Table of Contents

Ukuqonda indlela umsebenzi karhulumente obonakala unzima ngayo kubemi abaninzi. Ukusukela kwimithetho yasekuhlaleni ukuya kumthetho karhulumente, iindlela ezibumba inkqubo kawonke-wonke zichaphazela zonke iinkalo zobomi bethu bemihla ngemihla . Ukusuka kumgangatho wezikolo zethu kunye nokhuseleko lwempilo ukuya kukhuseleko lweendlela zethu kunye nokucoceka kwendawo yethu engqongileyo. Le ndlela ibanzi iphazamisa inkcazo yenkqubo kawonke-wonke ngokweengcamango ezinokuphenjelelwa, ikunceda uqonde kungekuphela nje indlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo kumgangatho owahlukeneyo karhulumente kodwa kwanendlela onokuthabatha ngayo ekulungiseni imithetho echaphazela ibutho lakho.

Yintoni Umgaqo - siseko Kawonke - wonke?

Inkqubo kawonke-wonke ibhekisela kwizenzo ezithatyathwa ngurhulumente(iisigqibo esijoliswe ekucombululeni iingxaki nasekuphuculeni umgangatho wobomi babemi bayo. Le nkqubo imela iinkqubo ezisesikweni nemigaqo ekhokelayo yokwenza izigqibo nezenzo ezifanelekileyo kwiingingqi ezininzi zolawulo, kuquka uphando, impilo kawonke-wonke, ukunyamekela unyango, imfundo, ezothutho, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, kunye nenkqubela yezoqoqosho.

Kumgangatho karhulumente, kuveliswa iinkqubo zikawonke-wonke zokulawula ushishino, ukukhusela abemi emakhayeni nakwamanye amazwe, ukunceda urhulumente nezixeko nabantu abafana namahlwempu ngeenkqubo zenkxaso-mali, nokukhuthaza iinjongo zoluntu. Noko ke, inkqubo kawonke wonke ingaphezulu lee lee kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Urhulumente, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni, norhulumente wasekuhlaleni, kunye norhulumente kamasipala kwakhona uphuhlisa kwaye uphumeze iinkqubo ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo abantu, ngokufuthi ezichaphazela imicimbi echaphazela ngokukhawuleza imimandla yasekuhlaleni.

Inkqubo karhulumente zinjongo zikarhulumente ezinxulumene nempilo-ntle jikelele nentlalo-ntle yoluntu, kunye nezenzo ezithatyathwa ukuzalisekisa ezi njongo. Ingahluka ukusuka ekunikezeleni ukhuseleko lwesizwe ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokubonelelwa kokutya kwethu. Umgangatho wenkqubo kawonke wonke uphangalele ngokuphawulekayo, uquka yonke into esuka kwimimiselo yokwabelana ngemimiselo kunye nemithetho yeetrafiki ukuya kwizivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe zorhwebo kunye neenkqubo zokhuseleko zesizwe.

Okwenza umgaqo-nkqubo kawonke wonke wahluke kwezinye iintlobo zokwenza izigqibo kwintlangano kukungamela kwayo koluntu kunye negunya layo elibophayo. Xa oorhulumente bemisela iinkqubo, baphatha umthetho kwaye basebenzisa bonke abemi abakulawulo lwabo. Oku kwahlula inkqubo kawonke wonke kwiinkqubo zobucala kwicandelo lobuqu okanye imigaqo-nkqubo yentlangano, esebenza kumalungu okanye kubasebenzi bemibutho ethile kuphela.

Inkqubo Yokwenza Inkqubo: Imboniselo enzima

Ukwenza inkqubo kubandakanya amanqanaba amaninzi: ulwakhiwo lwengxaki, ukwenziwa kwenkqubo, ukuphunyezwa, kunye nohlolo. Ngeli xesha lamanqanaba esoloko enikelwa njengolandelelwano olulandelelanayo, inyaniso yokwenza inkqubo intsonkothe kakhulu kwaye inamandla. Ukwenziwa kwemigaqo kubandakanya imigangatho egqithiseleyo kunye nentsebenziswano eninzi phakathi kwezicelo zenkqubo, uhlengahlengiso, kunye nokwenziwa kwesigqibo ngapha nangapha kwamaziko orhulumente amaninzi kunye nabadlali bawo abanegunya.

Indlela ethandwayo yokuqonda nokubandakanyeka kwinkqubo kawonke-wonke luludwe lwemigangatho eyaziwa njenge "umjikelo wenkqubo", eyaqala ukuxoxwa yisazinzulu sezobupolitika uHarold Lassell. Ukwenziwa kwemigangatho ethile kungahluka, kodwa ulandelelwano olusisiseko lucwangco, ukwenziwa, ukwenziwa, ukwenziwa, ukwenziwa, ukuphumeza, kunye nohlolo. Ukuqonda icandelo ngalinye elizigaba ezi nceda ukutshintsha indlela iingcamango eziguqulelwa ngayo kwiinkqubo nemigaqo zikarhulumente ezisebenzayo.

Umlinganiselo 1: Umiselo lwe-Agenda kunye nokubaluleka kwengxaki

Ucwangciso lwe-Agenda lululo lokuqala kulandelelwano olusengqiqweni nolulandelelwano lwexesha: urhulumente akanakugqithisa mgaqo-nkqubo ukuba ingxaki ayichazwanga ekuqaleni. Eli qondo libalulekileyo ligqiba ukuba yiyiphi imbambano efumana ingqalelo karhulumente kwaye yeyiphi etyeshelwa okanye emiselwe elinye ixesha.

Ucwangciso lwe-Agenda luxhalabele indlela iingxaki zenkqubo ezivela ngayo nendlela ezifumana ngayo ingqalelo karhulumente. Asiyongxaki nganye ezenzekelayo ukuba ibe yeyokuqala kwinkqubo. Kukho amawaka eembambano ezinokuthi zithabathe ingqalelo yabenzi benkqubo, kodwa kuqheliselwa iqaqobana kuphela elizizuzela uqwalaselo lwalo. Olu khetho lwenza ucwangciso lwesicwangciso esinye sezona nqanaba zibalulekileyo zenkqubo yezobupolitika.

Abaphengululi abamisela i-Agenda bachonga iindlela ezintathu apho izinto zinokufikelela khona kwicebo likarhulumente. Okokuqala, ibutho labantu lingafunda ngeengxaki ngezalathiso ezijolise kwinjongo. Imizekelo yisantya sokungasebenzi, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, imigangatho yongcoliso okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho. La manyathelo asenokubonisa ukuba izinto ziya zisiba mandundu, kwaye eso senzo siyafuneka, ngaloo ndlela yenza lo mba uzuze ingqalelo enkulu.

Ngaphandle kwezalathiso ezinenjongo, iingxaki zingafikelela kwinkqubo eqwalaselwayo ngokuqwalasela iziganeko ezithi zizenzeke njengeentlekele zemvelo, iingxaki zezoqoqosho, okanye iingxaki zempilo yoluntu ezithi ngequbuliso zityhalele imbambano ekulayisweni. Ukongezelela, ukusetyenziswa kwezakhono ngamaqela abantu abanomdla, ukukhutshelwa kwejelo leendaba, kunye noluvo lukawonke-wonke ngokuthe ngcembe zingenza umba ophambili kwimicimbi yezonyango.

Iinkokeli zezobupolitika zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuboneni ukuba ziziphi izindululo zomgaqo-nkqubo eziqwalaselwayo nezibekwa kuqala. Imigaqo neenkolelo zazo zidla ngokukhokela ulwalathiso lwemigaqo eshwankathelweyo kwinjongo zazo zezobupolitika. Zinegunya lokugqiba ukuba yiyiphi inkqubo ephunyezweyo nendlela ezinxibelelana ngayo. Le migaqo yezopolitiko ithetha ukuba ingxaki efanayo isenokufumana imigangatho eyahlukeneyo exhomekeke kwiqela okanye iinkokeli ezilawula kulo.

Inyathelo lokuqala kwinkqubo yokwenza inkqubo kukuphawula ingxaki echaphazela uwonke-wonke. Ingxaki yokuzichaza kufuneka ibe nenkcukacha kundoqo wengxaki. Uchazo olunempumelelo ludlulela ngaphaya kokuqonda ukuba into ethile ayilunganga, ifuna ukuqonda unobangela ongundoqo, abantu abachaphazelekayo, kunye neziphumo ezinokwenzeka zokungathathi nxaxheba.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wesi-2

Xa umba ukhusele indawo kucwangciso lwenkqubo, iqonga elilandelayo libandakanya ukuphuhlisa izisombululo ezinokwenzeka. Eliqonga ngumba obalulekileyo woyilo lwenkqubo: kukulungelelanisa iinjongo, ukukhetha ukuba yeyiphi ikhondo lesenzo lokuthatha phakathi kwendlela ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo, kwaye ziziphi izixhobo ezinokusetyenziswa ukucombulula ingxaki.

Umsebenzi ongundoqo wokwenza ulungiso lwenkqubo ngukucutha uludwe lwazo zonke iindlela ezinokwenzeka kwezikhoyo kwaye abenzi besigqibo bangayamkela. Le nkqubo inciphisa ibandakanya uphando olunzulu, uhlalutyo, kunye nohlolo ukufumanisa ukuba ziziphi iindlela ezinokwenzeka, eziluncedo kwezobupolitika, nezixhaswayo ngokwezoqoqosho.

Kweli nqanaba, abenzi benkqubo bangazenza bafumaneke kumbono woluntu lwe-epistem, abagcini-mali kunye namaqela anomdla, ngaloo ndlela bebandakanyeka koko kwaziwa ngokuba 'kukwenziwa kwenkqubo esekelwe kubungqina. Ukwenziwa kwemigaqo esekelwe kubungqina kuye kwabaluleke ngakumbi kulawulo lwangoku, njengoko abenzi bemithetho befuna ukuseka izigqibo zabo kuphando lwengcali nohlalutyo lwengcali kunokuba bathathe inkcubeko okanye inkcubeko kuphela.

Ukwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo kuthetha ukufikelela kwindlela yokucombulula ingxaki. IBhunga, isebe eliphetheyo, iinkundla, namaqela abantu abanomdla anokubandakanyeka. Iqonga lokumisela iprojekthi lisoloko libandakanya izisombululo ezininzi ezikhuphisanayo, nganye ibonisa amaxabiso ahlukeneyo, izinto eziza kuqala, kunye nee-contituences.

Ukulungisa ingxaki echaziwe, abamisi-mthetho kufuneka baphuhlise uludwe lwezicwangciso nezenzo ezinokwenzeka. Eli nyathelo liquka oothunywashe abaninzi abangundoqo, abanokukwenza uphando olunzulu ukuze baqonde izisombululo ezinokwenzeka, ukudibana nabagcini-mathiriyeli kunye neengcali zoluntu, nokufuna impendulo kubagcini-mathiriyeli. Ukuba nezicwangciso ezicaciswe kakuhle kunye nobungqina kufuneka zikhokelele ekukhetheni eyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokwenza izinto.

Ngexesha lokwenziwa kwenkqubo, abenzi benkqubo mabaqwalasele oothunywashe abahlukeneyo abaquka ingeniso, ukulawulwa, ukwamkela kwezobupolitika, kunye neziphumo ezilindelekileyo. Kufuneka bamisele izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zenkqubo (enokuba zisetyenziswe njani na imimiselo, izihlomelo, amaphulo okufundisa uwonke wonke, ulungiselelo olungqalileyo lwenkonzo, okanye intlanganisela yendlela yokungena.

ISimiselo 3: Ukwenza Isigqibo Nokumiselwa Komthetho

Kwiqonga lokwenza izigqibo, abalawuli bemithetho balandela iinkqubo ezicacisiweyo ukuze bazigunyazise. Eli liqonga apho izicelo zenkqubo zimkelwa ngokusemthethweni ngevoti yowiso-mthetho, imiyalelo elawulayo, imithetho yowiso-mthetho, okanye izigqibo zokugweba.

Kuqalwa inkqubo xa iKhomishini idlulisa umthetho, imimiselo igqibelela, okanye iNkundla Ephakamileyo inikela isigqibo kwityala elithile. Inkqubo yokulawula iyahluka kuxhomekeka kumgangatho nakwisebe likarhulumente elibandakanyekileyo, kodwa isoloko ibandakanya uhlobo oluthile logunyaziso olusemthethweni oluguqula izicelo zenkqubo zibe linyathelo elinyanzelisayo likarhulumente.

UMthetho-siseko (ukukhetha izicelo, ukuphuhlisa inkxaso yezopolitiko, nokuyimisela emthethweni. Ukwakha inkxaso yezobupolitika kudla ngokuba yeyona nkalo ilucelomngeni kweli qonga, ifuna ulwakhiwo lombutho, ingxoxo, kunye nokulungelelanisa ulalaniso phakathi kwabaxhasi abakhuphisanayo.

Iqonga lokwenza izigqibo liyimeko yezopolitiko ngokwemvelo. Kwanaxa uphando olunzulu kunye nohlalutyo olunzulu luxhasa inkqubo ethile, ukusetyenziswa kwalo kuxhomekeke ekukhuseleni inkxaso eyaneleyo yezobupolitika. Oku kungabandakanya ukuthelekisa, ukulungisa ukuhlangabezana nee-conticess ezahlukeneyo, kunye nexesha elicwangcisiweyo lokusebenzisa yingenelo kwiimeko zezobupolitika.

Nyaka ngamnye, iBhunga kufuneka ligqibe kwinkqubo yezicelo ukuba malini ekufuneka isetyenziswe kwinkqubo nganye. Ngokuqhelekileyo, inkqubo kufuneka igunyazwe (ifakwe) phambi kokuba imali ifaneleke kuqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le. Le nkqubo yenyathelo lesibini ``````imvume''''' nokuqulunqwa''' (iinkqubo yokuba nasemva kokuba inkqubo yamkelwe ngokusemthethweni, ukuzalisekiswa kwayo kuxhomekeke ekukhuseleni imali eyaneleyo.

ICandelo 4: UHlahlo-nkqubo

Ukungeniswa kwenkqubo yomntwana kusisiqalo. Uzalisekiso okanye ukuphunyezwa komgaqo-nkqubo kusoloko kuphunyezwa ngamaziko angezo ezo ziyiliweyo naza zamkelwa. Umthetho odla ngokunikezela nje ngomphandle obanzi wenkqubo. Iqonga lokuzalisekisa kulapho iinjongo zenkqubo zidibana khona nenyaniso esebenzayo.

Amaqumrhu (iqumrhu elilawulayo) aphumeza, okanye azalisekise inkqubo. Ukufakelwa kungaquka ukwamkela imithetho nemimiselo, ukulungiselela iinkonzo neemveliso, amaphulo emfundo kawonke-wonke, ukushwankathela iimbambano, njl. njl.

Ukuzalisekisa: Inyathelo lokuphumeza imigaqo-nkqubo apho imiselwa khona ngabameli borhulumente namanye amaqumrhu aphetheyo. Eli candelo kulapho imigaqo-nkqubo iguqulelwa kwimisebenzi ngezigqibo zolawulo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinjongo zifezekiswa ngezenzo ezicwangcisiweyo nangeempahla ezifanelekileyo.

Unxibelelwano olucacileyo kunye nemigaqo zibalulekile ngexesha lokuphunyezwa kwenqanaba, njengoko benceda abalawuli ukuba bachaze iinkqubo zemigaqo-nkqubo baze benze izigqibo zolwazi. Ukuphumeza imigaqo-nkqubo kuquka imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yemibutho yorhulumente, enjengokumisela imimiselo nemithetho, ukulungiselela iinkonzo, nokuqhuba amaphulo okufundisa abantu ngokubanzi.

Ukuphunyezwa okuphumelelayo kuxhomekeke ekuntsonkothekeni kwenkqubo, ekulungelelaniseni inkqubo, nasekuthobeleni. Ukusebenza kwemiqathango kunokuquka ukungonelanga kwemali, ukunqongophala kolawulo, ukuxhathisa kwamaqela achaphazelekayo, iingxaki zokulungelelanisana phakathi kwamaziko amaninzi, nemiqobo eluncedo.

Iqonga lokuzalisekisa lisoloko lityhila amasu okanye izinto ezingaqhelekanga kuyilo lwenkqubo yokuqala. Abalawuli kufuneka basebenzise ubuchule ekutolikeni iinjongo zomthetho nasekulungiseni imigaqo-nkqubo kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni.

Uvavanyo kunye novavanyo

Isigaba sokugqibela somgaqo-nkqubo kukuxilonga nokuhlola. Ingaba inkqubo iphembelela iziphumo? Ingaba iyayicombulula ingxaki kawonke-wonke njengoko ithenjiwe? Uvavanyo lubalulekile ekuphenduleni ityala, ekufundeni, nokuqhubekeka kophuhliso kwinkqubo kawonke-wonke.

Kuluhlolo lwesigaba, abenzi-nkqubo bahlola iziphumo zenkqubo kwaye bafumanise uhlengahlengiso olufunekayo ukuze baphucule ukusebenza kwayo. Uvavanyo yinkqubo elungelelanisiweyo elinganisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo ngokuchasene neenjongo zayo. Ingabandakanya iindlela zokuqulunqa kunye nobuninzi ukuqokelela ugcino-lwazi kwimpembelelo yenkqubo, ukuphumelela, kunye nesiphumo sexabiso.

Abadlali abaninzi baqwalasela impembelelo yemigaqo-nkqubo, ukubona ukuba bayazicombulula na iingxaki ezichaziwe neziphumezisiweyo. Uvavanyo lukhangela iindleko neengenelo zemigaqo-nkqubo kunye neziphumo zayo ezingangqalanga nezingacwangciswanga. IBhunga lisebenzisa umsebenzi walo wobuveleli kunye ne-Ofisi ye-Akhawunti yoNyanga yokuThelekelela, amaqumrhu ahlola indlela asebenza ngayo, kunye nabahloli bangaphandle baquka amaqela enzala, amatanki, iitanki, i-academia, kunye namajelo eendaba.

Kuthetha ukufumanisa ukuba inkqubo isebenza kakuhle kangakanani, kwaye akuyonto ilula. Abantu abangaphakathi nangaphandle kukarhulumente basebenzisa uhlalutyo lwexabiso lokufumana impendulo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba urhulumente uchitha amawaka ezigidi zeerandi kule nkqubo, zinzuzo ezifunyenwe kuyo zifanele inkcitho? Uhlalutyo lwexabiso-benefit lusekelwe kugcino-lwazi olunzima lwengeniso oluphantsi kolwahlukileyo, yaye ngamanye amaxesha oluphikisanayo, utoliko.

Uvavanyo olusebenzayo lufuna umlinganiselo ocacileyo omiselwe ekuqaleni kokuzalisekiswa kwenkqubo. Ezi millimeter kufuneka zilinganise hayi iziphumo (umthetho ozenzayo) kodwa kwakhona iziphumo (ezinjani iinguqu ngeziphumo). Uvavanyo kufuneka luqwalasele uqwalaselo oluthe tye-qhinga//ukuba iinzuzo zenkqubo kunye nemithwalo zisasazwe ngokucokisekileyo ngamaqela abemi ahlukeneyo.

Iingenelo zovavanyo lwenkqubo yeyokuba inceda abenzi-nkqubo ukuba babhale amava abo okusetyenziswa kwixesha elizayo; ulwazi oluqokelelwe kwimithambo luyilwa ngesiseko sokwenza uhlengahlengiso kwinkqubo ekhoyo. Okufunyanisiweyo kungayikhokelela kutshintsho lwenkqubo, ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi eyandisiweyo, okanye kwezinye iimeko, ukupheliswa kwenkqubo.

Ugcino-nkqubo kunye nokuLawulwa

Ugcino liqonga apho abalungisi benkqubo bagqibayo ukuba bagqibe ukuba bangayiphelisa okanye baqhubekele inkqubo. Inkqubo idla ngokuqhubekeka njenge, ilungisiwe, okanye iyekwa. Ngaphandle kokuba imisiwe, lo mjikelo uza kubuyela kwisigaba sokumisa amaqela. Oku kwenza inkqubo esetyenziswayo apho inkqubo isoloko icociswe ngokusekelwe kumava kunye neemeko ezitshintshayo.

Imbali ibonise ukuba xa igqitywe, imigaqo inzima ukuphelisa. Xa iphelisiwe, kusoloko kungenxa yokuba inkqubo yaphelelwa lixesha, ayisebenzanga, okanye ilahlekelwe yinkxaso phakathi kwamaqela enzala kunye namagosa anyuliweyo ayibeka kucwangciso lokuqala. Ubunzima bokuphelisa imigaqo bubonisa isibakala sokuba badala ii-constituencs, `````abalawuli, abalawuli, kunye nezindlu' (abazifake kwimisebenzi yabo).

Abadlali Abaphambili Kuphuhliso Lomthetho

"Inkqubo yezopolitiko yinkqubo entsonkothileyo yezobupolitika apho kukho abadlali abaninzi: abanyuliweyo, iinkokeli zeqela lezobupolitika, amaqela anyanzelisayo, abasebenzi bezorhulumente, abasebenzi abaqeshiweyo, abagwebi, imibutho yezizwe, iingcali zemfundo, iintatheli nangamanye amaxesha abemi abazigqala njengabathumeli benkqubo." Ukuqonda ukuba ngabaphi abadlali balapha kunye nendlela abaphembelela ngayo inkqubo iyimfuneko kuye na ofuna ukubandakanyeka kwinkqubo yenkqubo.

Amagosa Karhulumente Nabameli Ababebeluleki

Amagosa aqatshelweyo — kuquka oomongameli, iirhuluneli, oosodolophu, abamisi-mthetho, kunye namalungu ebhunga (‘anegunya elisesikweni ukwenza izigqibo zenkqubo. Bangenisa umthetho, bavote kwizicelo zemigaqo, bamisele umgaqo ophambili karhulumente. Iimeko zabo zenkqubo zidla ngokuphenjelelwa liqela labo lezobupolitika, izicwangciso zabo, amaphulo, izithembiso zephulo, nemilinganiselo yabo yobuqu.

Ngaphandle kwamagosa anyuliweyo, abasebenzi bemisebenzi kunye nabaphathi-mikhosi abamiselweyo badlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwenkqubo nasekuphunyezweni kwayo. Ezi ngcali zizisa ubuchule bobugcisa, inkumbulo yoomasipala, nolwazi olusebenzisekayo malunga noko kusebenzayo.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Abadlali abaphambili abakwimimiselo ecwangcisiweyo baquka iinkcubeko, amaqela enzala, amajelo eendaba namagosa karhulumente. Amaqela anomdla amela ii-continuts ezithile okanye iinjongo ezithile, ekhuthaza imigaqo enceda amalungu awo okanye ehambisela phambili imisebenzi yawo. La maqela asuka kwiimbumba zoshishino nakumanyano lwabasebenzi ukuya kwimibutho ekhusela imekobume kunye nabameli bamalungelo abantu.

Amaqela anomdla aphembelela inkqubo esetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo kuquka ukukhuthaza, igalelo lephulo, ukuqokelela iingca, amaphulo emfundo kawonke-wonke, kunye nokukhuthaza.

Abaxhasi Nendima Yabo Ebalulekileyo

Abaxhasi ngabantu, iNGO, ibutho lasekuhlaleni, iinkampani zamacandelo azimeleyo okanye amaqumrhu kawonke-wonke okanye naliphi na iqumrhu elinomthi wokufaka inxaxheba kwiziphumo zenkqubo eziza kuphunyezwa nangaliphi na iqondo. Ingcamango yokubotshwa kwabantu abafaka ityala iye yahambela phambili ekwenzeni inkqubo yale mihla.

Ukuganana kwabantu abatshayelela ukunyuselwa kunconywa ngokubanzi njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokuphucula izigqibo zezonyango, zenzululwazi nezezonyango zikawonke-wonke. Abafaki-nxaxheba banceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo ichazwa ngeembono ezahlukeneyo, isekelwe kwiimeko eziluncedo, kwaye iyasabela kwiimfuno zabantu abachaphazelekayo.

Ngelixesha 'uwonke' kwimigaqo-nkqubo kawonke wonke ithetha izigqibo ezithatyathwe ngoorhulumente, kukho abanye abadlali abaninzi abangengomarhulumente kwisakhiwo esiphezulu esiphezulu kunye negumbi le-injini. Ukwazi nokuqonda aba balinganisi bezopolitiko babucala ``abangenisi bezopolitiko) kwaye indlela abasebenza ngayo kwinkqubo yenkqubo ingundoqo ekuvelisweni kwempumelelo yenkqubo kawonke-wonke.

Ukwenziwa kwenkqubo yobuchule beenkqubo ezininzi zophicotho-zincwadi kuchaza ukwakhiwa kwakhona kweenkqubo ezithile zikawonke-wonke zolawulo-moya oluneempembelelo ezithe chatha kwidemokhrasi ezithe kratya kwi-oyile yolawulo lwentlalo-ntle. Isigqibo sobugcinoloji sisekelwe kwingcamango yokuba izigqibo zibangelwa ziingcinezelo, ukulalanisa, iminqophiswano, kunye nokuphikisana phakathi kobuninzi obuninzi babadlali abaxhomekeke kwi-intanethi.

Ukubotshwa kwabasebenzi abasebenzayo kunganceda imibutho iphucule ukuqonda kunye nezigqibo ezenziwayo kunye nokulawula kunye nokusebenza kwequmrhu lilonke. Ukuvuma nokunika amaqela anezikhuseli zeli thuba linika iingqikelelo kunye nolungelelwano olunentsingiselo, ukwenza incoko eluncedo kunye nezixhobo ezichaphazelekayo kunye nezinegalelo kwinkqubo. Ngenxa yoko, kwandisa imvakalelo yokuthabatha inxaxheba kunye nokuba lilungu, kwaye kuphucula ukuphendula kwedemokhrasi.

Inkcubeko yophando neZiko

Uhlalutyo olusekelwe kubungqina lunika isiseko esisekelwe kwingxoxo yenkqubo. Iimvavanyo ezilawulwayo, uvavanyo lwenkqubo, kunye nophando olude luvelisa ugcino-lwazi olukhankanywe ngabanye abagcini-matyala. Abaphengululi abafumana ulwazi olukhethekileyo nohlalutyo olungqongqo ukulungiselela izigqibo zolwazi.

Ulwandiso norhulumente lwenzeka ngeekomiti zophando, ukugunyazisa uphando, namagqabaza kawonke-wonke kwimithetho ecetyisiweyo. Ngokomzekelo, izikolo zeSizwe zenzululwazi, zisoloko zivelisa iingxelo ezizisa umgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente ngqo. Le ntsebenziswano inceda uvale umsantsa phakathi kophando nokuqhelisa, ukuguqulela oko kufunyenweyo kwiinkqubo ezinokuphunyezwa.

Inzululwazi esisiseko nengokwentlalo inokubaluleka kakhulu kweli nqanaba lenkqubo. Uphando lungabonisa ukuba ngubani ochaphazelekayo yingxaki, ukuxhaphaka nokuqina kwengxaki ethile, kunye nendlela esenokuba ibangela le ngxaki. Abaphengululi abasebenzisa iindlela zokuyichaza kwaye bafake amava abantu abaphilayo ekuqondeni kwethu le ngxaki babaluleke kakhulu kweli nqanaba.

Uluvo Lwamajelo Ondaba Noluntu

Ijelo leendaba linendima eninzi kwinkqubo yenkqubo. Abacholacholi beendaba baphanda iingxaki, banikela ingxelo ngeengxoxo zenkqubo, bahlolisise izenzo zikarhulumente, banike iqonga kwintetho eyahlukeneyo. Inkcazo yamajelo eendaba ingenza umbandela ube yimiba esekelwe kwimigaqo, ukuphuhlisa ulwazelelo loluntu lweengxaki zenkqubo, kwaye bagcine abenzi benkqubo betyala ngezigqibo zabo.

Intetho yesidlangalala echaza indlela abemi abayiqonda ngayo imicimbi. Nokuba izakhelo zokufuduka zezixhobo zekhompyutha "ziyingxaki yokhuseleko" okanye "ingxaki yoluntu" zichaphazela iimpendulo zomgaqo-nkqubo ezibonakala zisengqiqweni kuluntu. La mandla asetyenziswayo awenza amajelo-majelo-nkqubo abe yimpembelelo ebalulekileyo kwiziphumo zenkqubo, nangona iintatheli zingenalo igunya elisesikweni lokwenza izigqibo.

Uluvo lukawonke wonke, ngeli xesha maxa wambi lusasazwa kwaye kunzima ukulilinganisa, ekugqibeleni lunika isiseko sokulawula ngedemokhrasi. Abenzi bomthetho basabela kwizinto ezikhethwa nguwonke wonke, ingakumbi kwimibandela ephezulu yabaphambukeli nanjengoko kuthethwa ngonyulo. Abami bavakalisa iinkqubo zabo ngokuvota, ngokuqhagamshelana nabameli, ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kwimibutho yoluntu, ngokuthelelana nemibutho yezobugcisa, nangokubandakana kwimibhiyo okanye ngokuqhankca-qhazelo.

Icudiary

Iinkundla ziphembelela inkqubo ngamandla azo okuchaza imithetho, ukuhlolisisa imimiselo, nokugqiba ukuba ngumGaqo-siseko wezenzo zikarhulumente. Izigqibo zogwebo zingenza iinkqubo zenkundla zibe buthathaka, zifune ukuba kubekho inyathelo likarhulumente, okanye zimisele iinkqubo ezintsha ezilawulayo ezibumba inkqubo yexesha elizayo. Ngoxa iinkundla zidla ngokubonwa njengezisusiweyo kwezobupolitika, impembelelo yazo yenkqubo inokuba nzulu kwaye ihlale ixesha elide.

Ukuqonda Iintlobo Ezahlukileyo Zomgaqo - siseko Kawonke - wonke

Iinkqubo zikawonke wonke zinokucaciswa ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo ngokusekelwe kwiinjongo, kubungakanani nakubuchule bazo.

Amagosa aphambili

Imigaqo-nkqubo yokusasaza inika iingenelo kumaqela athile okanye kwii-asethi ezixhasa irhafu, ezidla ngokuxhaswa ngemali eninzi. Imizekelo iquka inkxaso-mali yerhafu, inkxaso-mali yophando, imisebenzi yezibonelelo kwisithili esithile, kunye nemfundo. Le migaqo idla ngokuvelisa imfazwe engaphantsi kwezobupolitika kuba ingenelo zayo igxininiswe xa iindleko zayo zisasazwa kubo bonke abahlawuleli berhafu.

Amagosa alawulayo

Imigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo imisela imiqathango okanye iimfuno kwimibutho yabantu ukuze ikhusele izilangazelelo zikawonke-wonke. Imimiselo yokusingqongileyo, imilinganiselo yokhuseleko emsebenzini, imithetho yokukhusela abathengi, kunye neemfuno zobuchule zolawulo zonke zikwili candelo. Imigaqo yolawulo idla ngokudala impikiswano yezopolitiko ngenxa yokuba inyanzelisa iindleko kwimibutho elawulwayo ngoxa inika abantu abangakumbi iingenelo ezisasazekileyo.

Amagosa Afanelekileyo

Imigaqo-nkqubo enika ulwahlulo idlulisela ubuncwane kwamanye amaqela, ngokuqhelekileyo ukusuka kwizityebi ukuya kwezinye izityebi ezincinane. Irhafu eqhubekekayo, iinkqubo zoluntu, kunye neenkqubo zezindlu ezithengwayo ziyimizekelo yeenkqubo ezikhuthaza ukunyuswa. Le nkqubo idla ngokuthanda ukuphikisana kuba idala abaphumeleleyo nabangaphumeleliyo, ibenza baphantsi kwengxoxo enzulu yezobupolitika.

Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Echaseneyo

Imigaqo-nkqubo enxulumeneyo imisela isakhiwo kunye neenkqubo zikarhulumente ngokwayo. Imizekelo iquka imithetho yonyulo, ukulungelelaniswa kwakhona koorhulumente, kunye nemithetho elawula iinkqubo zowiso-mthetho. Nangona le nkqubo isenokubonakala isebenza ngobuchule, inokuba neziphumo ezinzulu kumntu onamandla nendlela izigqibo zenkqubo ezenziwa ngayo.

Ucelomngeni Kwinkqubo Yomgaqo - siseko

Ukuqonda le ngxaki kunceda kucacise isizathu sokuba ukwenza imithetho kucothe, kuthandane kuze kuvelise imiphumo enganelisi mntu ngokupheleleyo.

Ulwazi Nokungaqiniseki

Abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo banqabile ukuba babenenkcazelo epheleleyo ngeengxaki abaza kuzisingatha okanye iziphumo ezinokwenzeka zezisombululo ezicetyiweyo. Kufuneka benze izigqibo phantsi kweemeko zokungaqiniseki, bexhomekeke kugcino-lwazi olungafezekanga, iimbono eziphikiswayo, kunye neentelekelelo malunga neemeko zexesha elizayo. Oku kungaqiniseki kuvelisa amathuba okungavumelani kwaye kwenza kube nzima ukuxela kwangaphambili iziphumo zenkqubo.

Imilinganiselo Engqubanayo Nezilangazelelo

Iingxaki zemigaqo-nkqubo zibandakanya iimfazwe phakathi kwemilinganiselo esekelwe ngokunzulu ngezantsi, ukukhula kwezoqoqosho kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume, uxanduva lomntu ngamnye kunye nenkxaso edibeneyo. Abaxhasi abahlukeneyo bamisela le migaqo ngokweentlobo ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungavisisani okungundoqo malunga noko kufuneka kufezwe nangendlela ekufuneka yenziwe ngayo.

Ukwahlulwa ngokweziko

Igunya likarhulumente kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi liqhekeka ngabom kwii-asethi, imigangatho, namasebe amaninzi. Oku kwahlula-hlula amagunya kudala iitsheki kunye nolungelelwano kodwa kwakhona kwenza ukuba isenzo solungelelwaniso sibe nzima. Inkqubo isenokufuna intsebenziswano phakathi korhulumente, urhulumente, okanye phakathi kwemithetho-siseko, isebe elilawulayo, namasebe agwebayo, ngalinye elinezinto zalo eziphambili nezithintelayo.

Izilondolozi Zikavimba

Ubuncwane bukarhulumente bufikelela esiphelweni, bunyanzelisa ukhetho olunzima ngezinto eziza kuqala. Naxa kukho isivumelwano ngengxaki nesisombululo sayo, ukuphunyezwa kungalinganiselwa ngemilinganiselo yoqingqo-mali, amandla abasebenzi, okanye inkxalabo ekhuphisanayo yokwqwalasela kunye nobuncwane. Le miqathango iyingozi kakhulu ngexesha lokuwohloka kwezoqoqosho okanye xa kuphakama iingxaki.

IMithetho

Umahluko phakathi kweenjongo zenkqubo neziphumo zenyani unokuba nzulu. Ipolitiki ingancitshiswa yimali efunekayo, ulawulo olunganelanga, ukuxhathisa okuvela kwabasebenzisi okanye kubemi abajoliswe kubo, okanye imiqobo eluncedo.

Impembelelo Yeepolitiki

Imijikelo ye-Electoral, ukuququzelelwa kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo, kunye nokutshintshwa kwemibutho yezobupolitika kudala ukungazinzi kwinkqubo yomgaqo-nkqubo. Amapolisa athatyathwa phantsi kolawulo olunye angatshintshwa okanye aphenjelelwe phantsi kolawulo olulandelayo. Uqwalaselwano olufutshane lwezopolitiko lungaphazamisa ukuphumelela kwenkqubo yexesha elide, njengoko amagosa anyuliweyo ejolise ingqalelo kwimibandela eya kuwanceda aphumelele kunyulo olulandelayo kunokuba afumane iingxaki ezifuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo.

Ummi Unenxaxheba Kumgaqo - siseko Kawonke - wonke

Nangona inkqubo isenokubonakala ilawulwa ngamagosa karhulumente nazilangazelelo ezicwangcisiweyo, abemi abaqhelekileyo banamathuba amaninzi okuba nenxaxheba nempembelelo. Ulawulo lwedemokhrasi luxhomekeke ekuthembisenina ngokukhutheleyo, yaye zininzi iindlela abantu abanokuwenza uvakale ngazo amazwi abo.

Ukuncedisa Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba

Eyona ndlela isisiseko yempembelelo yenkqubo kukuvota kwabo bakwizikhundla zabo zenkqubo ezihambelana nezinto ozithandayo. Unyulo lugqiba ukuba ngubani onegunya lokwenza izigqibo kwaye unika ulwalathiso oluphangaleleyo lwemithetho ephambili. Ngaphandle kokuvota, abemi bangasebenza ngokuzithandela kwiphulo, banikele kubafundi, yaye bathumele abanye abavoti.

Abameli Abanxibelelanayo

Abami banganxibelelana ngqo nabameli babo abanyuliweyo ngoonobumba, ii-imeyili, iminxeba, kunye neentlanganiso ezi-odolo. Ngoxa abantu abadibanayo besenokubonakala bengento yanto, abameli banikela ingqalelo kunxibelelwano olukhoyo, ingakumbi xa befumana imiyalezo emininzi kwinkupho enye. Ukuchanaba ngokunempumelelo kubandakanya ukuchaza ngokucacileyo imeko yakho, ukuchaza indlela lo mba okuchaphazela ngayo wena noluntu lwakho, nokucela isenzo esithile.

Ukuva Kwabantu Abaninzi Namaxesha Okugqabaza

Amaziko karhulumente asoloko ethetha ngokuchotshelwa kwabantu kunye namaxesha okugqabaza xa kuphuhliswa imimiselo okanye esenza izigqibo ezinzulu. La mathuba acwangcisiweyo okungeniswa kwegalelo avumela abemi ukuba banikele iimbono zabo, banikele amagqabaza abhaliweyo, kunye neenkcukacha zenkqubo eziphembelelayo.

Ukuthelekisa Imibutho Yobuchule

Ngokuthelela amaqela anenkxalabo efanayo, unegalelo kwimigudu ecwangcisiweyo enempembelelo enkulu kunabantu abakwanti. Le mibutho inikela inkcazelo, ilungelelanise amaphulo okuphatha iimpahla, kwaye imela izilangazelelo zamalungu eenkqubo.

Ukuxhotyiswa Kwamaqumrhu kunye Nokuxhotyiswa

Abemi banokulungelelanisa abamelwane babo kunye nabantu abahlala kunye, bakha amandla asuka emhlabeni ukuya phezulu. Iintsebenziswano zokulawula imigangatho ziye zayiphembelela ngempumelelo inkqubo esukela kwimibandela enxulumene namalungelo abantu ukuya kukhuseleko lwemekobume. Ucwangciso loluntu lubandakanya ukuchaza izilangazelelo ezifanayo, ulwakhiwo, ulwakhiwo lokhokelo, nokuthatha inyathelo elidibeneyo ukufuna utshintsho kwimigaqo-nkqubo.

Ukusebenzisa Izixhobo Zokusasaza Amaphepha Nezoluntu

Iinguqu zezenkcubeko nezezentlalo nezonxibelelwano zinika abemi iqonga ukuze baphakamise ukuphaphanyiswa ngemibandela, ukwabelana ngolwazi, kunye nokuzilungiselela. Iileta eziya kumhleli, ii-op-eads, amaphulo onxibelelwano, kunye nezicelo ze-intanethi zinokuba luncedo ekulungiseni intetho yesidlangalala kwaye zifake ingcinezelo kubenzi benkqubo. Ngoxa ingqalelo yejelo-ndaba kuphela inqabile ukutshintsha inkqubo, inokuba lilungu elibalulekileyo kumacebo abanzi obuchule bokuyila inzala.

Ukukhonza KwiiKomiti Zoorhulumente

Amaziko amaninzi karhulumente aneekomiti zolawulo eziquka abameli. Ukusebenza kwezi komiti kunika amathuba okuphuhlisa inkqubo echaphazelekayo, ukuzisa iimbono zoluntu kubenzi bezonyuko, nokukhuthaza ubuchule kwimiba yezomthetho. Nangona ezi zikhundla zidla ngokufuna izibophelelo ezithe ngqo, zithembisana ngenkqubo yenkqubo.

Uhlalutyo lomgaqo-nkqubo: Izixhobo Zokuqonda Nokuphelisa Izithethe

Nokuba ungumenzi wenkqubo, ummeli, okanye ummi otshatiweyo, ukuqonda indlela yokuhlalutya imigaqo-nkqubo kukunceda uvavanye izindululo, ufumanise iingxaki ezinokubakho, kwaye uvelise izisombululo ezingcono. Uhlalutyo lomgaqo-nkqubo lubandakanya ukuxilongwa kweengxaki zenkqubo, ezinye izinto ezinokusetyenziswa, kunye neziphumo ezinokwenzeka.

Iinkcazelo Zengxaki

Uhlalutyo lwenkqubo olusebenzayo luqala ngokuchaza ingxaki ngokucacileyo. Oku kubandakanya ukufumanisa ukuba ngubani ochaphazelekayo, ukuba inkulu kangakanani ingxaki, yintoni ebangela yona, yintoni enokuthi iphucule. Inkcazo yengxaki ayingobundilele, kodwa ingxaki yimpembelelo ekwisakhelo ebonakala ifanelekile kwaye ngabaphi abagcini-mali abajongwa njengabafanelekileyo.

Ukubona Ezinye Iindlela

Uhlalutyo lwenkqubo olulungileyo luqwalasela iindlela ezininzi zokucombulula ingxaki kunokubhekisa kwisombululo esinye. Oku kufuna ubuchule bokwenza izinto kunye nothelekiso olucwangcisiweyo lweziphumo zazo ezinokwenzeka. Ezinye iindlela kufuneka ziquke kungekuphela nje izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo kodwa kwanokhetho lokugcina imeko ekhoyo.

Ukumisela imida yovavanyo

Imigaqo-nkqubo kufuneka ivavanywe ngokuchasene nemilinganiselo ecacileyo ebonisa imilinganiselo ebalulekileyo neenjongo. Imigaqo eqhelekileyo iquka ukuphumelela (ukuza kuyicombulula le ngxaki?), ukuphumelela (ngamaxabiso?), i-eququation (iiingenelo nemithwalo esabelwe ngokufanelekileyo?), ukungafezeki kwezobupolitika (inokusekwa?), kunye nokungafezeki kokulawula (kungaphunyezwa?).

Ukuxela Imiphumo

Uphando lwenkqubo luzama ukuchaza iziphumo ezinokwenzeka zolunye uhlobo, kuquka iziphumo ezicetywayo kunye neziphumo ezingacwangciswanga. Oku kufuna ukuqonda iziphumo zenkqubo ye-casus, ukufikelela kuphando olufanelekileyo namava, nokuvuma ukungaqiniseki ngeziphumo zexesha elizayo.

Ukucebisa

Ingcaciso esekelwe kuhlalutyo olucwangcisiweyo, abahlalutyi benkqubo benza iingcebiso malunga nokuba yeyiphi enye indlela engcono yokusingatha ingxaki ngeli xesha inika ulwaneliseko lwemigaqo efanelekileyo.

Utyekelo lwangoku

Uqheliselo lokumisela uluntu luyaqhubeka luguquka ngenxa yokutshintsha kweemeko zentlalo, zezoqoqosho nezezobugcisa.

Ukwenza inkqubo esekelwe kubungqina

Kugxininiswa ngakumbi kwizigqibo ezisekelwe kwinkqubo yokubekwa phantsi kuphando olungqongqo kunye nobungqina obusetyenziswa ngokungqongqo. Le ntsingiselo ibandakanya ukusebenzisa iimvavanyo ezilawulwa ngokungalindelekanga, uvavanyo lwenkqubo, kunye nogcino-lwazi lokuhlola okuzenzekelayo ukufumanisa oko kusebenzayo. Ngoxa ukwenza iinkqubo ezisekelwe kubungqina kuneziphene ezizinzileyo, qha, ayiyomibuzo ebalulekileyo enokuphendulwa ngophando, kwaye ubungqina bumele bucaciswe ngexabiso lesiseko.

Ulawulo olunobuchule

Ukwenziwa kwenkqubo ephezulu ngokukhulayo kongezelelwa zizenzo ezisebenzisanayo ezidibanisa urhulumente, icandelo labucala, imibutho engancediyo, kunye nabemi ukuphuhlisa nokuzalisekisa izisombululo ezidibeneyo. Olu manyano lungasebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zoovimba nobuchule, lwakhe inkxaso ebanzi yemigaqo, kunye nokuphucula ukuphunyezwa kwayo. Noko ke, luphakamisa imibuzo ngokuziphendulela nokumela.

Urhulumente wamanani nogcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo

Ubuxhakaxhaka butshintsha indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo nendlela abemi abasebenzisa ngayo inkqubo. Amaqonga amanani avumela iindlela ezintsha zokuthatha inxaxheba, ukususela kumagqabaza kawonke-wonke kwi-intanethi ukuya kwiingcamango ezidityanisiweyo. Ukuvula amanyathelo ogcino-lwazi kwenza ulwazi lukarhulumente lufikeleleke, luxhasa ukubonakala kwangaphandle kwaye lukwazi ukuhlaziywa. Kwangaxeshanye, ulwahlulo-manani kunye nemibandela yemfihlo yenza iingxaki ezintsha zenkqubo.

Indlela Yokuzilungisa Neyokuzama

Ukuqonda ukuntsonkotha nokungaqiniseki okukhoyo kwiingxaki ezininzi zenkqubo, amanye amagunya amkela iindlela zokuzivumelanisa kunye novavanyo. Ezi zibandakanya ukuphatha iinkqubo njengezinto ezinokuvavanywa, ukwakha iinkqubo zokufunda nokulungisa, kunye nokusebenzisana nokulungisa kunokufuna izicombululo ezigqibeleleyo. Iinkqubo zesikhokelo, amalungiselelo okutshona kwelanga, kunye nohlolo oluqhubekayo luxhasa le ndlela.

Ucelomngeni lokwasulelwa koMnqamlezo kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo wehlabathi

Iingxaki ezininzi zanamhlanje .(clite) zitshintsha, zizifo ezimandundu, zifuduka, zifuduka ngekhompyutha, zitshintsha imida karhulumente. Ukulungisa ezi ngxaki kubandakanya ukunxibelelana kwemithetho yezizwe nezizwe ngezizwe. Oku kudala iingxaki ezintsha kwinkqubo yomgaqo-nkqubo, njengoko izicombululo kufuneka zihambe ngendlela ehlukeneyo yezomthetho, ngokwemeko yezopolitiko, kunye nezixhasi ezifuna ukuthintela imicimbi.

Ukufundisisa Ngetyala: Ukuqonda Inkqubo Yokuqonda Ngemizekelo

Ukuhlolisisa imizekelo ethile yemigaqo kunceda ubone indlela inkqubo esebenza ngayo nokutyhila ubunkimbinkimbi obubandakanyekileyo ekucombululeni iingxaki zehlabathi lokwenene.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo: Umgaqo-nkqubo womoya ococekileyo

Umthetho wokusingqongileyo ubonisa indlela umjikelo wenkqubo osebenza ngayo kumaxesha amaninzi. Ungcoliso lomoya lwavela kucwangciso-nkqubo ngokudibanisa iingxaki ezibonakalayo ze-smog, uphando lwenzululwazi oluchaza iziphumo zempilo, kunye nokukhutshwa kwempembelelo yi-oksidegin yemeko- bume. UMthetho we-Cease Air, wadluliswa okokuqala ngo-1963 waza walungiswa ngokuphawulekayo ngowe-1970 nangowe-1990, waseka inkqubo yolawulo olulawula ungcoliseko lomoya.

Uzalisekiso lubandakanya ukumiswa kwemigangatho ethile ye-Agency yokuKhuselwa Kwendawo Engqongileyo, ithek'uphuhliso lwezicwangciso zokuzalisekisa, kunye nokuhlolwa nokugcinwa komthetho okuqhubekayo. Uhlolo lubonise inkqubela-phambili ephawulekayo kumgangatho womoya, nangona kusekho imingeni. Le nkqubo iyaqhubeka iguquka ngemithetho emitsha ethetha ngezinto ezingcolisayo ezivelayo nokutshintsha indlela yokuqonda kwenzululwazi.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo: Ityala leSikolo

Imigaqo-nkqubo yokuphendula imizekelo yemfundo ibonisa iingxaki zokuzalisekisa kunye neziphumo ezingacwangciswanga. Ukuxhalaba ngomgangatho wemfundo kunye nezithuba eziphumezayo kwakhokelela kwiinkqubo ezifuna ukuvavanywa okufanelekileyo nokugcinwa kwezikolo ukuze zisebenze kakuhle. Nangona zifuna ukuphucula iziphumo zemfundo, ukuphunyezwa kwemingeni emininzi equka ukufundisa, ukuncitshiswa kwezifundo, nokuqokelelwa kwemiqathango efuna ukuphendula.

Uhlolisiso lwale nkqubo luye lwavelisa iziphumo ezingafaniyo, ezikhokelela kwiingxoxo eziqhubekayo ngendlela yokukwazi ukusingatha ityala namanye amaxabiso emfundo. Indaleko yenkqubo yemfundo ibonisa indlela oko kufunyaniswe kuko okunokuthi kubangele ngayo ukuphengululwa kwemigaqo, nangona oothunywashe bezobupolitika ngokufuthi bephembelela izifundo ezifundwayo nezisetyenziswayo.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wonyango:

Inkqubo yonyango ibonisa indlela inkxalabo ekhuphisana ngayo kwimilinganiselo neenkcubeko zobume benkqubo. Imigudu yokwandisa i-inshorensi yempilo ibandakanya imibuzo esisiseko ephathelele indima karhulumente, imbopheleleko, kunye nentlawulo yomntu ngamnye. /iinkampani ezahlukeneyo ezifaka imali, abaxhasi bezonyango, abaxhasi bezigulana, abaqeshi, nabaqeshi-mali-mali kufuneka balungelelanise izilangazelelo ezimele zilungelelaniswe.

Ukuntsonkotha kwenkqubo yonyango kukwabonisa imingeni yokuzalisekisa. Imithetho-nkqubo kufuneka ilungelelanise imigangatho emininzi karhulumente, idibane neenkqubo ezikhoyo kunye neemarike ze-inshorensi ezikhoyo, kunye neengxaki zobugcisa ekubhaliseni, ekuhlawuleni, ekunikezeleni kunye nasekunikezeleni inkonzo. Uvavanyo kunye nohlengahlengiso oluqhubekayo luyimfuneko njengoko imigaqo-nkqubo idibana neengxaki zeli hlabathi lokwenene.

Imbono Eqhelekileyo Engachananga Ngomgaqo-nkqubo Kawonke - wonke

Ukucacisa ezi ngxaki kunceda abemi nabameli bale ngxaki bacinge ukuba izinto zinokwenzeka njani.

Umgaqo-nkqubo Ophosakeleyo: Umgaqo-nkqubo Uyingqwalaselo Ecacileyo

Xa kuqwalaselwa kwaye kwenziwa ubuchule bokwazisa, le nkqubo yezopolitiko ibandakanya ukhetho phakathi kwemilinganiselo ekhuphisanayo nezilangazelelo, hayi nje ubuchule obufanelekileyo. Ukuqonda imilinganiselo yezopolitiko yezopolitiko kubalulekile ukuze ube nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo.

Ubuxoki: Amagosa Alungileyo Ayazithengisa

Kwanemigaqo-nkqubo enobungqina obunamandla nenkxaso enzulu ifuna ukuba kuququzelelwe uququzelo lwezopolitiko kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezifanelekileyo ukuze kwakhiwe imibutho edityanisiweyo, ukudityaniswa kwemiba ephumelelayo, kunye nezicelo zocwangciso-qhinga zibaluleke njengenkqubo.

Umgaqo Ophosakeleyo: Utshintsho Lomgaqo - siseko Lwenzeka Ngokukhawuleza

Utshintsho olubalulekileyo lwenkqubo lufuna umgudu oqhubekayo kwiminyaka okanye amashumi eminyaka. Inkqubo ibandakanya imiqathango emininzi apho iingcebiso zinokuvalwa okanye zilibaziseke khona. Umonde nokuzingisa kubalulekile kubameli benkqubo.

Uluvo Oluphosakeleyo: Ukufakelwa Kuyinto Ezenzekelayo

Ukusebenzisa inkqubo yelifa lemveli kusisiqalo. Ukusebenzisa ifuthe kufuna oovimba, ubuchule bokulawula, kunye nengqalelo eqhubekayo. Iinkqubo ezininzi azisileli ngenxa yemfezeko kodwa ngenxa yokungazalisekisi kakuhle.

Uluvo Oluphosakeleyo: Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Ihlala Ihleli

Imithetho isenokutshintshwa, iguqulwe okanye ivunyelwe ukuba iphele. Ukugcina iinkqubo kufuna inkxaso eqhubekayo yezopolitiko kunye nokuqhelaniswa neemeko ezitshintshayo. Uloyiso lomgaqo-nkqubo kufuneka lukhuselwe luze luhlaziywe ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Imithombo Yokufunda Okungakumbi Ngomgaqo-nkqubo Kawonke-wonke

Kubo banomdla wokuphucula ukuqonda kwabo inkqubo kawonke wonke kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo, kukho izinto ezininzi ezikhoyo.

Ii-Website zikarhulumente namaxwebhu

Iiwebhsayithi zikarhulumente zinika ingxelo yemimiselo ecetyiweyo, iingxelo zemithetho, iingxelo zeekomiti, kunye namaxwebhu emibutho. I-Federal Register ipapasha imimiselo ecetyisiweyo neyokugqibela enamathuba okugqabaza uwonke-wonke. Ii-webhsayithi zeBhunga zinikela iinkcukacha malunga namatyala, iindlebe, neerekhodi zokuvota. Iiwebhusayithi zikarhulumente kunye neewebhusayithi zikarhulumente zasekuhlaleni zinika oovimba abafanayo kulawulo lwazo.

Cinga Ngezintlondi Nemibutho Yophando

Imibutho enjenge i-Institution, Urban Institute, RAND Urporation, kunye nezinye imigaqo-nkqubo yophando kunye nokupapasha uhlaziyo olufikelelekayo lwemiba yangoku yenkqubo. Le mibutho idibanisa imimandla yezopolitiko, inika iimbono ezahlukeneyo kwimiba yenkqubo.

Iinkqubo Nezifundo

Amaziko amaninzi anika iinkqubo needeksitili kwinkqubo kawonke-wonke, ulawulo lukawonke-wonke, kunye nemibutho enxulumene nayo.

Imibutho yobusela

Iinkampani ezisebenza kwimibandela ethile yezomthetho zinikela inkcazelo, uhlalutyo namathuba okuganana. Enoba unomdla wokukhusela indalo, amalungelo abantu, unyango, imfundo, okanye ezinye iindawo, imibutho yezentengiselwano inikela iindlela zokufunda nokuthabatha inxaxheba.

Ingxelo yamajelo eendaba nenkqubo yejenali

Ugcino-lwazi olusemgangathweni lunika intsalela ebalulekileyo yeengxoxo zenkqubo, izenzo zikarhulumente, kunye neempembelelo zenkqubo. Ngokulandela imithombo yenkqubo ejolisekileyo ikunceda ukuba uhlale wazi ngemibandela yangoku kwaye uqonde indlela iinkqubo eziphuhliswa ngayo ngexesha. Iincwadi ezifana Policico[, [FLT] uLawulo lweGovernment [ Icandelo lenkqubo elinika ukhupho lwenkciso-computha.

Ukufunda Ngenkqubo: Ubuchule Bokuba Ngummi Oza Kuzalwa

Ukuze ube nenxaxheba kumgaqo - siseko kufuneka ube nobuchule nemikhwa emininzi.

Ukucinga Nokuhlalutya Okubalulekileyo

Ukukwazi ukufunda nokubhala kubandakanya ukuhlolisisa iingcamango, ukuphawula iingcamango, ukuphawula ikhethe nokuhlola ubungqina. Oku kuthetha ukuncina izicombululo ezilula zeengxaki ezintsonkothileyo, ukuqwalasela iimbono ezininzi, nokwahlula phakathi kwezibakala nemilinganiselo.

Ukuqonda Intsingiselo Nembali

Ukuqonda le mvelaphi kukunceda uqonde isizathu sokuba kucetywe ukuba kubekho izinto ezithile, imiqobo abajamelana nayo, nezifundo abanokuzifunda kumava adluleyo.

Ukulandela Inkqubo

Ukuganana okunempumelelo kufuna ukuqonda apho kukho imbambano kwinkqubo namathuba akhoyo okuphembelela. Oku kuthetha ukwazi ixesha amagqabaza kawonke-wonke amkelekileyo, xa kucwangciselwe ukuviwa, ixesha eliza kwenzeka ngalo amavoti nendlela yokufumana inkcazelo enxulumene nawo.

Ukwakha Ulwalamano Nezinethwekhi

Impembelelo yenkqubo isoloko ixhomekeke kulwalamano nabanye abaxhasi, amalungu ebutho, nabenzi besigqibo. Ukwakha ezi nkqubo kuthatha ixesha kodwa kudala amathuba okusebenza kunye nokuxhasana.

Ukunxibelelana Ngokuphumelelayo

Enoba unikela ubungqina echondweni, ubhalela ummeli, okanye uxubusha imibandela nabamelwane, kubalulekile ukunxibelelana ngokunempumelelo. Oku kubandakanya ukuchaza ngokucacileyo ukuma kwakho, ukukuxhasa ngobungqina nangemizekelo, ukuvuma ukuba kukho intsonkothileyo nokuhlonela iimbono ezahlukeneyo.

Ukuhlala Ufundile Yaye Ubandakanyekile

Ukufundiswa kwenkqubo kudinga ingqalelo eqhubekayo kwiziganeko zangoku, uphando olutsha, neengxoxo eziqukunjelwayo. Imikhwa yokuzibophelela rhoqo (h) ukufunda iinkqubo zekhompyutha, ukuya kwiintlanganiso zasekuhlaleni, ukuba nenxaxheba ekulawuleni ulwazi nokusebenza kwexesha.

Ikamva Lomgaqo - siseko Kawonke - wonke

Njengokuba ibutho labantu lijamelene nocelomngeni olutsha namathuba, uqheliselo lokwenza inkqubo yoluntu luza kuqhubeka luzivelela. Iziphumo ezininzi ezivelayo kunye nemibuzo ziza kubumba ikamva lenkqubo.

Ukuthetha Ngeentsomi, Iingxaki Ezifumaneka Ngazo

Imingeni emininzi yanamhlanje .ukusuka ekutshintsheni kwemozulu kuguqukele ekungalinganini ukuya kukuphazamiseka kwezobugcisa, kuphawulwa kukuntsonkotha, ukungaqiniseki, nokunxibelelana. Inkqubo eqhelekileyo yenzelwe iingxaki ezilula neziqikelelweyo ingaba incinane. Ukwenziwa kwenkqubo yexesha elizayo kuza kufuneka kwamkele ukucinga, ukuvuma ukungaqiniseki, kunye nokuphuhlisa iindlela ezithe zasetyenziswa ukuvumelana.

Ukulungelelanisa Ubuchule Nolawulo - melo

Njengoko iingxaki zenkqubo ziba zezobugcisa nezintsonkothileyo, kukho uxinzeleko phakathi kokuthembela kulwazi olungononophelo lobungcaphephe nokulondoloza ukubekek'ityala kwedemokhrasi. Ukubekwa kwemigaqo kungaziwa njani ngobuchule obukhethekileyo nokusabela kwizinto ezikhethwayo namaxabiso abami? Ukufumana olu lungelelwano kuya kuba lucelomngeni oluqhubekayo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bobuxhaka boncedo xa kuthethwa intetho yomahluko wamanani

Ubugcisa bunika izixhobo ezintsha zokuhlalutya inkqubo, ukuzalisekisa nokubophelelana kwabemi. Noko ke, ukufumaneka ngendlela engalinganiyo kobugcisa nokufunda kwamanani kubangela ubungozi bokungawasebenzisi amalizwi athile ngoxa ukhulisa amanye.

Ukwakha Intembelo Kurhulumente

Ukungathembani kwamaziko karhulumente kubangela imingeni yokuphumelela kwenkqubo. Xa abemi bengathembani norhulumente, abanamathuba aneleyo okuthobela iinkqubo, ukuba nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo, okanye ukuxhasa inyathelo eliyimfuneko lokwakha intsebenziswano.

Ilungiselela ukwakha incoko yababini ngaphaya komahluko

Ukungavisisani kwezobupolitika kwenza kube nzima ukwakha imibutho nokuvumelana ukuze kubekho inkqubela.

Isiphelo: Zinike Amandla Ngokuqonda Indlela Osebenza Ngayo

Ukuqonda indlela inkqubo kawonke wonke esebenza ngayo asiyonkqubo nje yemfundo kuphela, kodwa lulwazi olufunekayo ukuze ube ngummi ophumelelayo kwibutho labantu elilawulwa yidemokhrasi. Imigaqo elawulwa ngurhulumente phantse yonke inkalo yobomi bethu, ukusuka kwimfundo esiyifumanayo abantwana bethu, ukususela kukhuseleko lwemisebenzi yethu ukuya kukhuseleko lomgangatho wethu wokuhlala phantsi.

Nangona inkqubo isenokubonakala intsonkothile yaye maxa wambi idimaza, ekugqibeleni iphenjelelwa kukuthathi - nxaxheba nokukhetha kwabantu, abameli, iingcali namagosa. Ngokuqonda indlela enziwe ngayo imigaqo, abaphembelelayo, nalapho kukho amathuba okuganana, unokuba ngummeli ophumelelayo weenguqulelo ofuna ukuzibona.

Idemokhrasi ixhomekeke kuluntu olunolwazi noluthenjiswe imigaqo-nkqubo abangayiqondiyo kodwa nendlela yokusebenzela ukuthathelwa inxaxheba nokuphunyezwa kwalo. Enoba inkxalabo yakho zisigqibo sokwaba amaziko asekuhlaleni okanye inkqubo yolawulo lwezonyango lwesizwe, ukukhuselwa kwemeko-bume okanye ukukhuselwa kwemfundo, imigaqo neenkqubo ezichazwe kwesi sikhokelo zinika isiseko sokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo.

Inkqubo ayifezekanga, kwaye ayisayi kuhluza wonke umntu. Ibandakanya ulalanisa, inkqubela-phambili yolwandiso, yaye maxa wambi idimaza. Kodwa ikwayindlela uluntu lwedemokhrasi oluthetha ngayo iingxaki kwaye lusukele iinjongo ezidibeneyo. Ngokubandakanyeka kule nkqubo (ixhotyiswe ngokuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo kunye nolindelo olusengqiqweni malunga noko lunokukufeza.)

Qala apho ukhoyo. Yazi umba owukhathaleleyo. Funda ngohlobo lwenkqubo yangoku kunye nomntu ongundoqo. Xhumana nabanye abaxhalabisayo. Yenza ilizwi lakho liviwe ngawe. kwaye qonda ukuba utshintsho olunentsingiselo lufuna umgudu othe rhoqo ngexesha.

Umgaqo kawonke-wonke usenokubonakala njengento eyenzekayo kuwe, kodwa eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo le nkqubo. Inyathelo elilandelayo linento yokwenza nayo. Imicimbi yakho, yaye ilizwi lakho lifanele liviwe kwizigqibo ezichaphazela ibutho lakho nobomi bakho.