Iinkqubo zokhetho olungundoqo, ezifana neyokuqala-phambili yomthetho (FPTP), ziphakathi kwezona ndlela zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekuguquleni amavoti kwizihlalo zowiso-mthetho. Isibheno sawo silele kulula kwaye utyekelo lokuvelisa iziphumo ezigqibekileyo zecandelo elinye lorhulumente. Kodwa oku kuzisa uxinzelelo olunzulu: indlela ezi nkqubo zokuphatha ngayo ukuvota ngokulandelelana okanye ukungabi naluncedo kwimimandla yasemaphandleni nakwizixeko. Ukuqonda le mpembelelo kubalulekile ekuququlunqeni impilo yedemokhrasi yalo-demokhrasi kulo naluphi na uhlanga oluxhomekeke kwimithetho emikhulu.

Ubuchule Benkqubo Yezorhwebo

Phakathi, izihlalo eziphambili, ezizizihlalo ezibekwayo kubavoti abafumana olona khetho luninzi kwisithili esinikiweyo. Kwindawo ecocekileyo iFPTP, umlandeli onesininzi (enokuba ungaphantsi kwenkoliso) uhlalo. Olunye uguquko, njengendlela yokusebenza ezimbini ezingqukuva (i-runoff) okanye enye ivoti (indawo ejijekileyo), ifuna umqobo omkhulu, kodwa umgaqo wendawo uhleli: isithili ngasinye sikhetha ummeli omnye. Lo mnqolobi-i-ibamba zonke izingcikiso zenza uqhagamshelwano olunamandla phakathi komvoti nobulali babo, kodwa kwakhona iphakamisa impembelelo apho abavoti bephila khona.

Ubeko lwesakhiwo esingundoqo kukuba isithili ngasinye sifumana ukhuphiswano olupheleleyo. Phantsi kwe-FPTP, iqela eliphumelela ama-40% evoti kwi-100% yomelo lwesithili. Oku kukhokelela ekususeni ulawulo kwiqondo lesizwe. Umzekelo, kunyulo-lulonke lwama-201919 UK, iSizwana soMbutho waBathathi-nxaxheba sawina 56% yezihlalo nge 43% yevoti, ngelixa iLiberal Democrats iphumelele i-1.7.5% yezihlalo nge-11. Ukuvota okunjalo akuzenzeki ngokuzenzekelayo; ixhasa kwabo okuthengiswe kwingimendo. Urbani, ngokufuthi abaququququzeli abaninzi kwingi, bangabachola abameli abaninzi beqela kwiqela elinye, ngexa i-Fropota kufumana indawo yabo enkulu abavotiswe kuyo ukuba abahngenwe yindawo enkulu.

Iinkqubo zooMajonitarians zithanda ukwenza "inkoliso ye-Manufectured""--"liqela elinye eliphumelele izihlalo ezininzi ngaphandle kwevoti ezininzi. Oku kusoloko kubhiyozelwa ukuvelisa oorhulumente abazinzileyo, kodwa kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokumela loo rhulumente. Ingaba izilangazelelo zasemaphandleni kunye nezodolophu zivakala ngokulinganayo xa elinye iqela lithe lamiswa kwindlu yowiso-mthetho?

Ukungqubana Kwamakhaya Nxamnye Nezilangazelelo Zasezidolophini: Ukwahlukana Kwezakhiwo

Ukungavisisani kwemeko yezoqoqosho

Iingingqi zasemaphandleni nezezidolophi azikho nje kuphela kwiindawo ezikwindawo ethile; zimela isiseko ezahlukahlukeneyo zezoqoqosho, iinkalo zamanani, kunye nenkqubo efunekayo. Iingingqi zasemadolobheni zisoloko ziqulethe uqoqosho olungafaniyo, intabalala yabemi, kunye nemisebenzi emikhulu kunye nemimandla yokwenza. Zifuna utyalo-mali ekuthutheni abantu, ekufumaneni imali, ekusebenziseni izilwanyana, ekuguleni utyalo-nkqubo, nakwiinkonzo zamapolisa. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iindawo zasemaphandleni zixhomekeke kwezolimo, kwimithombo yendalo, kunye nophuhliso-emveliso encinane. Abahlalimzi badinga iindlela ezinokuthenjwa, i-Internalban, ingeniso, kunye nezixhobo zemfundo ezifumaneka kwiindawo zempilo ezithengingqingqi.

Olu mahluko udala izinto eziza kuqala ngokwendalo kwezobupolitika. Inkqubo yolawulo ephatha zonke izithili njengezilinganayo kubemi kodwa ityeshela ixabiso kunye nobume bexabiso lomelo ingaphantsi kwenkxalabo yasemaphandleni. Umzekelo, imimandla yasemaphandleni isoloko inkulu ngokwemo yelizwe, yenza inkonzo yonyanzelo ibe nexabiso elikhulu kwaye ifumane ixesha. Kodwa inkqubo yokukhetha ayikuhlawuleli oku; ihlawulisa isihlalo esinye kwisithili ngasinye.

IGama leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neMidlalo

Kwimimandla emininzi yezolawulo-lawulo-bume, imida yesithili iphinde idibane emva kokuba abantu bebala abantu iphinde ifumaneke emva kokuba belinganise ubungakanani babemi. Noko ke, inkqubo "yokukhuthaza" ingayekelela ngokwayo. Imimandla yasemaphandleni ingalahlekelwa zizihlalo njengoko abantu betshintshana namadolobha, kodwa isantya sokulahlekelwa sisenokuthatha ixesha elide, nto leyo ekhokelela ekulahlweni kwemimandla yasemaphandleni kwezinye iimeko (umz., iBhunga lase-US Camplate). Ngokuchasene noko, kwindlu esezantsi yabemi basemaphandleni, iindawo zasedolophini zingalawula ngokwenani elipheleleyo, kodwa ukuminyana kwevota kungavelisa ivoti epholileyo.

Le nto ingqinwa kakuhle kumazwe anjenge-United Kingdom, apho iLabour Party idla ngokufumana izihlalo zasedolophini ezinemida emikhulu, kwaye iConservative Party iqokelela uloyiso olumxinwa kumaphandle nakwizitulo ezisemaphandle. Ngo-2019, iLabour yafumana i-40% yezihlalo zayo ezikhuselekileyo kodwa i23% yezihlalo jikelele, ngoxa iConservativeves ifumene 50% yevoti kwizihlalo zayo ezikhuselekileyo kunye ne 56% yezihlalo ezipheleleyo. Usasazo lwelizwe lokuvota olunyuse iko lwasemaphandleni kunye nenkxaso yesixeko esithe qele.

Impembelelo kumelo lwasemaphandleni

Ilizwi Kumthetho

Kwinkqubo ezingundoqo, ukusetyenziswa kwamaphandle kungazifumana ngeendlela ezimbini: okokuqala, ukuba abavoti basemaphandleni basasazwa kwiindawo eziqengqelekeneyo, abathathi-nxaxheba abambalwa, abambalwa abaza kuphumelela. Okwesibini, kwanalapho abavoti basemaphandleni bedityaniswa khona, iqela labo lisenokuba linamandla kangangokuba bathathe izihlalo zabo bazenzekele, banciphisa izikhundla zokuthetha ngemibandela yasemaphandleni. Noko ke, kumazwe amaninzi, iindawo zasemaphandleni zibekwe phezu kwemimandla ekwilizwe lasemaphandleni ngenxa yokwahlulwa ngokwembali okanye ngokwendlela elungiselelwe (umz., iCandelo lase-US, iHowees, isithilithangalo ngasinye sinoluntu olulinganayo, kodwa i-onke abaphumeleleyo bathetha ukuba imimandla yasemaphandle okanye iiRiphabliki zingangangeniswa ngokupheleleyo ukuba iqela labo elincinane (umz. g. g. g.)

Abavoti basemaphandleni badla ngokuziva betyeshelwe ziinkqubo ezilawula abantu basemaphandleni ngenxa yokuba imibandela echaphazela bona − inkqubo yezolimo, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, ububanzi basemaphandleni , abekwenga phambili ngamaqela akwizigrobha. Iqela elifumana inkoliso yabantu abasuka kwizixeko nakwizitulo ezisemadolophini lisenokungakukhuthazi ukuphendula izinto ezixhalabisayo zasemaphandleni ngaphaya kokuvunyelwa okuncinane. E-UK, ukuvalwa kwee-postpolate, iindlela zoduladula, namasebe ebhanki libekwe icala kurhulumente obhekiselwa ekukhuleni kwedolo.

Ufundisiso Lomzekelo: IIndiya

IIndiya, i-Bharatiya Janata Parti yedemokhrasi enkulu ehlabathini, isebenzisa inkqubo yokuqala yeendawo zovota kwiLok Sabha. Imimandla yasemaphandleni ihlala malunga nama-65% abantu, kodwa ukumela kwayo akulinganisi negunya layo lokuvota. Ngo-2014 nango-2019, iBharatiya Janata Parti (BJP) yafumana izihlalo ezininzi ezinezihlalo ezikuvotayo ezimalunga no 37-38%. Inkxaso yeBJP inamandla kwibhantili yaseHindiya, equka omabini asemaphandleni kunye nezixeko, kodwa uloyilelo lwamazwe lwayo lwakhiwa kwizihlalo zasemaphandle emntla. Ngeli xesha, amaphandle kumazwe asezantsi njengeKerala okanye amaTamil uNau afumana iivoti zawo zininzi ukuba axhasa iqela elingazange liphumelele kwiphondo lwawo. Ingxelo zamazwe angaphandle zasemaphandleni athe athe athe athe athe athe anzima.

Impembelelo Kumelo lwasezidolophini

Ukunikela ingqalelo Nezinto Ezithandwayo

Imimandla yasedolophini isenokubonakala ingenelwa kwiinkqubo zolawulo olukhulu ngenxa yokuba ziqulathe ezona zikhulu zabemi. Kodwa ukuchongwa kweqela elithile kwisixeko kungabuya nomphumo. Abaxhasi beqela elithile basenokupakishwa kwinani elincinane lesithili, benika elo qela elikhulu kwizihlalo kodwa belibiza izihlalo eziphindiweyo kwezinye iindawo. Oku kungu "kuvota" isiphumo. KwiFPPP, ivoti yeqela eliphumeleleyo kwisihlalo esikhuselekileyo ifana nokulahlwa (ngendlela yesiphelo) njengevoti yeqela elilahlekileyo, ngenxa yokuba umda woloyiso ungayiguquleli kwezinye izihlalo. Njengomphumo, abavoti basedolobheni abaninzi ngenxa yesixeko sabo bangafumana impembelelo encinane kuneyo yevoti yevoti ye-vrator kwisihlalo sasemaphandleni sasemaphandleni sasemaphandleni.

Umelo lwasedolobheni lukwanengxaki "yokungathobeli kwenkoliso yabantu" kwisithili sasedolophini. Kwisithili esikhulu sasedolophini, iqela eliphumelela ngama-60% evoti lifuna lonke umelo lweso sithili, lishiya ama-40% engenalizwi. Oku kuyingozi ngakumbi kwiqela elincinane elinobuhlanga nolunobuhlanga elisenokwandiselwa kwimimandla yedolophana kodwa liselincinci kwisithili jikelele. I-Gerrymandering ingayikhupha lento, njengokuba ibonwa kwimimandla yeNdlundskowa yase-U.

Isifundo Setyala: EKhanada

Inkqubo yeFPTP yaseKhanada isoloko igxekwa ngolwahlulo lwayo lwasedolobheni. ILiberal Party idla ngokulawula kumaziko asedolobheni eToronto, Montreal, neVancouver, ngeli xesha iConservative Partive ifumana isiseko sayo kwimimandla yasemaphandleni nesedolophana. Kulonyulo lwama-20211, iLiberals yawina 33% yevoti no-4% yezihlalo, ngoxa ama-Conservative efumene 34% evoti kodwa ama-4% ezihlalo. Amagumbi asedolobheni avelisa iivoti ezinkulu ze-Conservatives kulawo zixeko. Umzekelo, kuTorontonto, umgangatho oMkhosi okhuphisotho wamashumi mane nangaphezulu uphumelele malunga nama-30% eepotimethi. Ngexesha nje, ama-Pirvs eevier anika i-Erv, kunye neevoties ezininzi ze-Rovoties.

Iinkqubo ze-Electoral: Umelo lweproportion kunye neenkqubo ezixutyiweyo

Umelo olufuna inkcazelo

Iinkqubo zePropotioneal memode (PR) zijolise ukulingana nepesenti yezihlalo kwipesenti yamavoti afunyenweyo. Kuluhlu lwe PR, abavoti bakhetha iqela kunokuba bangene, kwaye amaqela afumana izihlalo ngokulingana nesabelo sawo sovoti. Le nkqubo iphelisa iivoti kwaye inciphisa ukujolisa kwendlela yokuhlala yemibutho elawulayo. Iingingqi kunye neziqhubi zedolophu zimelwe ngamaqela axhasa ngokukhethekileyo, namaqela amancinane anjengamagxa ahlala ahlala ngaphandle kokufumana ubuninzi kuzo naziphi na isithili. Umzekelo, kumazwe ase Scandinavia asebenzisa iPR, amaqela asemaphandleni afana nombindi Wombindi Wodidi (Swe) okanye abantu baseDenmark bangamaqonga, abonakalisa izilangazelelo ezinkozwe zabo ezisuka kulo mazwe asemaphandleni.

Noko ke, iPR inemingeni yayo. Idla ngokukhokelela kurhulumente abasebenzisanayo, onokuthi ungazinzi. Isenokwenza buthathaka uqhagamshelwano phakathi kwabavoti nabameli, njengoko abavoti bengavoti abavoti abachongi abachongi abachongi abafikelele kulowo ubhaptizo. Ezinye iinkqubo zePR zinemiqobo (umz., 4-5% yevoti yesizwe) ukunqanda ukwahlukana, kodwa ezi zinokususa amaqela amancinane kakhulu.

Iprojekthi yelungu elixutyiweyo (MMP)

Iinkqubo ezixutyiweyo, ezifana ne-MMP yaseJamani okanye i-MMP yaseNew Zealand, zidibanisa umelo lwendawo nembuyekezo yolungelelwano. E-MMP, abavoti bavota izihlandlo ezibini: omnye kubavotisi kwisithili esinye (njenge-FPTPP) kunye nesinye soluhlu lwamaqela. Izihlalo zoluhlu zisetyenziselwa ukuphakamisa indlu yowiso-mthetho ukwenzela ukuba iziphumo zihambelane neqela. Oku kugcina ummeli wasekuhlaleni ngexa kuqinisekisa ulwahlulo olunye. ENew Zealand, ukwamkelwa kweMMP ngo- 1996 kwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukumeleka kwamaqela asemaphandleni (umz., iNew Zealand kuqulund, enesiseko esinamandla sasemaphandleni, kwaye ivumela izilangazelelo eziluhlaza ukuba zifumane izihlalo zazo ezingcono kwinkqubo yokuvota kunye nokuncitshiswa kwe-votice; ukurhoxakeka kweqela lemiba ehlawulwayo.

Iproponti yelungu lesibini (DMP) kunye nezinye izindululo

Ezinye iinkqubo ezixubeneyo, ezifana nezidibeneyo ezingamalungu amabini (ezisetyenziswa kancinci kwisithili ezimbalwa) okanye ivoti enye edluliswayo (STV), injongo yokudibanisa ulwahlulo nomelo lwezwe. I-STV ivumela abavoti ukuba bajonge abathathi-nxaxheba kwimimandla emininzi, enokuthi bavelise iziphumo ezilungelelanisiweyo ngeli xesha begcina uqhagamshelwano lwasekuhlaleni. Ezi nkqubo aziqhelekanga kangako kodwa zinika imodeli zokuphelisa ukungalingani kwemili esemaphandleni. I-Electoral Reformation Society kuMbutho we-UK ixhasa i-STV njengendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba onke amazwi, amaphandle, amadolobharki, ziyaviwa.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: IUK Ne - US

UBukumkani: IUrban-Romectoral Chasm

I-UK ngumzekelo obalaseleyo wojijeko lweendawo ezikwindawo ebanzi. I-South-mpuma yeNgilani, ekwimafama esemaphandleni, ivota ngokugqwesayo, ngoxa imimandla yasemntla nelaseLondon ivota i-Labetuur. Kunyulo lwama-2019, iLabour yazuza izihlalo 56 kwezingama-59 eLondon (i- 78% zivotelwa kwizihlalo zedolokhwe eziphezulu) kodwa izihlalo ezingama-50 kuphela kwezinye iindawo emazantsi-mpuma. Okwangoku, iConservatives yazigcapecasts zawantia njengemida ye-Welsh, iCotsloldes, neyase Scotland ibonelela i-einskyters eninzi, kwaye ixhasa i-ephalgrains, kodwa i-ieventiances. Isiphumo sithetha ukuba i-iphal eninzi sabemi basezimbini, kodwa i-e.[Frectal syst formation i-Frectal i-ea

EUnited States: ICate and House Divergence

Kwi-US, iNdlu yabameli isebenzisa i-FPTP (nezithili ezinamalungu anye), lo gama iNdlu yeSizwe inikela umelo olulinganayo kwilizwe ngalinye, ithetha kakhulu kwiindawo zasemaphandleni. Ukudityaniswa kudala i-inshorensing. Endlini, imimandla yasedolophini idla ngokukhetha iDemocrates ngemida emikhulu, kwaye imimandla yasemaphandleni enyuliweyo yamaRiphabliki. Inkqubo iye yaya ikhula kakhulu ekwimimandla yedolobharbankile. Ngokutsho kwe- Brookings iP, ulwahlulo olukhulayo lwedolo-rakthe oluneyo luyenye lwezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwezobupolitika zaseMerika. Ukuhlanganiswa kwelizwe elifana noomatilombhila-ejinga kuthekityy-i. Ngokutshona kwe-Ftmarment-ddy, i-FTPGrall, i-ographic, i-Admistmarksbey, enjenge-Rorgans, e-

Utshintsho Neendlela Ezinokusetyenziswa

Iinkqubo ezixutyiweyo njengendawo ephakathi

Amazwe amaninzi aye asuka kwi-FPTP ukuya kwimixokelelwano edityanisiweyo ukuthetha ngeemeko zomhlaba. IMMP yaseNew Zealand isoloko ichazwa njengemeko yempumelelo. Ukususela ekutshintsheni, amaphandle kunye namadolophana afumene impembelelo. Iqela lokuqala laseNew Zealand, elimele izilangazelelo ezininzi zasemaphandleni nezephondo, liye laba liqabane elisebenzisanayo kurhulumente abaninzi. Ngokufanayo, iGreenland Party, nenkxaso yasedolophini, iye yaba nempembelelo enkulu kwimithetho yokusingqongileyo. Inkqubo ikhuthaza ukunqamleza umbutho ongquzulane: iqela alinakulawula lodwa ngaphandle kokuqwalasela zombi iimfuno zasemaphandleni nezo zombini. Amanye amazwe anjengeJamani, iSkotlani (kuyiPalamente yayo), kunye neWales iye yamkelwa yiMMP neziphumo ezifanayo.

Ukuhlaziya Utshintsho

Nangaphandle kokutshintsha inkqubo yokukhetha, utshintsho kwindlela edityaniswe ngayo iinguqu kwindlela edityaniswe ngayo i-FPP. Ii-operanting commissionary, njengoko zisetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe ase-US (umz. California, Michigan), zingamisela i-gerrymannder kwaye zivelise imimandla ekhuphisanayo. Noko ke, azinakusombulula iziphumo ezingundoqo ze-FPPP. Kummandla wase-odwa, imimandla yokhuphiswano isenokuba inqabile ngenxa yokudityaniswa komhlaba. Kumazwe asemaphandleni, isisombululo esingcono sinokuba kukwandisa ubukhulu besithili--ne----8. Oku kuvumela ukuba kubekho iziphumo eziyahlulwayo kummandla we-Washington. Umzekelo, usebenzisa iindawo ezininzi zelizwe lendlu, apho amaqela amaqela amaqela anika khona kwezinye iindawo ezisemaphandleni apho ahlala khona.

Iindlela zokuhlanganisa

Olunye utshintsho lolokudibanisa "izihlalo eziphantsi" okanye izihlalo zokuhlalisa indlu yowiso-mthetho, njengoko kwenziwa eSweden naseJamani. Ezi zihlalo zabelwa amaqela angaphantsi kolwazi olusekelwe kwisabelo sovoti besizwe. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba iqela elomeleleyo kwiindawo zasemaphandleni kodwa eliphathwe phantsi kweliso ngenxa yokuphosa amavoti lisenokufumana izihlalo ezongezelelekileyo. Okanye, ukuvota okubekwa phantsi kwe-galelo (RCV) kwimimandla enye kungakhuthaza abafuni ukubhenela ngaphaya kwesiseko sabo, kodwa kuncinane ukubeka ikhethelo lomhlaba lweFPTP. RCV ilunge ngakumbi ekuqinisekiseni uninzi lwabaphumeleleyo kunolungelelwano.

Urhulumente Wasekuhlaleni Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Ukumelwe kwemibutho yasemaphandleni. Izilangazelelo zasedolophini zinokubhekiswa kwinkcazo yojiko-jiko kunye namagunya karhulumente ongingqi. Ukuba amagunya asekuhlaleni aneenkululeko ezikhethekileyo, iindawo zasemaphandleni zingazilawula kwimibandela enjengokulima nokusetyenziswa komhlaba, ngelixa imimandla yasezidolophini ilawula ukuhanjiswa kwezithuthi nezindlu. Noko ke, inkqubo yesizwe yerhafu, intlalo, kunye nezibonelelo ifuna indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe elungelelanisiweyo. Ngoko ke, utshintsho lonyulo kumgangatho wesizwe lusabalulekile.

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo zokhetho ezingundoqo zinika ucaciso kunye nokugqibelela, kodwa zigqwetha umelo kwimigca yasedolophini. Kumazwe ahlukeneyo njenge-UK, i-Indiya, iK, iKhanada, kunye ne-US, ukuxinene kwevoti phantsi kwe-FPTP, kuthetha ukuba abantu basezidolophini bayakwazi ukuqwalaselana njengenempembelelo ecacileyo. Isisombululo asikokushiya ngokupheleleyo inkqubo yolawulo lwamazwe ahlukeneyo, kodwa ukuqwalasela inkqubo edityanisiweyo edibanisa umelo lwengingqini nolwahlulo. Amazwe afana neNew Zealand neJamani abonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuyila iinkqubo apho zombini amaphandle namadolothoba aziva amazwi awo. Njengoko ukutshintsha kwezobupolitika kuhambelana kwemidali, imeko yolungiso-volo iyaxisana.