Iinkqubo ze-Electoral ziyimithetho esisiseko elawula indlela ibutho eliguqula ngayo amavoti alodwa kwigunya lezobupolitika elidibeneyo. Ukukhethwa kwenkqubo ethile i— i-Rebit-Past-Post, inkqubo yeMixosho-Round Majoritarianism, okanye uhlobo lwenkqubo yePropotional Umelo-— iphembelela inkqubo yeqela, impembelelo ukuziphatha kovota, kwaye igqiba ukuba ngawaphi amalizwi anyuselwe kwiiholo zamandla. Ukusuka ekubeni yinkcubeko yobuchule, ukuyila inkqubo yesixokelelwano sombane enzima yezopoliti yezopoliti yemeko zingu, yisigqibo esinzulu seziphumo ezinzulu zemithetho-demokhrasi, ukuzinzisa kwentlalo-ntlalo-ntle, kunye nomgangatho wolawulo lwezolawulo lwezolawulo-demokhrasi. Ukuqonda ii-makhiwotshini kunye nolawulo-okhensi lwezolongo-mthetho lwezolongo-okrase.

Imigaqo Esisiseko Yokunganyaniseki

Phambi kokuthelekisa iinkqubo, kuyimfuneko ukumisela imilinganiselo apho kugwetywa khona "ububele". Isimilo asiyongcamango yohlobo olunye; iquka amaxabiso amaninzi ahlukeneyo, kwaye asoloko ekhuphisana. Inkqubo ethathwa njengenobulungisa ngokungaqhelekanga kumongo omnye ingangaphelelanga ngokunzulu kwenye kuxhomekeke apho imigaqo ibekwe khona.

Umelo

Inkqubo elungileyo kufuneka iguqulele ukhetho lwabanyuli kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ebonakalisa uluvo lwamatyala ahlukeneyo. Oku kuquka ukumela kobume belizwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kunye nomelo olulungelelanisiweyo lweengcamango zobupolitika. Abameli abaphezulu baqinisekisa ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ingumsebenzi wesizwe.

Ukuphendula nokuchaza ukhetho

Izixhobo zokuchonga kufuneka zikwazi ukuchaza ngokucacileyo ukuba liliphi iqela okanye umvotelwa onoxanduva lwezenzo zikarhulumente kwaye zikwazi ukuzisusa kwiofisi ngenkqubo yonyulo. Iinkqubo ezixhasa urhulumente onamandla, oneqela elinye zifumana inqaku eliphezulu ekuphenduleni ngqo, njengoko iqela elilawulayo lingenakukwazi ukunikezela ityala kumaqabane ahlangeneyo.

Ubuchule Nokungaguquguquki Kolawulo

Inkqubo kufuneka ikwazi ukuvelisa urhulumente onokulawula ngokunempumelelo. Ukwahlukana okugqithisileyo kwendlu yowiso-mthetho okanye izihlomelo ezigqwethekileyo zokubopha imigca enqamlezayo zingakuphelisa ukufaneleka kwayo yonke inkqubo yedemokhrasi. Inkqubo emela kakhulu kodwa ekhokelela ekuweni okuzingisileyo kukarhulumente ekugqibeleni iyawusilela uluntu ekumele ukuba lusebenze.

Ukungadibani nokusebenza

Inkqubo elungileyo ikhuthaza ukuba nenxaxheba ebanzi kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba onke amalungu abalulekileyo ebutho labantu avakalelwa ukuba anesithintelo kwinkqubo yezobupolitika. Iinkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo ezizikhuphisa iimbono ezincinci okanye "zingaboleki" inani elikhulu leevoti ngokuzenza zingabalulekanga kwisiphumo soluntu zingaphelisa ukuthembana noxinezeleko.

Le migaqo ikwimeko engaguquguqukiyo. Ukungamela kusoloko kukhokelela ekucuthekeni koxanduva kunye nokulawula, kwaye inkqubo ephikisanayo. Indlela "yokulawula" yelizwe elinikiweyo ixhomekeke kuluphi uxanduva lwala maxabiso olubeka phambili kakhulu, ukhetho ekufuneka lwenziwe ngokwalo ngenkqubo esemthethweni yedemokhrasi.

Iinkqubo zobuMasipala kunye neenkqubo

Le nkqubo iphawulwa ngamalungu ephondo elinye kunye nobuchule bokufumana impumelelo. Ingcamango engundoqo kukuvelisa uphumelele okucacileyo nokomeleleyo, uqhagamshelwano oluthe ngqo phakathi kobuchule obuthile belizwe kunye nomelo lwalo. Ngelixesha zicacile, ezi nkqubo zithwele izikhankanyi ezibhalwe kakuhle zorhwebo.

Udidi lweposi

I-FPTP yinkqubo elula yokukhetha: umvoti onento eninzi yokuvota kwingingqi ephumelelayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphumeza intabalala epheleleyo. Iingenelo zabo zokuqala zilula, isantya seziphumo, kunye noqhagamshelwano olunamandla oluyibangelayo. Ikwakheka ukuvelisa urhulumente omnye, osoloko ejongene nonyulo oluphezulu nolunamandla lwesenzo esipheleleyo. Noko ke, iFTPP isoloko igxekwa ngokungabi namali ngenani layo elifanelekileyo. Iqela lingafumana izihlalo ezininzi ngevoti encinane yesizwe, intele yomthetho esoloko ibonwa [[FLTLD:0] unyulo loBukumkani obumanyeneyo [[FLTLT:1].

Inkqubo enemibhobho emibini (TRS)

Kwindlela yesibini yeRound, esetyenziswa kunyulo lomongameli eFransi nase Brazil, umvotelwa kufuneka awine unyuko olupheleleyo (ngaphezulu kwama-50%) ukuze aphumelele kumhla wokuqala. Ukuba akukho mqobo ufikelela kulo mqobo, umjikelo wesibini ubanjwa phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba abaphezulu. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba umphumezi wesiphelo ufumana inkxaso enkulu. Noko ke, kusenokuba nexabiso ukunikezela ngonyulo kabini, kunye nengxoxo ephakathi ibandakanya ulwando olusemva olunokufaka ukonakalisa abatshayicima abatsha. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba umjikelezo wesibini awulwakhi kakhulu njengoko inyanzelela ukhetho oluphindiweyo olungabonisi umahluko ozakuba noluvo lwabaluvo lwabavoti.

Rhoice Voing (RCV) / Runoff Voting yangoko (IRV)

I-RCV ivumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe abathathi-nxaxheba ngokukhetha. Ukuba akukho mvoteki ufumana uninzi lwevoti yokuqala ethandwayo, obezakuba ubhaptizo lokugqibela luphelisiwe, kwaye amavoti abo asasazwa kukhetho olulandelayo oluboniswe kwibhola nganye. Le nkqubo iphinda-phindwa de umvuzo omkhulu uphumeze. Abaxhasi bayiphikisayo bayiphelisa i "isiphumo solwakhiwo-mbutho," ikhuthaza ukuvunywa kwesivumelwano, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba umnqolobi unesibheno ebanzi. [uct:0] uFairvote[ unika uhlaluzo olubanzi lweRCV olusetyenziswayo ngaphaya kweUnited States. Abagxeki, ngoko, babonisa ukuntluphala okuninzi kobalo kunye nokuhlolwa kwento eninzi lwevotieproces, ukunyuka kwemi, ukubonakala okuqhelekileyo.

Iinkqubo zomelo lweprojekthi

Iinkqubo zePropotigal directory (PR) zenzelwe ngokucacileyo ukulingana nepesenti yeevoti ezifunyenwe liqela ngepesenti yezihlalo eziphumelela kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Ziinkqubo ezilawulayo ezisetyenziswa kwidemokhrasi yale mihla, ingakumbi kulo lonke elaseYurophu naseLatin America, kwaye zisoloko zithandwa ngenxa yeqondo lazo eliphezulu lomelo.

Umelo loluhlu

Kuluhlu lwePR, abavoti jikelele bevoti yoluhlu lweqela. Iinqanawa zabelwa amaqela asekelwe kwisabelo sazo sovoti, kwaye abatshayeli bakhethwa kuluhlu lweqela. Ulungiso loLuhlu PR luxhomekeke kakhulu kwifomu ekhethekileyo esetyenzisiweyo (umz., D'Hondt, iSaint-Laguë) nobukhulu besithili (inani lezihlalo kwisithili ngasinye). Imimandla emikhulu idla ngokuvelisa iziphumo ezithe ngqo. Ubukho bomda osemthethweni, njengomda osisigxilo olufana nowesihlanu eJamani, luyilwa ngabomkhethelo owendalo ukunqanda ukwanda kwabancinane, amaqela angenamsebenzi ophambili kunye nokukhuthaza ukusebenza kakuhle. Ngelixa udweliso lwe-PR luphumelela kakhulu ekumeleni nasekulahleni, lungenza buthathaka unxulumano oluthe ngqo phakathi kommeli kunye nolawulo oluthe ngqo, ngokukodwa oluvalelweyo, oluthe ngqo kwimiqatha lwendlela apho lungenayo. [UlFT.] oluthenethi oluthensience .[0]

Ijelo elinye elidluliselweyo (STV)

I-STV yinkqubo ekhethekayo esetyenziswa kwimimandla emininzi, njengakwiRiphabliki yase-Ireland naseMalta. Iivoters zijongene nabathathi-nxaxheba abakwisikhundla esiphezulu, kunye ne "Droopquotiotio" ibalelwa ukugqiba umqobo wokuphumelela isihlalo. Iivoti ezisuka kubachongi abaphumeleleyo kunye nezivotisweyo ezisusiweyo zithe zahlukahluka ngokweenjongo ezilandelayo. I-STV idibanisa ubuchule bokulungelelatha-gosa-ku-kujoliseka kwe-PR kunye noqwalaselo lwentlalo-mntluko enye. Iphumeza umelo olubalaseleyo lomelo kwaye inika uvotitshala olubalulekileyo kwicandelo elinye.

Iinkqubo ze-electoral ezixutyiweyo

Iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo zizama ukudibanisa umelo lwePR kunye nokuphendulana kwendlela ezisetyenziswayo kwimiba emininzi. Zilukhetho oluxhaphakileyo kumazwe afuna inkqubo entsha yokukhetha okanye afune ulalanisa phakathi kotshintsho olukhulu nogcino lwesithethe.

Ipropoti yorhwebo exutyiweyo

KuMMP, njengoko kusetyenziswa eJamani nase New Zealand, abavoti bafaka iivoti ezimbini: enye yabameli basekuhlaleni (ngokufuthi igqitywe yi-FPTP) kunye nenye kuluhlu lweqela. Izihlalo zoluhlu lweqela zabelwa phezulu [[ izihlalo ze-FP], ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwabeko lwendlu yowiso-mthetho lubonisa ulwabeko lwe-voti yeqela. I-MMP inconywa ngokubanziswa kakhulu ngenxa yamandla ayo okuvelisa iziphumo ezithe kratya ngexesha elinzima logcino umelo lwasekuhlaleni. iNewctal Commarket [[FLD [FLD:3] inika ingcaciso ecacileyo yendlela esebenzayo ye-MMP. I-MMP iquka ukuntlumba-ompatho yemigxeshi yemi (entu eninzi yeminye indawo ephakathi kweminye indawo yolwanonganiso).

Idityanisiwe- Member Majoritarian (MMM) / Ukujijwa kwesandi esinxulunyaniswayo

Ngokungafaniyo ne-MMP, inkqubo enxulumanisiweyo ayiyiyo [[FLT: 0]] ihlawulela ukungazinzi kwezihlalo zasekuhlaleni. Izihlalo kunye nezihlalo zoluhlu lweqela zibalwa kwaye zabelwa ngokwahlukileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba iqela elifumana izabelo ezilinganayo zezihlalo zasekuhlaleni ezibambeneyo. Iinkqubo ezifana nezi zisetyenziswa eJapan, eMexico, naseMzantsi Korea. Ngexa zinokuqondwa lula kune-MMP, iinkqubo zeMM zisoloko zingenamdibaniso olupheleleyo kune-PR okanye MMP, kwaye zingenza iziqhubo ezigqwethayo ezigqwethayo ukuze zilawule izintlukwano okanye uludwe ngaphandle koluhlu lwe-complate shorts ezichaza i-MMP.

Uphando Lomzekelo kuTshintsho Lwenkqubo

Ukuhlolisisa iinguqulelo zehlabathi lokwenene phakathi kwenkqubo zonyulo kunika ingqiqo ecacileyo kwiziphumo zazo ezisebenzayo kunye neempembelelo zezobupolitika ezilawula ezo nguqulelo zingundoqo.

INew Zealand (FPP ukuya kwiMMP):[[FTP:1] Ngonyaka we-1993, iNew Zealand yashiya inkqubo yayo ende ye-FPTPP ilandela itempendium ezimbini eziqhutywa luluntu lunganeliseki "ulawulo lolawulo olulawulayo" lwamaqumrhu ahlukeneyo. Ukushicilelwa ngendlela engaqhelekanga kwaguqula inkqubo yeqela, ikhokelela kumaxesha amade eqela kunye noorhulumente abambalwa. Ngelixa abanye begxeka iziphumo ezicingelwayo, abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba MMP inyanzelele ukuvumelana-kwakhiwa okukhulu, yenza inkqubo karhulumente ibonise ngakumbi ulwando lwamaqela ahlukeneyo oluntu, kunye nolwandiso lwemimelo.

I-Italiya isebenzisa uvavanyo: i-Itali ifake phakathi kwesixokelelwano se-PR esicocekileyo kunye nelungu elidityanisiweyo (Porcellum ne Rosatellim). Uhambo lwayo lubalaselisa indlela olufana ngayo uhlobo lwenkqubo yonyulo lungasebenza ngokwahlukileyo kuxhomekeka kwimo yeqela elikhoyo kunye nempucuko yezobupolitika. Ukusuka kumgangatho opheleleyo wePR ukuya kwinkqubo engundoqo yenkqubo ye-PR ekwiminyaka yo-1990 yayinenjongo yokwakha inkqubo ye-bipolate yomnye weqela kwaye icuthe ucando, kodwa iziphumo zayo zabucala obukhoyo kunye nemisebenzi yengingqi.

I-Depages eUnited Kingdom nase Canada: Omabini amazwe aye abona intshukumo ezixhasiweyo ezikhuthaza ukufuduka kwiFPTP. I-UK yaba ne-restendium yesizwe kwiVote Engenamsebenzi ngo-20, eyalahlwayo. iKhanada yeLiberal Parti ithenjiswe ukwenza unyulo lokugqibela lwamazwe phantsi kwe-FPTP kodwa ekugqibeleni yashiya inyathelo lokuqala, ikhankanya ukunqongophala kokungavumelani. Le ngxoxo igxininisa indlela ezithi zona ngokwazo, umngcipheko kawonke-owonke, nokungahoywa kwe "incopho" olucacileyo lusoloko luvalela utshintsho olukhulu lwenkqubo, naxa inkqubo ekhoyo isaziwa ngokubanzi.

Ukucima iNgxelo yoMhle:

Ukunyusela okusesikweni konyulo kufuna ukushukuma ngapha kokokuba nethuku elilula nokusebenzisa imilinganiso engqongqo. Ezi zixhobo zivumela ukuthelekisa ngendlela eyahlukileyo nxamnye nemigaqo esisiseko echazwe ngaphambili.

Isalathiso SeGalgagher (Ukwandiswa Kwezinto)

Umlinganiselo wemfundo owamkelekileyo kakhulu wokwethula i-Gallaghher Index, eyaziwa njenge "zikwere zempuma." Ibala ukungavisisani okukhoyo phakathi kwepesenti yevoti kunye nepesenti yayo yezihlalo. Inqaku elisezantsi leGalaghher libonisa umahluko, uguqulelo oluthe vela oluninzi lwezihlalo. Iinkqubo ezifana nezikwenzileyo zase Netherlands nase South Africa zifumana izalathiso ezisezantsi kakhulu (ububanzi 2), ngexesha isixokelelwano seFPTPP esifana ne UK neK ne Canada zisoloko ziveza ukugqwethwa kwazo okuqhelekileyo. [[FLT:] Protesfeortary Galpaster's data[FFFFF1]

Inani Elinempumelelo Lemibhiyozo (ENP)

Le metric, eyaveliswa nguLaakso kunye ne Taagepera, inkqubo yemilinganiselo yokwahlulwa kwemiqathango. Iinkqubo ze-Electoral ziyilolonga kakuhle i-ENP. I-Muverger's Law posits ezithi i-FPP ikhangeleke ivelise icandelo lenkqubo eliziinxenye ezimbini (ENP ~2), ngexesha iPR idla ngokuvumela iinkqubo ezininzi (ENP >3. 5). Akukho mvelaphi epheleleyo "fair" ENEMP; kunoko, okusesikweni kuboniswa ngokuchanekileyo nokuba i-INP i-entangs esezantsi yovolo ngaphandle kokwenza umvolo ungasebenzi. Inkqubo elawula i-ENP isenokucinelvaves zokwenene zezobupolitika.

Urhwebo Olungenakuphenjelelwa

Urhwebo-lukhulu olusuka kwinkqubo yokukhetha ludla ngokuthetha oorhulumente abasebenzisanayo, apho abavoti bengenakwazi ukuba ngowuphi umnqophiso oza kwenziwa. Ukuphendula okuphezulu (ooorhulumente abangoorhulumente abaphezulu) kudla ngokuvela ngexabiso eliphezulu, apho uninzi lwevoti "lungafakwa" kubaququququzeleli abaphulukani namaqela. Inkqubo elungileyo yenene ingomnye oza kuvuma ngokukhululekileyo lorhwebo nokhetho olukhoyo lwe-demokhrasi.

Isiphelo

Akukho "mkhethe" wenkqubo yabanyulwa enokuthi isetyenziswe emhlabeni wonke. Ingxoxo ngokutshayelwa kokhetho yimpikiswano esisiseko ethetha ngexabiso ledemokhrasi elithandwa kakhulu libutho labantu. Inkqubo evelisa ulawulo oluqinileyo, olunetyala loorhulumente isesikweni, ngelixa inkqubo eqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu abambalwa bafumana ilizwi elifanelekileyo kwenye ipalamente kwenye. Inkqubo yenkqubo ye-Electoralism ayiyobuchule nje kuphela; yindlela engundoqo yokubonakalisa amaxabiso esizwe. Indlela ekhoyo phakathi kwendlela yezobupolitika ekhulisa ulwahlulo, nento ebangela ukuphakama kwetyala phakathi kolawulo lomfanekiso wayo. I-gxampyumet ayisebenzi nje kwindlela yokhetho ekhoyo ye-FP ekhoyo. I-gcontenton ekhoyo, kodwa isebenza ngendlela engenakusuka nje ekubonelweni kwendlela yokhetho oluqhelekileyo, kodwa isebenza kwindlela esetyenziswa ngabantu abaqhelekileyo. Le nkqubo ilungele ukuqondwa ngokungqinelana koluvo oluqhelekileyo, inxulumene nezithethe zezobupolitika, kunye nemithetho esetyenziswayonke esetyenziswayo, esetyenziswayo nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na