazelekayo baqonde oko kuthethwa lisebe nesizathu.

Inyathelo 2: Ixesha lokugqabaza

Emva kokuba umthetho ocetyiweyo upapashiwe, uwonke-wonke unikwa ithuba lokunikela amagqabaza ngomthetho ocetyiswayo (5.S.C. 76 553(c). Umbutho ungaqwalasela amagqabaza phambi kokuba umthetho wokugqibela upapashiwe kwaye usebenze. Eli xesha lokugqabaza lidla ngokuhlala iintsuku ezingama-30 ukuya kuma-60, nangona amaqumrhu esenokunika amaxesha amade ukwenzela imigaqo entsonkothileyo okanye ebalulekileyo.

Ngeli xesha, nabani na anganikela amagqabaza ngezantsi, amashishini, amaqela olawulo, urhulumente kunye nabanye abangenisi-mali. Amagqabaza asenokuquka ugcino-lwazi lobugcisa, uhlaziyo lwezoqoqosho, iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni, okanye amava obuqu. Imikhosi yamawaka okanye amakhulu amawaka amagqabaza ngemithetho engundoqo, kwaye kufuneka bahlolisise baze baqwalasele onke amagqabaza aphantsi afunyenweyo.

Inyathelo 3: Ukusasazwa koMthetho wokugqibela

Ngokomzekelo, phantsi kweAPA yengingqi kunye neenkcazelo zetyala ze-APA, amasebe athi abandakanyeka kumsebenzi womthetho kufuneka anike isaziso sokubekwa komthetho ocetyiswayo ngaphambi kokwamkela umthetho wokugqibela. Umthetho wokugqibela kufuneka ulandele inkqubela ecacileyo esengqiqweni yomthetho ocetyisiweyo kwaye kufuneka abonise uqwalaselo lwamaqulunqiwa onke amagqabaza afunyenweyo nawacatshuliweyo.

Xa kupapashwa umthetho wokugqibela, abameli kufuneka baquke ingxelo echaza isiseko nenjongo yomthetho, bachaze amagqabaza abalulekileyo kwaye bachaze isizathu sokuba umbutho wamkelelwe okanye walalelwe iinguqu. Yonke imithetho kufuneka ishicilelwe. Xa imimiselo esisigxina evela kumaqumrhu e-Federal Register, iyaphumelela. Umthetho wokugqibela uba luncedo kwiintsuku ezingama-30 emva kokupapashwa, unika amaqela ixesha elinolawulo lokulungiselela ukuthobela.

Yonke inkqubo ibhekiswa kuyo njengesaziso & ukugqabaza ukwenziwa komthetho okanye ukwenziwa komthetho okungacwangciswanga. Le nkqubo ilingana nokusebenza kakuhle nolwamkelo lwedemokhrasi, ivumela abameli ukuba bangenelwe kwigalelo loluntu loxa begcina amandla okwenza ngesantya esifanelekileyo.

Umthetho osesikweni: Ukuva kwetyala

Umthetho womthetho womthetho uyenzeka xa imithetho ifunwa ngomthetho ozakubhalwa emva kombutho emva kombutho wokuchophela; le nkqubo yenzeka kancinci kakhulu kunomthetho ongacwangciswanga. Xa iBhunga lifuna umthetho osesikweni kummiselo wombutho owenzayo, inkqubo iba yenziwa nzulu ngakumbi kwaye iqokelela ixesha.

Njengokwenza umthetho ngokungacwangciswanga, inkqubo esesikweni yokwenza imithetho iqala ngokupapashwa komthetho ocetyiswayo kwiFederal Register, ngenkcazelo yentsingiselo yomthetho kunye neenkcukacha zokuba imicimbi iza kuqhutywa nini na apho iza kuqhutyelwa khona. Endaweni yexesha lokugqabaza, inkqubo yokubekwa komthetho esesikweni ifuna ukuchongwa kohlobo lokuchonga enoba lo mthetho ufanele udluliselwe kusini na.

Kwezo ntlanganiso, uMgwebi woLawulo loMthetho okanye omnye ummeli owongamelayo unamandla aphangaleleyo okunceda imicimbi, kuquka ukukhupha oorhulumente abangaphantsi kwe-athom, ukulawula kwimicimbi ecacileyo kwaye kufuna amaqela ukuba azame ukucombulula naziphi na iimpikiswano ngokusebenzisa ezinye izisombululo zempikiswano. Iintlanganiso zetyala zinelungelo lokunikezela ubungqina obudluliselwa ngomlomo okanye obuqulunqweyo ukuze zixhase ityala labo okanye ukuxhasa ubungqina obudibeneyo kunye namangqina okunqumla i-extraine. Ngenxa yokuba umgaqo omthetho ungowona mthombo wesibonelelo, iingqungquthela azifane zifuneke, kwaye abameli bayabuphepha xa kunokwenzeka.

Ezinye Iinkqubo Zokulawula

Le ngxelo inika ushwankathelo olufutshane olusemthethweni lweendlela abameli abanokuthi ngazo bafake imithetho equke imithetho esemthethweni, equka ukwenza imithetho, ngokungacwangciswanga (ingeniso kunye ne-manusi okanye 8853) ukwenziwa komthetho oxutyiweyo, ukwenziwa kolawulo oluthe ngqo, ukwenziwa kwemithetho okuthe ngqo, kunye nokuphicothwana. Indlela nganye isebenza kwiinjongo neemeko ezahlukeneyo.

Ukubekwa kolawulo oludityanisiweyo kumela isongezo kwiinkqubo zokumisela imithetho ezingacwangciswanga ezivumela abameli ukuba badibane nabantu abanomdla namaqela abantu abanomdla kumanqanaba okuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yokuyila umthetho. Xa kuqhutyelwana, umbutho uhlanganisa ikomiti yabaxhasi bemingxube yokubotshelelwa ukuze kuqulunqe izicelo ngaphambi kokupapashwa isaziso sokwenziwa komthetho ocetyisiweyo. Le ndlela yokusebenzisana isenokunciphisa inkcaso kunye nolwelo, nangona isebenza kakuhle xa inani leemfuno ezichaphazelekayo zilawulwa kwaye amaqela ekulungele ukulalanisa.

Ulawulo lokugqibela luvumela abameli ukuba bapapashe imithetho ethatha isiphumo ngokuzenzekelayo ngaphandle kokuba kufunyenwe amagqabaza anzima. Le nkqubo idwelisweyo isebenza kakuhle kumsebenzi oqhelekileyo, imithetho engeyoyayo esemthethweni apho umbutho ulindele inkcaso encinane okanye engalindeli nto.

Iimfuno ze Phendla

Asizizo zonke izimiselo ngokomthetho ezenziwa ngamasebe karhulumente ofuna ukuba urhulumente abandakanyeke ekumiseleni imithetho engacwangciswanga. Imithetho ephathelele ukulungiselela umbutho, inkqubo okanye ukuqhelisela ayifuni ukulandela isaziso kunye namalungiselelo okuphendula e-APA. Ezi zinokuthatyathwa nje ngesaziso kuluntu. Noko ke, ukuba umthetho okanye ingxelo yemithetho ichaphazela ilungelo elisemthethweni elingaphantsi, ukukhulula akusebenzi, kwaye iqumrhu liya kufuneka ukuba lilandele inkqubo yokuyila umthetho.

Ukongezelela, ingxelo ibalaselisa iimfuno ezininzi ezizizo zobuxhakaxhaka beAPA, kuquka "undoqo olungileyo", kunye nemithetho emalunga neziko ibhekisa phambili kwiingxelo zenkqubo, imithetho etolika, kunye nemithetho yenkqubo yoziko. "Isizathu esilungileyo" ukuphambuka kuvumela amaqumrhu ukuba atsibe isaziso kunye nokuzilibazisa xa kungenakubhaqwa, kungayimfuneko, okanye kuchasene nomdla kawonke-wonke wonke, umzekelo, kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo okanye xa kusenziwa ulungiso lobugcisa obuncinane.

Apho Unokufumana khona Imithetho Yomanyano: Irejista yoManyano kunye neCFR

Imithetho ipapashwa kwimithombo emibini esemthethweni: iFederal Register kunye noMthetho weMithetho kaManya. Ukuqonda ezi ncwadi zimbini kubalulekile kuye nabani na ophanda okanye othobela imimiselo karhulumente.

Irejista yoManyano: Uhlaziyo

IFederal Register (FR) yimpapasho esemthethweni yemihla ngemihla yemithetho, imithetho ecetyisiweyo, kunye nezaziso zamasebe kunye nemibutho yoManyano, kwakunye nemiyalelo yabalawuli namanye amaxwebhu omongameli. IFR ihlaziywa yonke imihla kwaye ipapashwa ngoMvulo ukutyhubela uLwesihlanu, ngaphandle kweeholide zoManyano. IFederal Register isebenza njengolindixesha osemthethweni karhulumente wesizwe, inikela ingxelo yokumiselwa kwazo zonke iingxelo zolawulo lombutho.

Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho wombutho wolawulo ukusuka kwisaziso sokuqala sombutho somdla ukuya kwinzala yomthetho wokugqibela ibhaliwe kwinkqubo yokupapashwa kweFederal Register. Amalungu amabini angundoqo ale nkqubo yiFederal Register kunye nemithetho elawulayo. Abaphandi bangalandelela yonke ibhayisekile yomgaqo ngokulandela ukuqhubekeka kwawo kusasazo lweFederal Register.

Imithetho yoManyano: Ilungelelaniswe

Imithetho yoManyano yoManyano loManyano lwe-CFR lumanyano lwemithetho jikelele nesisigxina epapashwa kuMasebe oLawulo oluPhezulu kunye namaqumrhu oRhulumente woManyano. Yahlulwe yaba ngama-50 ezihloko ezimela imimandla ebanzi kumgaqo olungelelanisiweyo. Isihloko ngasinye sahlulwe ngokwezahluko, ezidla ngokuthwala igama lombutho okhuphayo. Isahluko ngasinye sisekwenye indawo engaphantsi kwezahlulweyo kwimimandla ekhethekileyo.

Umqulu ngamnye weCFR uhlaziywa kanye ngonyaka ngamnye wekhalenda kwaye ukhutshwe ngekota. ICFR inikeza ingqokelela equlunqwe ngomxholo yemimiselo esebenzayo ngoku, iyenza ibe lula ukufumana yonke imimiselo kumxholo othile. Umzekelo, iSihlomelo 21 sigubungela ukutya neziyobisi, iSihlomelo sama-26 sigubungela ingeniso yangaphakathi, kunye neSiHloko 40 sigubungela ukhuseleko lwemekobume bemeko-bume.

Bobabini i-Federal Register ne-CFR zikhona kwi-intanethi ukuze zingene nge-website zikarhulumente ezisemthethweni, zenza ulwazi olunomthetho lufikeleleke kuluntu. Ii-database zomthetho zikwanika ezi zixhobo ngobuchule obuphuculiweyo bokuphengulula kunye nezixhobo zophando ezongezelelekileyo.

Ugwebo Lolawulo: Indlela Izigqibo Zezibonelelo Ezizinzisa Ngayo Izigwebo

Ngeli xesha ukumisela imithetho kusetyenziswa kwiindidi ezibanzi zabantu okanye izinto ezikhoyo, isifungo sibandakanya ukusebenzisa imithetho nemimiselo kumaqela athile kwimeko ezithile. Umthetho yinkqubo "yokuyila, yokulungisa, okanye yokuphinda imisele," kwaye ukushwankathela kungumoya wokugqibela wombutho ngaphandle kokwenza imithetho.

Umsebenzi wezongxamiseko

Xa kusenziwa le "mithetho," isibonelelo sisebenza njengequasi-judicial, iquasi-legisitive. Amasebe olawulo asebenza kumsebenzi ofana nowowiso-mthetho xa ekhupha imithetho nemimiselo. Amaqumrhu asebenza kumandla afana nawokuchonga iindlebe kunye nokukhupha imithetho nezigqibo kwimibandela ethile.

Uninzi lwamaqumrhu azimeleyo asebenza njengeenguqulelo ezincinane zikarhulumente wesizwe we-trartite, onegunya "lokwenza i-"legislate" (ukwenza umthetho; bona iFederal Register kunye nemithetho esesikweni), "umthetho owenziwe ngoorhulumente" (ngokuvalwa kwezolawulo), kunye nolo "Sebenza" usukelo lolawulo (ngokusebenza kwabasebenzi abagunyazisiweyo). Oku kugxininiswa kwamandla kumbutho omnye kuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo yomgaqo-siseko, leyo iAPA idilesi yayo ngemiqathango yezo zolawulo kunye nohlalutyo lwezahlulelo.

ABagwebi Bomthetho Abalawulayo Neenkqubo Zokuva

Kwimisebenzi yayo yokufihla, abameli basoloko benequmrhu labo eligwebayo, elaziwa ngokuba yiJaji yoMthetho woLawulo, eliyinxalenye yesebe labo, kodwa kufuneka lizimele kumagosa ombutho abandakanyekileyo kwizenzo ezithile. ABagwebi boMthetho (ALJ) bakhonza njengabenzi bezomthetho abangoondilele kwimimiselo esesikweni, beqhuba iindlebe ezifana neemvavanyo zenkundla.

I-ALJs inezikhuseli ezibalulekileyo zokuqinisekisa inkululeko yazo, kuquka ukukhusela inkonzo yasekuhlaleni ekususweni nasekuhlolweni komsebenzi owenziwa yi-Ofisi yoLawulo lwabasebenzi kunokuba isetyenziswe yisebe labo. Olu ncedo luqinisekisa ukuba iALJs ingenza izigqibo ezingakhethiyo ezisekelwe kubungqina nakumthetho, kwanaxa ezo zigqibo zisenokuba azikho ntle kubasebenzi besebe.

Ukuchotshelwa kwetyala kubandakanya uninzi lwezikhuseli ezifanayo njengetyala lenkundla: ilungelo lokunikela ubungqina, amangqina anqumlayo, amelwe licebiso, kwaye afumane isigqibo esibhaliweyo esichaza isiseko sesiphumo. Noko ke, imicimbi yolawulo ngokuqhelekileyo ayimiselwanga ngokusesikweni kunezo zivavanyo zenkundla, inemithetho ebhetyebhetye ngakumbi yobungqina kunye nenkqubo.

Iintlobo zolawulo

Imiyalelo yolawulo ithatha iindlela ezininzi zixhomekeke kwisebe nakuhlobo lombandela obandakanyekileyo. Eminye imizekelo eqhelekile iquka:

• Imicimbi yonyanzeliso: Xa umbutho ukholelwa ukuba iqela liphule imimiselo, ingaqalisa inyathelo lokunyanzelisa, likhokelele ekuchotshelweni apho lowo utyholwayo owephulayo angakhuphisana naso ityala.
• inika imvume kunye nokuvumela izigqibo: Amasebe amaninzi amisa izicelo zephepha-mvume, imvume, okanye ezinye izigunyaziso, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abafaki-zicelo bahlangabezana na iimfuno zomthetho kunye nomthetho kunye nomthetho.
• Izigqibo zeBenefit:[ Imisebenzi enika ulawulo lweenkqubo eziluncedo ezifuna iingenelo, ezifana nokuzinza kokhuseleko lwentlalo okanye uncedo lwamagqala.
• Imicimbi yokucwangcisa: Amanye amasebe, ingakumbi lawo alawula izinto eziluncedo, aqhuba iziganeko zokuyila ukumisela amaqondo anokusetyenziswa ngamaqela alawulayo.

Iinkqubo ezichaziweyo zohluka-hlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeka ekubeni ungquzulwano lusesikweni (lufuna ukuva kwirekhodi) okanye ngokungacwangciswanga, nakwimfuno zombutho owenza ummiselo kunye nemimiselo.

Amandla okunyanzelisa: Indlela Imigaqo-nkqubo eqinisekisa ngayo ukuqokelelwa

Ukuseka imithetho kuncinane ngaphandle kokusebenza kakuhle. Amaqumrhu alawulayo anezixhobo ezahlukahlukeneyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyayithobela imithetho nemimiselo ayisebenzisayo. La mandla okuqinisekisa ukuba kukho ulawulo afanele asetyenziswe ngaphakathi kwemida yegunya lomthetho kunye nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko.

Uhlolisiso Nophando

Amasebe amaninzi anegunya lokuhlola ulawulo lwezibonelelo nemisebenzi. Umzekelo, iOccupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ihlola iindawo zemisebenzi ukwenzela ukwaphulwa kokhuseleko, iFoood and Drug Administration (FDA) ihlola amaziko okutya kunye nezityalo ezivelisa iziyobisi, kunye ne-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) ehlola iindawo zokuthotyelwa kwemekobume.

Olu hlolo lusenokuba lucwangciso oluqhelekileyo, okanye lungabangelwa zizikhalazo, iingozi, okanye lukhetho oluzenzekelayo. Ukhuseleko loMgaqo-nkqubo wesine ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula lusebenza kuhlolo lolawulo, nangona iinkundla ziqonda ukuba ushishino olulawulayo lusenokuba lunciphise ukulindela ukuba umntu abe wedwa. Iinkqubo ezininzi zovavanyo zisebenza phantsi kweziqinisekiso okanye iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwimvume.

Izikhululo zamaziko zikwaqhuba uphando xa zikrokreleka. Olu phengululo lungabandakanya izicelo zoxwebhu, udliwano-ndlebe, iipopoyiti ukuze zifumane ubungqina okanye iingxelo, kunye nezinye iindlela zophando. Izikhululo kufuneka ziwahlonele amalungelo omgaqo-siseko ngexesha lophando, kuquka nokukhuselwa kweSihlanu soMphengululo nxamnye nokuzidibanisela ngokwazo.

Ityala lasekuhlaleni neeNkcukacha

Esinye sezixhobo eziqhelekileyo zokunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa sisohlwayo semali yasekuhlaleni. Xa abameli befumana ukwaphulwa, bangahlola ityala elisukela kumakhulu ukuya kutsho kwizigidi zeerandi, kuxhomekeka kubuqatha bokwaphula umthetho, umonakalo obangelwa, kunye namalungiselelo esigwebo esisemthethweni.

Imali yetyala idla ngokubekwa ngomthetho, kunye namasebe anobuchule phakathi kwemiqolo yomthetho. Imimiselo emininzi ilungiselela uhlawulo ngosuku okanye ngemini nganye, enokuqokelela izixa ezithe kratya ukwenzela ukwaphula okuqhubekayo okanye okuphindiweyo. Izicelo zidla ngokupapasha iinkqubo zesohlwayo ezichaza indlela ezichaza ngayo ukubala intengo, ziqwalasela izinto ezifana nokubhatala komntu owaphulayo, imbali yokuthobela, ukukwazi ukuhlawula, kunye nemigudu yokulungisa ukwaphulwa.

Ukuququzelelwa kwelayisenisi nokukhutshwa

Kumaziko afuna iimvume okanye imvume yokusebenza, isisongelo sokuchithwa kwephepha-mvume okanye ukugxothwa simela isixhobo esinamandla sokuqinisekisa ukuba imicimbi i-arhente iyakuphelisa iilayisensi okwexeshana okanye izihluze ngokusisigxina ngenxa yokwaphulwa okunzulu okanye okuphinda-phindiweyo. Eli gunya linika abameli amandla abalulekileyo ngaphezu kwezinto ezilawulwayo, njengokuba ukuphulukana nelayisensi kunokuthetha ukungakwazi ukuqhuba ishishini.

Phambi kokuba ahlube okanye anqumamise iphepha-mvume, amasebe kufuneka anikeze isaziso kunye nethuba lokuchongwa, elivisisana neemfuno zenkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Ubukhali besi sohlwayo buthetha ukucingisisa ngenyameko ezi zenzo ukuqinisekisa ukuba zixhaswa ngobungqina kwaye ziyahambisana nemigangatho yemithetho.

IMimiselo Engavunyelwanga Nezivumelwano Zokuzinziswa

Imicimbi emininzi yokunyanzelisa iconjululwe ngokuhlaliswa kwemigoqo exoxweyo kunokuba kucetywe isigwebo esisesikweni. Iimeko kunye nabatyholi abatyholwayo bangangena kwimimiselo evumayo okanye baphumeze izivumelwano ezisombulula izenzo zonyanzelo. Ezi zivumelwano zidla ngokufuna ukuba lowo waphulayo ahlawule isohlwayo, ukwaphula umthetho okuchanekileyo, ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo zokuthobela, yaye maxa wambi benze imisebenzi eyongezelekayo yokusingqongileyo okanye yebutho labantu.

Ukuzinza kunika iingenelo kumalungu omabini: amaqumrhu afumana ukuthotyelwa nokuhlawuliswa ngaphandle kwexesha nendleko yokuhlawuliswa, ngoxa abo baphula umthetho bephepha ukungazithembi nokunyuka kweendleko zenkxwaleko. Noko ke, iindawo zokuhlala kufuneka zincede uluntu lunomdla kwaye zivumelane neemfuno zomthetho.

Abatshutshisi Bezaphuli - mthetho

Nangona inkoliso yamagosa eenkonzo ingoorhulumente, ezinye izaphuli-mthetho zisenokuba ngamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Iimeko zingathumela imicimbi kwiSebe leSigqeba seJaji xa ukwaphula umthetho kubandakanya ukuziphatha okubi kwangamabomu, ubuqhetseba, okanye ezinye izigqeba.

Ulwaphulo - mthetho olukubume bendawo engqongileyo, ukuqhatha kwetyala, ukwaphulwa kokutya neziyobisi, nokuphulwa kokhuseleko emsebenzini okubangela ukufa kuphakathi kwemimandla apho ukutshutshiswa kwezaphuli - mthetho kusenokuqhutyelwa khona.

Impinda Yejaji: Iinkundla Njengengqwalasela Kumandla E-arhente

La mandla alawulayo asoloko exhotyiswe kwindalo (imithetho kunye nemimiselo esebenzayo kudidi lwabantu okanye imibutho) okanye i-quafisi-judicial kwindalo (imiyalelo, izifungo nezigqibo ezibandakanya abantu abathile okanye imibutho). Amandla anikiweyo akwaphantsi kohlalutyo logwebo kunye nokutolikwa. Uhlolo lwejaji lusebenza njengovavanyo olunengcebiso elibugocigoci, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abameli basebenza ngaphakathi kwegunya labo elisemthethweni kwaye balandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo.

Imigangatho yempinda

Xa zihlola izenzo zomasebe, iinkundla zisebenzisa imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo exhomekeke kuhlobo lwembambano ebandakanyekileyo. I-APA imisela isiseko sohlalutyo olusisiseko, isalathisa iinkundla ukuba zibeke ecaleni imigaqo yoomasebe:

• Arbitria, eguquguqukayo, okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kobulumko: Lo mlinganiselo usebenza kwizigqibo ezininzi zomgaqo-nkqubo wolawulo kwaye ufuna abameli ukuba bahlolisise ugcino-lwazi olunxulumeneyo, baqwalasele iinkalo ezibalulekileyo zengxaki, kwaye banike ingcaciso ecacileyo ngezigqibo zabo.
• [[UMTHETHO:0] C ngokuchasene namalungelo omgaqo-siseko, amandla, ilungelo, okanye ukugonyelwa: IiNkundla zihlola imingeni yomGaqo-siseko kwimisebenzi yooomasebe, nangona abameli bengafumani lunyuso olukhethekileyo kwimibuzo yomGaqo-siseko.
• Ugqithiso lolawulo lomthetho, igunya, okanye imiqathango: Iinkundla ziqinisekisa ukuba abameli basebenza ngaphakathi kwemida yegunya labo lomthetho.
• [[UMTL:0] ngaphandle kokugcinwa kwenkqubo efunekayo ngumthetho: Iinkundla ziqinisekisa ukuba abameli balandela iinkqubo ezifunekayo, ezifana nokwenziwa kwesaziso kunye nomthetho wesaziso.
• Engaxhaswa bubungqina obucacileyo: Kwiziganeko eziqhelekileyo, iingxelo ezikhoyo zombutho mazixhaswe bubungqina obucacileyo kwingxelo.

Indaleko Yemfundiso Echaseneyo

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, iinkundla zasebenzisa iimfundiso ezahlukahlukeneyo zokuthoba isidima xa zihlola ukuchazwa kwemimiselo nemimiselo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo yayinguChevron devance, eyathi yanyanzelisa ukuba iinkundla zithobele inkcazo esengqiqweni yemimiselo ecacileyo. Noko ke, le ndawo yatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo ngowama-2024.

ELoper Bright, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba iChevron bekelele imigaqo ebekwe kuMthetho we-Administrative Procedia. Ukuya phambili, iinkundla akufunekanga zinikeze imvume engekho mthethweni yokucaciswa kwamaziko olawulo, kodwa endaweni yoko kufuneka "kutolike ngokusuka kuwe ngokunyanisekileyo umthetho kwaye kuphumeze ukuthanda kweBhunga eliphantsi kwemiqathango yesiseko."

Olu tshintsho lubalulekileyo luthetha ukuba iinkundla ngoku ziza kusebenzisa umgwebo ozimeleyo xa zihlola ukuchazwa kwemimiselo, kunokuba zibhekisele kumaqumrhu xa imimiselo ididane. Ngexa ubuchule namava abameli ehleli efanelekile, iinkundla ziza kwenza izigqibo zazo ngentsingiselo yemithetho. Olu tshintsho lungakhokelela kwiingxaki eziphumelele ngakumbi kwimigaqo equlunqweyo kunye nenkcazelo, ukunyanzela amaqumrhu ukuba afumane inkululeko.

Inxalenye yempinda yezeejaji

Xa iinkundla zihlola imithetho yombutho okanye ezinye izenzo, ityala linikwa umbutho ngaphandle kokuba lithathe inyathelo elingaphaya kwegunya elinikwe ngokufanelekileyo yiKhonklare. Iinkundla zidla ngokuhlola ingxelo yolawulo(iingxelo, amagqabaza, iizifundo, nezinye izinto eziqwalaselweyo kwiziko xa kusenziwa isigqibo salo. Iinkundla aziqhubeli nkcazelo entsha okanye ziqwalasele ubungqina obungaphandle kwengxelo yolawulo.

Inyathelo lokugqibela lesibheno esichasene nomthetho wolawulo kukufuna unyango lwetyala kwinkundla yesizwe. Ukuba inkundla ifumanise ukuba isenzo sombutho asisebenzi ngokusemthethweni okanye ngokwesithethe, kufuneka silubeke ecaleni umthetho njengongekho mthethweni. Okanye, iinkundla zingalibuyisela eli tyala kwisibonelelo ukuphinda ziqwalasele naziphi na iingxaki ezisemthethweni zomthetho, ezinika umbutho ithuba lokulungisa nokuphinda uluvo lomthetho osetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni.

Phawula ukuba nangona iinkundla zisenokuhlola izigqibo zeziko ezihambelana neenkqubo ze-APA, iinkundla azisayi kubeka ezinye iimfuno zomthetho kwiinkqubo zolawulo ezisemthethweni ezingezo ezimiselwe yi-APA. Isizathu sokuthintelwa koku kukuqinisekisa ukuba amasebe aneenkqubo ezicacileyo nezinokugwetywa. Inkxalabo kukuba ukuba amaqumrhu amele alindele iinkqubo ezongezelelekileyo ezimiselwe ziinkundla, amaziko asenokutyekele ekugcineni iinkqubo ezingakumbi zomthetho ezinemigaqo ebanzi, nto leyo ebangela ukuba inkqubo yokuyila ingasebenzi kakuhle.

Iimfuno Ezikhoyo Nezokwexesha Elide

Asinguye wonke umntu onokuthi acel ’ umngeni izenzo zoshishino enkundleni. Amatyala kufuneka abe "ime"/iqhina elaneleyo kwimpikiswano yokuzisela isambatho. Oku kudla ngokufuna ukubonisa ukuba isenzo sombutho sibangele okanye siya kwenza umonakalo wekonkrithi ecacileyo enokuthi ilandelelwe kwisenzo esicetyiweyo kwaye mhlawumbi ibuyiselwe kwisigqibo senkundla esilungileyo.

Ixesha lokucwangcisa likwabalulekile. Iingxaki kwimithetho yeziko kufuneka ziziswa ngexesha elithile emva kweentsuku ezingama-60 emva kokuba umthetho ushicilelwe, uxinzelelwano oluziswa kusemsinya (ngaphambi kokuba isebe lithathe inyathelo lokugqibela) okanye emva kwexesha elidlulileyo (emva kokudlula kwexesha) ziya kupheliswa. Ezi mfuneko ziqinisekisa ukuba iingxaki ezisemthethweni ziziswa ngokukhawuleza, zinika ubungqina kubameli namaqela alawulwayo.

Ukubonakala Kwabantu Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kuwonke

Umthetho wolawulo wale mihla ugxininisa ukuba mhlophe nokuthabatha inxaxheba koluntu njengezinto eziyimfuneko zolawulo olusemthethweni. Izicwangciso ezininzi zomthetho zisebenza kunye ukuqinisekisa ukuba imibutho ihlala ivulekele uphando nolwazi olusemgangathweni.

Inkululeko Yolwazi

IThe Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) inika uluntu ilungelo lokucela ukufikelela kwiingxelo zombutho wesizwe. Ngaphandle kokuba iingxelo zibekwe phakathi kwengxelo ezikhethekileyo zokungahlawulwa (njengenkcazelo yokhuseleko lwesizwe, iimfihlelo zorhwebo, okanye inkcazelo yobuqu), amasebe kufuneka azityhile xa kuceliwe. I-FAIA isebenza njengesixhobo esinamandla kubacholacholi-ndaba, kubaphandi, kumaqela okuphatha inzala, nakubemi ukuqwalasela imisebenzi karhulumente aze agcine amaziko etyala.

Izicelo ze-FOIA kufuneka ziphendule kwizicelo ze-FoIA ezikwimiqathango emiselwe ngexesha elifanelekileyo kwaye zingabiza iindleko ezifanelekileyo zokufuna nokukhuphela iirekhodi. Xa abameli bengafuni izicelo, abafaki-zicelo banokubhena ngokolawulo kwaye ekugqibeleni bafune uhlolo lwezahlulelo. I-FAIA ibiye yaba luncedo ekutyhileni ukuziphatha okubi kukarhulumente, ukwazisa ingxoxo kawonke-wonke, nokuqinisekisa ukuba mhlophe kwiinkqubo zolawulo.

Vula Iintlanganiso kunye nokufumaneka kukawonke-wonke

URhulumente kwiSishine Act ufuna ukuba amaqumrhu ahlukeneyo aqhuba iintlanganiso zawo esidlangalaleni, ngaphandle kwemicimbi enzima efana nezigqibo zomsebenzi okanye ukuphanda okuqhubekayo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba uluntu lungaqwalasela uphando olukhoyo kunye neenkqubo zokwenza izigqibo.

Izicelo kufuneka zinike isaziso sangaphambili sentlanganiso, kuquka ixesha, indawo, kunye nombandela wemibandela. Ngelixesha ezinye iingxubusho zisenokwenzeka kwintlanganiso ezivaliweyo xa ukukhulula kubhaliwe, abameli kufuneka bazityhile ekuhleni izizathu zokuvala iintlanganiso baze banikele inkcazelo eninzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka ngengxubusho evaliweyo.

Imithetho.gov kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kombane

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ukwakhele iMithetho.gov, i-Web site yokwenziwa kwamaxwebhu abameli, kuquka imithetho ecetyisiweyo kunye nokubhaliweyo kwamagqabaza kawonke-wonke. Le webhsayithi isembindini iguqule inxaxheba kuluntu ekubekeni ulawulo, ikwenza kube lula kuye nabani na ononikezelo kwi-intanethi ukufumana imithetho ecetyisiweyo, ukufunda amaxwebhu axhasayo, kwaye ikhuphe amagqabaza nge-electron.

Imithetho.gov inikezela ngesiseko sogcino-lwazi esiphengululekayo sokwenza imithetho edokisini, ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba balandele imithetho esuka kwisicelo ukuya kwisigqibo sokuyigqiba. Inxuwa libonisa zonke iintetho zikawonke-wonke ezingenisiweyo, ikhuthaza ukuba cace nokuvumela abagqabazi babone oko abanye bakuthethileyo. Le nkqubo ye-elektroniki inyuse ngokuphawulekayo inxaxheba kuluntu ekubekeni imithetho, ngeminye imithetho emikhulu eyamkela amakhulu amawaka amagqabaza.

Ukuphendula NgeeNkundla

Ngoxa uhlolisiso olungokwasemthethweni lunikela uhlolisiso olubalulekileyo kumandla eziko, ezinye iindlela zokuziphendulela zikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abameli basebenza ngokufanelekileyo naphantsi kwegunya labo.

Ulawulo lwequmrhu

IBhunga lihlala lijonge abameli ngendlela ehlukeneyo. Iikomiti zeBhunga zibamba amatyala apho amagosa emibutho angqina imisebenzi, imigaqo nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zawo. Ezi ntetho zingabalaselisa iingxaki, amaziko anyanzelisayo ukuba atshintshe imigaqo-nkqubo, azise iinguqu kwimithetho.

IKhomishini engayithandiyo isenokujongana nokuhlatywa koqingqo-mali okanye imiqathango kwindlela abanokuyisebenzisa ngayo imali yabo. Ngaphezu koko, iKhomishini iyakwazi ukwandisa imimiselo, i-accessing, okanye igunya lombutho elilawulayo.

ICongress Congresstional Review Act inika iKhomishini yokubhukuqa imithetho yombutho ekhutshwe kutshanje ngesigqibo sokungamvumeli. Ukuba zombini izindlu zeKhomishini zidlulisa isigqibo esinjalo kwaye uMongameli ubonakalisa (okanye iBhunga liyigxotha iveto), umthetho awupheliswa kwaye umbutho awunakukhupha umthetho ofanayo ngokugqibeleleyo ngaphandle kogunyaziso olutsha lomthetho.

Ulawulo lobuMongameli

UMongameli ulawula amasebe alawulayo ngobuchule obuninzi. UMongameli umisela iintloko zesebe (ethobela isiqinisekiso seNdlu yeeNtlanganiso ezininzi) kwaye angasusa iintloko ezininzi zombutho olawulayo. Oku kumiselwa nokususwa kwamandla kunika uMongameli impembelelo ebalulekileyo kumgaqo-nkqubo wolawulo.

Imiyalelo yegunya ibhekisa ngqo kwindlela abameli abafanele bafikelele ngayo kwiimbopheleleko zabo. Umzekelo, imiyalelo yabalawuli ifuna abameli abaphezulu ukuba baqhube uhlaziyo lwexabiso lomgaqo-nkqubo ongundoqo, baqwalasele iindlela zokulungisa, baze bahlole imimiselo ekhoyo yotshintsho olunokwenzeka. I-Ofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo (OMB), ingakumbi i-Ofisi yayo yenkcazelo neMicimbi yezeNkqutyana-Mtendelo (OIRA), ihlola imithetho ebalulekileyo yomziko ngaphambi kokuba ishicilelwe, iqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki kwezinto eziza kuqala zomongameli kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo.

Amaqumrhu azimeleyo anempembelelo enkulu kulawulo lomongameli, neentloko zesebe ezisebenza kwiimeko ezizinzileyo nezinokususwa kuphela ngenxa yesizathu. Noko ke, kwanamaziko azimeleyo kufuneka alungelelane noMongameli kwimicimbi yoqingqo-mali kwaye asenokujamelana nengcinezelo yezobupolitika yokuhambelana nezinto eziphambili zolawulo.

Uphatho jikelele lomhloli

Inkoliso yamasebe karhulumente aneNkqutyana Jikelele (IG) enegosa elizimeleyo elijongene nokuqhuba ii-arhente kunye nophando lwamaziko. I-IGs iphanda ngobuqhetseba, ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma, ukuxhatshazwa nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamasebe, ikhupha iingxelo zikawonke-wonke ezifunyenweyo. Ezi ngxelo zidla ngokukhokelela kwienguqu, izenzo zoqeqesho, okanye ukutshutshiswa kwamatyala.

I-IGs isebenza ngozimeleyo olubalulekileyo, inikela ingxelo kwintloko yombutho kunye neNgqungquthela. Olu lwalamano lubini olunika ingxelo lunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba okufunyenweyo kufumana ingqalelo naxa kungabonakali kakuhle kwiinkokeli zeziko. IG inika ingxelo ebalulekileyo kwiBhunga, kumajelo eendaba, nakuluntu malunga nokusebenza kwamaziko kunye neengxaki.

Impinda ye-ofisi ephendulayo karhulumente

I-ofisi ye-Accounting Accounting (GAO), iiNgqungquthela zengalo ephandayo, iizifundo kunye nophicotho-zincwadi lweenkqubo zolungiselelo kunye nemisebenzi. Ingxelo zeGAO zivavanya ukuba abameli baphumeza imisebenzi yabo ngokunempumelelo na, basebenzisa imithetho, kwaye basebenzisa izibonelelo ngokufanelekileyo. Ezi ngxelo zazisa ulawulo lwequmrhu kwaye zisoloko zincomela uphuhliso kwimisebenzi yamasebe okanye kwiinguqu zenkqubo zolawulo.

Umthetho wolawulo lweRhulumente: Iinkqubo ezihambelanayo

Nangona olu khokelo lujolise ngqo kumthetho wolawulo wesizwe, umthetho wolawulo karhulumente usebenza kwimigaqo efanayo kwaye uchaphazela iinkalo ezininzi zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Amasebe karhulumente alawula iindawo ezifana nokuthengisa iinshorensi, i-inshorensi, izinto ezisetyenziswa ngurhulumente, ukukhuselwa kwemekobume, kunye neenkonzo zentlalo.

Izenzo zolawulo lobuRhulumente

Uninzi lwamazwe luye lwamkela iinkqubo zolawulo ezifuziselwe kuMthetho we-APA karhulumente okanye kuMgaqo-nkqubo weSizwe weNkxaso-mthetho. Le mimiselo imisela iinkqubo zolawulo lorhulumente lolawulo kunye noluphicotho-zimo, nangona iimfuno ezithile zingafani ngokwemeko yorhulumente nemeko. Amanye amaphondo aneemfuno ezithe tye kune-APA karhulumente, njengokufuna ukuvunywa kwemithetho ethile okanye ukubonelela uhlalutyo olubanzi lwemithetho.

Umzekelo, uninzi lwamazwe lunemimiselo yolawulo ekufuneka iqwalaselwe xa kuphandwa ngembambano yomthetho. Ukuqonda iimfuno ezithile zomgaqo wolawulo ofanelekileyo worhulumente kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na oqhubana nemicimbi yolawulo lukarhulumente.

Ukufumana imithetho kaRhulumente

Imimiselo karhulumente ipapashwa ngokuqhelekileyo kwiikhowudi zolawulo zikarhulumente, ezilungelelaniswe ngokufanayo kwimithetho yoManyano. Amazwana amaninzi apapasha iibhanki ezisebenzayo njenge mithetho ebhaliweyo kaFederal Register, enika isaziso semithetho ecetyisiweyo neyokugqibela. Ngokuqhubekayo, amatyala enza ukuba imithetho yawo ifumaneke kwi-intanethi ngeewebhsayithi zikarhulumente ezisemthethweni, nangona ubunjani nokufumaneka kwezi zixhobo kwahlukeneyo.

Imithetho yeWisconsin ibizwa ngokuba yimithetho. Amazwe adla ngokukhetha igama elinye, kodwa "umthetho" kunye "umthetho" maxa wambi usetyenziswa ngokulinganayo. Olu mahluko kumagama ungadala ukudideka, iyenze ibeluleka ukuyiqonda amagama akhethekileyo asetyenziswayo kwimo nganye.

Umthetho wolawulo wasekuhlaleni

Imithetho yephondo, isixeko, idolophu, kunye nedolophana igunyaziswe ngemithetho yorhulumente kunye nomgaqo-siseko kwaye isenokuthathwa njengohlobo lomthetho wolawulo. Njengamaphondo angama-50, ubalo noomasipala basebenza ngamasebe kunye namasebe afana namaqumrhu. Amasebe oluntu anokulawula ukwakhiwa, imigaqo yokwakha, impilo nokhuseleko, imicimbi yezoshishino, neminye imicimbi emininzi echaphazela uluntu.

Amanye amasebe karhulumente wasekuhlaleni anemithetho yemigaqo kunye negunya lokukhupha imvume – umzekelo, uMlwaukee unekhomishini yezomsebenzi kamasipala yezoxanduva zemisebenzi. Umthetho wolawulo lwasekuhlaleni unokubaluleka ngokukhethekileyo kumashishini nabantu, njengoko imimiselo yasekuhlaleni idla ngokuchaphazela ukusetyenziswa kwempahla, imisebenzi yezoshishino, kunye nemisebenzi yemihla ngemihla.

Ucelomngeni Nempikiswano Ezikhoyo Kumthetho Olawulayo

Umthetho wolawulo uyaqhubeka uguquka ngenxa yokutshintsha kweemeko zobupolitika, zezoqoqosho nezentlalo. Iingxoxo eziliqela eziqhubekayo zibumba indlela yexesha elizayo yolawulo.

Umlinganiselo Wegunya Le-arhente

Iingxoxo eziphathelele ukuba iBhunga elinegunya elingakanani elinokuphathiswa abameli, nendlela abameli abanokuwachaza ngayo ngokuphandle amagunya abo asemthethweni, abanokuhlala besemgangathweni kumthetho wolawulo. Isebe eligwebayo lorhulumente (iNkundla Ephakamileyo) yase-United States likwanendima elinayo. Licelwa ukuba ligqibe xa amaqumrhu alawulayo egqitha imida yawo kwaye izenzo zawo zifuna ukuba agunyazwe ngumthetho.

Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zakutshanje ziye zabonisa ukuthandabuza okukhulayo kwiingqikelelo ezibanzi zamagunya esebe, ingakumbi xa amaqumrhu athi anamandla okuphendula imibuzo emikhulu ngaphandle kogunyaziso olucacileyo lwequmrhu. Le "imfundiso yemibuzo" ifuna ugunyaziso olucacileyo lwemigaqo-nkqubo yemisebenzi yoqoqosho nentsingiselo enkulu yezobupolitika, enokuthi ithintele ukuguquka kwemibutho ukucombulula iingxaki ezivelayo.

Utshintsho Olunyanzelisayo Nokwaneliseka

Inkxalabo ngemithwalo elawulayo kumashishini nakwizoqoqosho iye yakhokelela kwimigudu eqhubekayo yokulungisa inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko. Le migudu iquka iimfuno zokuhlalutya iindleko neengenelo zemimiselo, ukuqwalasela imimiselo ekhoyo yokususa okanye ukuhlaziya, kunye neenkqubo zokuvumela ukuphuma komsinga. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi ezo nguqulelo zinciphisa iindleko ezingeyomfuneko zenkcitho yezoqoqosho zize zikhuthaze ukwanda kwezoqoqosho, ngoxa abahlalutyi bexhalabisa ukuba zingaphazamisa impilo ebalulekileyo, ukhuseleko, kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume.

Ingxamiseko inikwa ubhetyebhetye ukuze isuke kwindawo ebezimiselwe ngaphambili ngokutshintsha okanye ngokutshintsha imithetho okanye ezinye izindululo zombutho. Oku kuguquka kuvumela abameli ukuba balungelelanise iimeko ezitshintshayo kunye nezinto eziphambili zolawulo olutsha, kodwa kwakhona kungadala ukungaqiniseki kwamaqela alawulwayo kwaye kuphakamise imibuzo ngozinzo lwenkqubo yomthetho.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye noLawulo lwale mihla

Utshintsho lobugcisa obukhawulezileyo lunika amathuba kunye nocelomngeni lomthetho wolawulo. Amaqonga amanani aphucule ukuthabatha inxaxheba koluntu ekuqulunqeni ulawulo aphucula nokufikelela kulwazi olunemigaqo-nkqubo. Noko ke, amaqumrhu azama ukulawula ubugcisa obuvelayo obufana nobungeyoyamvelo, ubukrelekrele obungaqondakaliyo, kunye nobugcisa bebhayoloji esebenzisa i-stitutery systems ezisenokuba azilindelenga ezi nkqubela-phambili.

Imibuzo ephathelele indlela yokusebenzisa imithetho ekhoyo kubugcisa obutsha, enoba kufuneka ukulungelelanisa iindlela ezintsha zokulawula, nendlela yokulungelelanisa izinto ezintsha nokukhusela izilangazelelo zikawonke wonke iya kuqhubeka ivavanya amaqumrhu neenkundla kwiminyaka ezayo.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika Nenkululeko YeAmperican

Ukukhula kolawulo lwezopolitiko kuye kwachaphazela ukwanda kolawulo, maxa wambi abameli besiba zindawo zokulwa iimfazwe ezilwa nabahlaseli. Ukutshintshwa kolawulo loomongameli kungakhokelela ekutshintsheni okuphawulekayo kwimigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo, kudala iingxaki zokungaqiniseki nokuthobela. Ingxoxo malunga nomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wokuzimela imibutho ekulawuleni kwezobupolitika, nokuba ngaba abameli bafanele bathabathe inxaxheba ngakumbi ekunyulweni kwamagosa okanye ukukhuselwa kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika, ingalungiswa.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo: Isizathu Sokuba Kube Nemibandela Engomthetho Olawulwayo

Ukuqonda umthetho wolawulo kubalulekile kubantu abahlukahlukeneyo abakwimeko entle. Inkqubo yokulawula ichaphazela amashishini, umntu ngamnye, amaqela olawulo namagosa karhulumente ngeendlela ezininzi.

ISebe lijongene nokubonelela

Amashishini kufuneka aqonde iimfuno zolawulo ezisebenza kwimisebenzi yawo aze ahlale esazisiwe ngeenguqu ezicetyiweyo. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yomthetho kuvumela amashishini ukuba anike igalelo kwimigaqo eza kubachaphazela, enokuthi iphembelele imithetho yokugqibela ukuba isebenze kakhulu okanye ingabi nzima kakhulu. Ukudityaniswa kwemigaqo akuyonto ingeyonto ikhethelwayo, ingaphumela kwisohlwayo esibalulekileyo, ukukhutshwa kwephepha-mvume, okanye kwanetyala lezaphuli-mthetho.

Ukuqonda umthetho wolawulo kunceda amashishini akwazi amalungelo awo xa eqhubana namaqumrhu. Iinkampani zingakucell ’ umngeni izenzo ezikhoyo akholelwa ukuba azikho mthethweni, zicele inkcazelo ngeFOIA, kwaye zithathe inxaxheba ekuchotshelweni kwezolawulo xa kusenziwa imigaqo-mthetho. Isiluleko somthetho onamava ekwalawulweni kolawulo sinokubanceda amashishini ajonge iimfuno zolawulo kwaye azimele kwiinkqubano namaqumrhu.

Kumaqela Abantu Ngabodwa Nawamagunya Obuhlanga

Abantu bayangenelwa ekukhuseleni ngendlela ezininzi, ekutyeni nasekusebenziseni iziyobisi, ekucoceni umoya namanzi ukuya kwiimarike zemali ezifanelekileyo. Ukuqonda indlela abameli abanceda ngayo abemi ukuba baphumeze imigaqo ecwangcisiweyo, enoba kukunikela amagqabaza ngemithetho ecetyiweyo, ukucela inkcazelo, okanye ukukhuthaza imimiselo eyomeleleyo okanye eyahlukileyo.

Amaqela olawulo afeza indima ebalulekileyo kumthetho wolawulo, amela izilangazelelo zikawonke-wonke ekuqulunqeni ulawulo, ukugada imibutho, ukuzisa imingeni engokwasemthethweni kwizenzo ezingafanelekanga okanye ezingekho mthethweni, kunye nokufundisa uluntu ngemibandela yomthetho. Uninzi lweenkuselo ezibalulekileyo zikho ngenxa yokuba amaqela olawulo akhuthaza amaziko ukuba enze okanye avavanye ukungaphumeleli kwenkundla.

Kumagcisa Asemthethweni

Umthetho wolawulo umela ummandla ophambili woqheliselo lomthetho. Abalawuli bacebisa abaxhasi ngokuthobela umthetho, bamele iinkundla zokunyanzelisa nokuchophela amatyala, ukuvavanya okanye ukukhusela imithetho yesebe enkundleni, kwaye banceda abaxhasi babe nenxaxheba ekumiseleni iinkqubo zolawulo. Ukuqonda umthetho wolawulo kubalulekile kumagqwetha aqhelisela imimandla enjengeyomthetho wemekobume, inkxalabo yempilo, imithetho yemali, ukunxibelelana, amandla, ukusebenza, nokusebenza, nezinye ezininzi.

Amagqwetha karhulumente asebenzela abameli kufuneka awuqonde umthetho wolawulo ukuqinisekisa ukuba abameli bawo benza ngokusemthethweni kwaye banokuzikhusela izenzo zabo enkundleni. Oku kuquka ukuqinisekisa ukuba zihambelana neenkqubo ze-APA, ukuphuhlisa ukuchazwa ngokusemthethweni kwemimiselo, nokwakha iingxelo ezingqongqo zolawulo ukuxhasa izigqibo zoorhulumente.

Oovimba Bokufunda Okungakumbi

Kubo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngomthetho wolawulo nangamaziko alawulayo, kukho ubuncwane obuninzi:

Imithombo karhulumente esemthethweni

• Imithetho ecwangcisiweyo. Icala elisembindini lokufumana nokugqabaza ngemithetho ecetyisiweyo yorhulumente
• Register ebhaliswe ngokusemthethweni: Impapasho esemthethweni yemihla ngemihla yemisebenzi yolungiselelo lwezwe lorhulumente, efumanekayo ku iFederalRegister.gov
• Ikhodi yeMithetho yoManyano: Ingqokelela ecwangcisiweyo yemimiselo karhulumente, efumaneka nge-ofisi yoPhuhliso yoRhulumente
• USA.gov: Isikhokelo esibanzi kumaqumrhu kazwelonke nemisebenzi yawo
• Ingqungquthela yoLawulo yaseUnited States:[ Umbutho ozimeleyo ofunda iinkqubo zolawulo nokuncomela uphuhliso

Oovimba Bemfundo Nabezomthetho

• [[UMTLL: 0] Iqumrhu loLwazi loMgaqo-siseko: Linikela unikezelo olukhululekileyo kwi-APA, imimiselo, kunye nezixhobo ezichazayo kwi .Cornell.edu[
• amathala eencwadi emfundo engekho mthethweni: Izikolo ezininzi zomthetho zigcina izikhokelo zophando kwi-intanethi kumthetho wolawulo
• Iincwadi zenkcazo nezolwazi: iincwadi eziziNcedo zomthetho wolawulo zinikela ngohlalutyo olunzulu lweemfundiso zomthetho kunye neenkqubo
• I-webhsayithi yoluvo lomntu ngamnye ii-website zombutho ngamnye zinika ulwazi malunga neenkonzo, imimiselo, imisebenzi yonyanzelo, namathuba okuba nenxaxheba kuwonke-wonke

& Ithumela

Umthetho wolawulo usoloko uguquka ngemithetho emitsha, izigqibo zenkundla, kunye neenguqu zowiso-mthetho. Ukuhlala unolwazi kufuna ukujongwa kwemithombo enxulumene nezo zinto:

• Izaziso zoMsebenzi weNkqubo
• Izigqibo zenkundla eziqwalasela izenzo zomasebe, ingakumbi izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kwimiba yomthetho wolawulo
• Iinkundla zemicimbi nemithetho echaphazela imibutho
• Imithombo yeendaba esemthethweni neempapasho ezikhethekileyo ezibandakanya inkqubela-phambili
• Ijenali ye-Arhente, uluhlu lwe-imeyili neengxelo zencoko yababini

Isiphelo

Inkqubo engokwasemthethweni esemva kolawulo olusemthethweni imela ulungiselelo oluntsonkothileyo kodwa oluyimfuneko kulawulo lwale mihla. Amasebe omanyano angamalungiselelo entlangano enziwe yiBhunga ukuze aphumeze umthetho kunye nenkqubo. Inkqutyana zinika imithetho nesikhokelo esineenkcukacha ezifunekayo ukuze kucaciswe kwaye kuphunyezwe ngokufanelekileyo imimiselo. Ngokusebenzisa abathunywa begunya abasuka kwiBhunga, amaqumrhu asebenzisa amandla okukhuphisa ngokwenziwa kolawulo kunye nokubekwa kwemiqathango ngokwenziwa kwemithetho kunye nomthetho, lonke elo xesha ahlala ephantsi kolawulo oluninzi kunye nokuziphendulela.

UMthetho woLawulo lweProcedia kunye nemimiselo enxulumene nawo umisela iinkqubo ezilungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukubonakala, ukuthathi-nxaxheba kukawonke-wonke, kunye nokusesikweni kwimibutho. Uhlolo lwejaji lunika uvavanyo oluchaphazelekayo kwigunya lesebe, luqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu asebenze ngokwegunya lawo lomthetho alandele iinkqubo ezifunekayo. Ulawulo lobuKhomishinala, ulawulo lomongameli, uphando-wonke womhloli, kunye nophando lukawonke-wonke kwiFOIA nezinye iinkqubo ezibonisa ukubonakala kolwazi lwembali zidala ulwandiso oluthelekelelekileyo.

Ukuqonda esi siseko somthetho kunceda kucacise indlela abameli bomthetho abasebenza ngayo, indlela abafumana ngayo baze basebenzise igunya labo, nendlela abasebenzi abahlukeneyo abanokuba nenxaxheba ngayo kwiinkqubo zolawulo baze baphembelele. Nokuba ungumnini-shishini oqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa, ummi oxhalatyelwe yinkqubo karhulumente, ummeli ofuna ukhuseleko olunamandla, okanye abathengisi abaqeqeshiweyo, ulwazi lomthetho wokulawula lunezixhobo eziyimfuneko zokubophelela inkqubo yolawulo.

Njengokuba imingeni yolawulo iguquka ngotshintsho lobugcisa, inkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho, kunye nokutshintsha kwezinto eziza kuqala kwezobupolitika, umthetho wolawulo uza kuqhubeka ukulungelelanisa. Iziganeko zakutshanje ezifana nokubhukuqwa komthetho weChevron nomva kubonisa ukuba iinkalo ezisisiseko zolawulo zihlala ziphantsi kovavanyo oluphindiweyo nokutshintsha. Ukuhlala wazile ngezi ziphuhliso nokuqonda imigaqo esisiseko yomthetho wolawulo kuya kuhlala kubalulekile kuye nabani na ochaphazelekayo okanye onomdla kulawulo olulawulayo.

Imeko yomthetho elawula ulawulo, ngelinye ixesha, ichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi banamhlanje, ukusuka ekukhuselekeni kokutya ukusa ekucocekeni komoya esiwuphefumlayo, ukusuka kukhuseleko lorhwebo lwethu lwemali ukuya kumgangatho othe ngqo wemisebenzi yethu. Inkqubo esemthethweni elawula ulawulo lweziko lolawulo, ngoxa kusemgangathweni, ekugqibeleni, isebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuba eli gunya likhulu likarhulumente lisetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni, ngokucace gca, nangokungafihlisiyo. Ngokuqonda indlela le nkqubo esebenza ngayo, abemi banokuba nenxaxheba elungelweni lolawulo lwedemokhrasi baze bagcine urhulumente wabo ulawulo lomthetho.