Indima yemithetho enxulumeneyo ekukhuthazeni iPhondo lokuHlanganisa

IiKomiti ze-Pistical Action ze-PACs zisisiseko sezemali yezemali yezemali yaseMerika, zithumela ii-dola zabucala kwinkqubo yezobupolitika ukuze zibumbe inkqubo kunye nabanyuli. Phakathi kweentlobo ezininzi zee-PAC, ezingengomalungu e-PAC, ezikhoyo kwi-PACs, ezizimeleyo ngokuzimeleyo: azidityaniswa nayiphi na imibutho, ukudibana kwabasebenzi, imbutho yezentengiselwano, okanye iphulo yezentengiselwano. Endaweni yoko, zenziwe ngabantu ngabanye, zikhuphiswana amaqela, okanye imibutho yenkqesho ekhuthaza iinjongo ezithile. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ii-PACs ziye zabala kakhulu kumlo onamandla onamandla onamandla okhuthazwe yimeko-bume, ukuxhasa ukhuthuko lwazomthetho, kunye nokukhuthaza ulawulo lwezopolitiko.

IPaC Edityanisiweyo

Ukuqonda indima ye-PACs edityanisiweyo kwimekobume, kubalulekile kuqala ukuqonda into ezenza zahluka phantsi komthetho wonyulo. Ngokutsho kweFederal Ecomment Commission (FEC), i-PAC yintlangano enyusa ize ichithe imali yokuphembelela unyulo. [ii-PACM]] edityanisiweyo [ esungulwe ngumbutho, umbutho womsebenzi, okanye umbutho wamalungu kwaye iyakwazi ukucela kuphela iminikelo kwiklasi esithintelo esithintelweyo (umz., abalawuli, izahlulo, okanye amalungu). [FLT.[FLT:] [4] [5] [4] umahluko othenjiwe PAC [FFFFF:3], ngokweedwa, ngokokwahlukana nemigaqo-onke, iminikelo ephuma kwimiqatha-mali-yonke, i-mali ephakathi kwe-mali kawonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke-wonke---wonke-wonke

Olu zimeleyo lwesakhiwo lunika i-PACs enganxulunyaniswanga nenkxaso ecwangcisiweyo. Abajongwa kwindawo esezantsi yemibutho okanye umbutho omnye, ngoko bangathatha izimo ezithe nkqi kwimibandela ephikisanayo enjengekharbon iprigrand okanye ukuvalela imisebenzi yelahleko yelahleko. Bangajika-jika ngokukhawuleza kumathuba amatsha . Ngokubhekiselele kwiimeko eziphambili zokuvavanya iingxelo zemeko-bume entle, umzekelo, ngaphandle kokuxhalabelana nokungqubana kwemeko-bume yezobupolitika. Imizekelo engenakubonwa iquka uManyano lolondolo lwezogcino-mali Voters (LV) lwe-Victory, iNgxowa ye-mali yezopolitiko yeSikolo se-Phithi ye-Ceting Ink iNgxoxoxoxo yoMsebenzi we-mali.

U-NonÍcs odityanisiweyo unawo umphetho ekucaceni. Ngenxa yokuba kufuneka babhalise neengxelo ze-FEC kunye neefayile zotyhilo oluthe rhoqo oludweliswe ngabenzi bolwazi abanikela ngexabiso elingaphezulu kwama-$200, banika ingxelo kawonke-wonke yokuba ngubani oxhasa imekobume yemeko- bume-- bume----------------ntle. Oku kwahluke kakhulu nge-```i-project''''' imibutho efana no-501(c)(4) amaqela oluntu, anokuchitha kwizibhengezo zentlalo zezopolitiki ngaphandle kokutyhila abani bawo. Abaxhasi abaninzi bemekobume be-PACs abangeyongeyo-i-intengo bathengwa, ukuthembana nabaxhasi bengca abafuna ukuphendula.

Indlela Efanelekileyo Yokufikelela Kwindawo Esingqongileyo

Ii-PAC ezidityanisiweyo zisebenzisa iindlela ezininzi zokuphuhlisa iinkqubo zokusingqongileyo. Ukuzimela kwazo kuzenza zikwazi ukudibanisa iphulo lezemali elingokwesithethe nezixhobo ezisetyenziswa kwiingca, uxinzelelo olusemthethweni, kunye nokukhutshwa kwamajelo eendaba.

Ukuxhasa Igalelo

Eyona mpembelelo ithe ngqo yee-PACs ezingeyoyoyamava efumaneka ngezimali yiminikelo yabathathi-nxaxheba abaxhasa iziphumo zemekobume. I-PAC njengeLCV Victory Fund isoloko ixhasa kwaye inikela kurhulumente nakurhulumente othe wafumana iingxelo zokuvota ezinamandla kwimozulu, umoya ococekileyo, kunye namanzi. Le minikelo isoloko iyintlawulo yokuqala ukudityaniswa kwemali kumkhankatho womceli wemali, enceda abangeni ukuba bafumane ukubonakala nokuthembeka. Kukhuphiswano-Pinshortry, ii-PCs ezingeyo ezizimeleyo zingenza iindleko ezizimeleyo kunye nemali ezithengwayo kwizibhengezo ezithe ngqo okanye ezimela okanye ezichasene nomkhuphi, logama elifana ne-orgigan, elifana ne-orgon, eliqhelekileyo, eli thuba elide xa lingaququququzeli kwiphulo-omi. Oku “ngaphandle” kusiba sisixhobo esinamandla: 2022222, ii-P.565649, iintexports ezithensity, ngokweeno zemi

Ngaphezu koko, ezi paC zisoloko ziqokelela iminikelo evela kwiminikelo yazo − ziqokelela ii-checks ezininzi kwaye zizinikela njengentlama kwi-"injini" enika impembelelo yazo kwaye zifake imiqondiso enzulu yenkxaso. I-Bounding isebenza kakhulu kwi-PAC engadityaniswanga 76 kuba inika ihlombe yabanikeli abaninzi abancinane kunokuba ixhomekeke kwiitsheki ezinkulu ezimbalwa.

Ukuqhatha Nokuzibandakanya Ngokungqalileyo Nabenzi Bomthetho

Ngaphandle konyulo, ii-PAC ezingengomanyeneyo zibandakanyeka ekungeneni ngqo ukubumba umthetho wemekobume. Ngelixesha zingenakungenelela njengeqela lorhwebo lwengingqi okanye iifemmenti ezinikezelweyo, ii-PAC ezininzi ezingadityaniswanga zigcina amaqela emicimbi karhulumente adibana namalungu eKhomishini kunye nabasebenzi bazo, zinikela ubungqina ekuchongeni, kunye nezicelo zenkqubo yempiliso. Umzekelo, iNgxokelelwano yeNkqutyana yokuSebenza iSebe lokuSebenza iNgxosho yoMsebenzi ye-DSCPSTAnces Control Act kunye nemiqathango eqinileyo kwimichiza ye-PFAS. Ngokungafaniyo, ii-PCCs ezinokuthi zifake irhafuthelo okanye ii-rograckers, la maqela angengomalungu anxibelelanayo kwimpilo ne-ongongongongongongo, ngokufuthi ukungqubana neentenxa-mali ye-mali ye-mali.

Imisebenzi yokurhoxisa ichazwe phantsi koMthetho weLobbing Dislosure, kunye nee-PAC ezinganxulumaniyo ezichitha ngaphezu kwemali encinane kwi-definithi kufuneka zibhalise kwaye iingxelo zefayile ngokwekota. Oku kukhanyisa kuvumela imibutho egadayo ukuba ilandele impembelelo yePaC yemekobume kunye nentlangano yayo.

I-Grassroot

I-PAC enxibelelanisiweyo ibalasele ekuququzeleleni abavoti nasekuphakamiseni uluntu ngemiba yemekobume. Ngezibhengezo zamanani, amaphulo onxibelelwano lwezentlalo, kunye neposi ethe ngqo, zifundisa abemi ngeengxelo zemeko-bume zamagosa anyuliweyo kunye nezithintelo zomthetho ozayo. Kwakhona ezininzi ziqhuba “amaphulo okulwa”, zicela abatsha ukuba benze imigaqo ethile ecacileyo efana nekhulu eli-100% yamandla acocekileyo okanye ukuchasa i-oyile entsha kunye ne-oyile. Ezi zibophelelo zikawonke-wonke zidala ityala zenze izigqwenga elicacileyo le-ofisi ezibolekileyo.

Ngexesha lonyulo, abaququzeli be-PAC abanxibelelanisiweyo nemekobume abasoloko besebenzisa abaququzeleli bebala ukunkqonkqoza ezindlwini, kwibhanki yemfonomfono, baze bakhuphele abaxhasi kwimo yezulu . Ngokomzekelo, ikomiti yezobupolitika yeSierra Club, inembali ende yokubotshelelwa kwengca, isebenzisa isiseko sayo sobulungu belizwe lonke ukuvelisa ingcinezelo yamagosa anyuliweyo. Lo mdlalo uphambili kwimijaho ye-Geneballot . [1] Indlu yowiso-mthetho yephondo, ikomkhulu, kunye nebhunga lengingqi-ingingqi-ngombu yesixeko, apho kudla ukusetyenziswa kwemicinelo yemekobume.

Ukungavisisani Nocelomngeni Olungokwasemthethweni

Nangona kungengomsebenzi wabo oyintloko, abanye abangengomaqumrhu basebenzisa i-PAC edityanisiweyo njengesixhobo sokunyanzelisa imithetho yokusingqongileyo okanye ukuvala imisebenzi eyingozi. Ngenxa yokuba zingamaqumrhu asemthethweni, banokumangalela amasebe karhulumente okanye imibutho esemthethweni ngaphandle kokutsala umbutho wabo ongumzali ukuba ulwe. Umzekelo, iziko le-PAC elisebenzisa i-PAC lixhasa ukugawulwa kokulinywa okucelw'iiiicel'iiiiiicelo-mthetho nokuvunywa kwemibhobho. Ngoxa ii-ligi zisoloko zixhaswa ngezixhobo ezahlukeneyo ezingakhutshelwanga (njenge-501(c)) imibutho (3), inkxaso yemali i-PAC inika amaqela asemthethweni afuna amaqela ogcino-mali kwimiqatha ye-Gene crote

Impembelelo Elinganisiweyo Kumgaqo-nkqubo Wokusingqongileyo

Isiphumo esinyusiweyo se-PAC engazidityaniswanga kwinkqubo yokusingqongileyo sikhulu, nangona kunzima ukukhetha kwimigudu yokufumana inzala ebanzi. Iziphumo eziphawulekayo eziliqela zibonisa impembelelo yazo.

I-Wins yemo yezulu. Kwimijikelo yonyaka ka-2018 kunye no-2020] iPaCCs ezingeyondawo edityanisiweyo zanceda inkxaso yendlu engundoqo nesihlalo seNtlanganiso yakuqala ngokuxhasa amaphulo eqonga e-Cuarsadetic abangele iziphumo zemozulu. Abameli abafana no-Ocasiosér (DHANY) kunye ne-Senator Mark Kelly (DANDALZ) bafumana inkxaso ephambili kudala kumaqela anjenge-Democrats PC (atxubene nayo nayiphi nayiphi na ikomiti). kunye neLC Victory Fund yabo kwi-LCirtic Redction Act 2022) kunye ne-omatimenti yoqoqoselo oluphezulu lwemeko lwemeko-PC.

Isizwe se-Sizwe sangononogatho-nkqubo we-Wins. i-PACs ezidityanisiweyo zisebenza ngokukhethekileyo kwiinyathelo zikarhulumente. Ngo-2020, uManyano loBandla loNxulumaniso lwe-Colorado lwachitha ixesha elininzi ukuxhasa iProposition 112, nto leyo eyayakuba inyuse izithintelo ze-oyile kunye ne-gas. Nangona ekugqibeleni iphulelo lokufumana i-paclette yanga, ukuphakanyiswa kwe-osolute kawonke kwaye yanyanzelela urhulumente ukuba adlulise imimiselo engqongqo kunyaka olandelayo. Ngokufanayo, u-Pecconentracss eWashington yanceda ukubonelelwa kwemali ephumelelayo kwimali yekharbon ngo-11818181, nangona larhoxiswa yinkundla yenkundla ye-paRC kwingxoxo ye-parn elandelana.[9]

inceda i Window e-Overton. Ngokuqhubeka nokuxhasa abathathi-nxaxheba kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo kwimozulu, ii-PAC ezidityanisiweyo zincedile ekususeni isiziko lwezobupolitika lombizane womhlaba. Kwiminyaka elishumi eyadlulayo, zimbalwa iiRiphabliki kwiKhongolo eziyamkela utshintsho lwemozulu yomntu; namhlanje, inani elandayo le-Riphabliki lixhasa ukukhokharbon ukuboleka irhafu nokubuyiselwa kwamandla. Ngelixa oothunywa abaninzi befakthsi bemeko-m, uxinzelelo oluzinzileyo lwe-PACs-acs-aknethi ezinomfonononononononothi owenziwe ngengca lisebenzisa inkqubo yemozulu ekwimiqatha kwimigalelo yombutho yombutho woonke.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa

Phezu kwayo nje impumelelo yazo, iiPaC ezingengomalungu onxibelelwano zijamelana nocelomngeni oluphawulekayo nokugxekwa okufanelekileyo okungazivumeli ukuba ziphumelele okanye kubangele ukuba zixhalabe ngemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.

Ukungakwazi Ukusebenza

U-Nonmbɛc unxibelelana ne-PACs ixhomekeke kwiminikelo nganye exhonywe kangangokuba ii-$5 000 ngonyaka, nto leyo ebenza baxhomekeke kakhulu kwisiseko esikhulu sabanikeli abancinane. Ngokungafaniyo neSuper PACs, enokuyamkela iminikelo engenasiphelo evela kumaqumrhu kunye nabantu abazizityebi, i-PACC edityanisiweyo e-PAC ayinakuqokelela izikhongozelo ezinkulu zemfazwe ngokukhawuleza. Le ngxowa-mali ithetha ukuba isoloko ibaleka emva kwe-CC kunye namaqela abathengisi beshishini kwimali eninzi. Umzekelo, kumjikelezo wonyaka wama-20202020, i-oklo oluphambili lwemekobume engadityaniyo i-PAC (LCVictory Fund) ayikhuphuzanga malunga nezigidi ezizimali ezibiza imali eninzi (55, ngexesha le Kochquetnet) i-Melika (501) echithe i-PaC). Oku kurhoxina kwente yente yezo yezoshishi yezo zezo zezo propati.

Ukubonisa ngaphaya kweliso “Nemali Engekhoyo”

Nangona ii-PAC ezingezoza-manyumfa zityhila abanikeli bazo, badla ngokufumana iminikelo evela kubantu kunye namaqumrhu anika amaqela amnyama emali. Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi le nkqubo ivumela izityebi ezinikela ngemali ngemijelo emininzi . Ukunikezela nge-$5 000 (R1 000) kwimithetho engadityaniswanga 761 kwaye izigidi kwi 501(c)(4) eziqhuba izibhengezo ezidumisa umntu omnye (_ukukhanka) oziphakamisayo i-webh yempembelelo. Ngaphezu koko, abanye abanganxulumaniswe nezi-PAC abangeyo abakhanyeliswayo abakhaliswanga ngokukhanyeliyo njengokuba besithi. I-FECC ifuna kuphela ukwenziwa kwemiqatha yabanikeli engaphezulu-200,000; abancinane abanikelayo abambalwa abahlala bengaziwa.

Imiqathango Esemthethweni Engokulungelelana

I-PAC edityanisiweyo kufuneka inyathelwe ngenyameko ukuze iphephe ukunxibelelana okungekho mthethweni nabatshati okanye amaqela. I-FEC iyalela ukusetyenziswa kwenkcitho ezimeleyo .I-PAC kuphela ekuxubusheni iiplani yabo yokuchitha imali ngokuphucuka. Oku kwenza “udonga lomlilo” olunokuthi luthintele ulungelelwano olucwangcisiweyo. Umzekelo, i-PAC isenokundulula i-active active blitz kwisithilitz apho ukuvololwa kwangaphakathi komvolontiliti kubonakalisa ukuba kufuneka bajolise kwisigidi esahlukileyo. Ngaphandle komanyano, i-PAC inokuba nento ephazamisayo, ikhokelela ekulahleni imithombo okanye kwanento yokwenza ityala. Ngelixa iNkugqibele yeNkulwano ePhaka `[FLT:] i-CIN [[FLT]] i-ulp] i-act1] i-ase-evelved tration, i-enzation esebenzayo esebenzayo.

Ukhuphiswano Nokwahlulahlulwa

I-NRDC Action Fund isebenzisa i-NDC Action nganye ibaluleke kakhulu kwaye ineenkqubo zokulinganisa imimandla yayo. Olu lwahlulo lunganciphisa iziphumo ezidibeneyo. Kwii-PCs zedamate kunye namathuba afanayo. Amaqela afana ne-Sierra Club, LCV, Cacape Water Action, kunye ne-NRDC Action Fund ngalinye linezinto zalo eziphambili kunye nenkqubo yokulinganisa ingingqi. Olu lwahlulo lunganciphisa iziphumo ezidibeneyo. Kwiiprojekthi ezininzi zemeko-bume yendalo zixhasa abanikezeli, ukwahlula isiseko kunye nokudidanisa. Uhlalutyo 2021 lufumanise ukuba iPaCs njengeqela lichitha malunga nama-60% kuphela oko i-oyile nemveliso echithwayo kwinkampani ye-PCs kunye namaqela ezoqoqosho.

Ikamva Lokulawulwa Kwendawo Esingqongileyo NgeePacs Ezinxibelelanayo Ezingama - Non76

Ukukhangela phambili, ii-PAC ezingenxulumaniyo zizakuqhelanisa nemeko etshintsha ngokukhawuleza yezobupolitika kunye nobugcisa. Izimo ezininzi ziza kubumba indima yazo ekukhuthazeni iinkqubo zokusingqongileyo.

Amandla Okukhulisa Iingcambu (nooGawulayo Abancinane)

Ukunyuka kwemigangatho eqokelela i-intanethi njenge-LCV Victory Sound Forces prottings njenge-Act Blue ikwenze kwalula ukuba ii-PAC ezingenxulunyaniswanga ziziseko ezinkulu ezikhoyo. Iminikelo emincinci i-Classillar ngezantsi ko-R95/ngoku ityala ngesabelo esikhulayo semirhumo yemeko- bume ye-PAC. Ngo-2020, i-LCVictory Fund ichaza ukuba i-70% yeminikelo yayo yayingaphantsi kwe-200%. Oku kuthambeka kukhusela le PAC ngokuxhomekeka kwizinhanhananana ezimbalwa zeqo zoophatho ezifumileyo kwaye kudibanisa inkxaso yazo ezikhoyo ekuhlaleni. Njengoko inkxaso lisanda, inkxakeka, ingakumbi kwizizukulwana ezincinane, izibo ezivumayo ukunikela kwi-PACCs.

Unxulumano nezixhobo zamanani

Ii-PAC ezingeyondawo engqongileyo ezinxulunyanisiweyo ziyaba ngabasebenzisi abantsonkothileyo bezixhobo zamanani. Zisebenzisa ugcino-lwazi olunento yokwenza nento yokujolisa ngokunempumelelo, zisebenzisa ii-apps ezincinane ze-croplanitions ukuthatha inkxaso ezenzekelayo, kwaye ziphumeze amaphulo eentsholongwane afuna uxinzelelo ngegama. Unyulo lwaphakathi kwe 2022 lwexesha labona isikhonkwane kwi-Tik neInstagram. I-ofractal izibhengezo eziveliswa ngamaqela anjenge Sunrise Movement (esebenza kwi-PAC engekho mdibaniso). La maqonga avumela ukuba kusungulwe, intethelo yezelo yezelo yezentengo yezelo yezopolitiki.

Amadabi Okulawula Angaphambili

Umiselo olusemthethweni lwe-PACs olungadityaniswanga alumi ndawonye. Imigudu yequmrhu yokulungisa inkxaso-mali . njengoMthetho we-DISCLOSE, oza kuqinisa imithetho emnyama yemali ,(ukunyusa ukubonakala kwazo zonke ii-PACs, kuquka nezingadityaniswanga. Ngokuchaseneyo, iingxaki zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zingayeka ukuchitha imali, zivumele ii-PAC ezidityaniswe ngenkululeko engakumbi ngemibhiyo. Ukusingqongileyo kwamaqela e-advoccacy kuza kufuneka ahlale ephaphile ekukhuseleni zonke iminikelo yawo kunye nemithetho enika ukuthembeka kwayo ngoku. Naziphi iinguqulelo ezikhulula imiqathango yokuzirhoxakelisa iinkampani ezizimeleyo zinokutsho zitsho zitshone ngaphandle kwelizwi ezithobayo ezithelekisa ii-PAC.

Ukunikela Ubulumko Kungxamiseko Lwemozulu

Njengokuba iziphumo zotshintsho lwemozulu zikhula .Njengoko imililo yelangatye, izikhukula, kunye nobushushu obugqithisileyo bezobupolitika ukuthatha inyathelo ziyakhula. Ii-PAC ezidityanisiweyo zibekwe kwindawo eyodwa ukuze zifumane loo mngeniselo kwiziphumo ezikhethiweyo. Zingavuza abenzi bomthetho abavota ukuthotywa kwentengiso yenkqubela. Umthetho okhupha inkqubela ephezulu ye-Reduction yonyaka wama-2022 yayinguMthetho wolo oluphawulekayo, kodwa abaxhasi baqaphele ukuba uninzi olufunekayo. I-PACC edityanisiweyo iya kusuka kwiziphumo zokuzikhusela (ukukhusela i-Aatlomouse Act, ukuvala i-oyile) ukuya kwicebo lokulungisa i-injini (ukugawula i-carbon engaphakathi, ukuxhasa i-enjini, ukuxhasa kwe-oknvocalve). Imeko yabo yezoqoqosho lungaba luthathe ixesha elide kwi-P.

Isiphelo

Ii-PAC ezidityanisiweyo zisebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo phakathi kwenkxalabo yemekobume kunye nee-ofisi zamandla. Uzimele kwazo zokwakha, ukubonakala kwazo ngokunxulumene, kwaye zijolise kwimbambano esekelwe kwi-STATES ezithi zahluke kuwo omabini amaqela ee-PACs kunye namaqela emali angenamdla omnyama e-VC. Ngemirhumo yemali e-mali. Ngemirhumo yenkxaso, ukukhuthaza, ukuququlunqa ingca, kunye nokukhutshwa kwazo ngamathuba athile, ezi PAC ziye zanceda ukunyusa imozulu kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume yemeko-bume njengemiba yemiba eMerika. Ziye zaxhasa amaphulo abo kamva babhale umthetho wemozulu nengasayinwanga kwimbali, kwaye ziye zabonisa ukuba abaquququlul

Kodwa azisisicombululo. Ukunqanda ukulinganiselwa kwemali, imiqobo engokwasemthethweni, kunye nokuqhekeka kwemibutho yokusingqongileyo kuyabanyanzela bonke. Abagxeki bachanaba ngokufanelekileyo ukuba kwane-PACs ekhanyayo isebenza kwinkqubo evumela intabalala yemali ukuba iphembelele kwezobupolitika(/nakanye ukuba inkqubo ngokwayo isenokufuna utshintsho ukuze inciphise impembelelo yayo yonke imali kwezobupolitika. Noko ke, kwabo bakholelwa ukuba imigaqo eqinileyo yemekobume ixhomekeke ekunyuleni abaxhasi abanyanisekileyo, ii-PACs ezinganxulunyaniswanga zihlala zikho ezinye izixhobo ezisebenzayo ezikhoyo. Njengokuba imeko-mngcipheko yemozulu isiya kusiba yeyona nto ibalulekileyo.

Ukufundwa okungakumbi kwemithetho yesiseko ye-PACs edityanisiweyo kunye nempembelelo yayo yemekobume, bona i-FEC isikhokelo sokubhalisa i PAC[FLT, i i-League yoNyaka yoKhuselo lwe-Voters Victory Fund [[, kunye nohlahlo olusuka [[FLT:]] unyulo kwiPaCPic[FLT'[FT:5]. [[FLT] Izenzo zomsebenzi zobuxhakaxhaso lweqela leSebe][[FLT]] ibonelela imizekelo engakhutshwanga i-padiposeneyo nevocki, ngexesha [FT][5] InkTY] Izenzo ze-FTPGPGPG:[5]