Isiseko senkqubo yezeejaji

Umthetho uxhomekeke kwigosa elilungelelanisiweyo, elingakhethi buso apho iingxabano ziconjululwa khona kwaye kusetyenziswa ubulungisa. Iinkundla zisebenza njenge-fonum, zisebenza phakathi kwenkqubo emiselweyo kunye nemithetho elandelwayo. Kubafundi bembali kunye nemfundo esemthethweni, ukuqonda ezi nkqubo ziyimfuneko. Inkqubo yenkundla ayikho kwindawo engenalusini; ibunjwa ziinkulungwane zezithethe ezisemthethweni, imigaqo yemithetho yesiseko somgaqo-siseko, kwaye ichaza imigaqo yesosha. Eli nqaku linikela ushwankathelo olucacileyo lwamacandelo angundoqo, iinkqubo, kunye nemithetho echaza indlela iinkundla ezisebenza ngayo, ukusuka ekuqululweni kwesohlwayo ukuya kumgwebo wokugqibela nangaphaya kwayo.

Inkundla eLungileyo neSifungo

Inkoliso yeenkqubo zomthetho zale mihla, ingakumbi ezo zisekelwe kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, zilungelelanisa iinkundla kwiqela lemigangatho. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba amatyala aviwe kwimigangatho efanelekileyo kwaye iimpazamo zingaphindwa. Jurisdion(igunya lenkundla lokuphulaphula ityala).

Iinkundla Zokuchophela Ityala

Iinkundla zetyala ziyindawo yokungena kwiimpikiswano ezininzi ezingokwasemthethweni. Zilapho kunikelwa khona ubungqina, amangqina, kunye neejaji (kwimimandla emininzi) zinikela izigwebo. EUnited States, ezi zidla ngokubizwa ngokuba ziinkundla zesithili kumgangatho worhulumente kunye neenkundla eziphakamileyo okanye ezijikelezayo kumgangatho wezwe. Iinkundla zokugweba zisingatha omabini [[FLT: 0]] amatyala [[FLT: 1]] (angamatyala phakathi kwabantu okanye imibutho, afana nokuchasana okanye iimfuno zomntu) kunye namatyala arhafuthelwayo etyala [iprota] (iimbelo karhulumente ngenxa yokutyholwa komthetho otyholwayo).

Inkundla

Iinkundla zetyala zihlola izigqibo zenkundla yamatyala. Aziqhubeli matyala amatsha okanye zive ubungqina obutsha. Endaweni yoko, zihlola ingxelo yamatyala ukuze zifumanise ukuba iimpazamo zomthetho zenzekile na ezichaphazele iziphumo. Indima yazo kukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho usetyenziswe ngokuchanekileyo nangokungaguquguqukiyo. Kwi-U.S., iinkundla eziphakathi zidla ngokubizwa ngokuba ziinkundla zezibheno, ngoxa inkundla ephakamileyo iyinkundla ephakamileyo ephakamileyo enegunya. Umgangatho wokuhlola uyahluka: imibuzo yomthetho iyahlaziywa ngolulo [ de no hayi [e]] [entsha], ngoxa izifuno zento zihlaziwe ngenxa yempazamo ecacileyo.

IiNkundla Eziphezulu

Inkundla ephakamileyo ekulawulo inegunya lokugqibela lokutolika imithetho nomgaqo-siseko. Izigqibo zayo zimisela umzekelo osisigxina kuzo zonke iinkundla eziphantsi kuloo gunya. Ngokomzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ikhetha ukuba ngawaphi amatyala (ityala e-ceretiori) kwaye ngokufuthi ithetha ngemibandela ebaluleke kakhulu kwisizwe, njengamalungelo omgaqo-siseko, amandla orhulumente, kunye neengxwabangxwaba phakathi kweenkundla eziphantsi.

Iinkqubo zeNkundla yeRhulumente

Kumazwe anenkqubo karhulumente, njengeUnited States, kukho iinkqubo zenkundla ezihambelanayo. Iinkundla zoManyano zisingatha amatyala abandakanya umthetho karhulumente, umGaqo-siseko, iimpikiswano phakathi kwamazwe, kunye nolawulo lwezahluka-hlukeneyo (iicandelo elivela kumaphondo ahlukeneyo). Iinkundla zelizwe zisingatha amatyala amaninzi, kuquka amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho phantsi komthetho wesizwe, imicimbi yentsapho, izivumelwano, kunye nee-torts. Ukuqonda ukuba yiyiphi inkundla enegunya linyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo esemthethweni.

Iinkqubo ezisemthethweni: Ukusuka ekubhaqweni ukuya kugweba

Imigaqo yomthetho yimithetho elawula indlela amatyala ahamba ngayo kwinkqubo yenkundla. Ezi nkqubo zenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba kulungile, kufanelekile, kwaye kufanelekile. Nangona imigaqo eyahlukeneyo ngokwemithetho, amaqondo jikelele ayaguquguquka.

Intambo yokukhokela

Ityala liqala ngokuncenga---------------------------------- uxwebhu olubhaliweyo oluchaza indawo yeqela ngalinye. u-appliet ubekwa kwi-pasttiff (kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni) okanye ingxengxelo (kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho) ukusungula le ntshukumo. Ichaza isiseko esisemthethweni setyala okanye izityholo kunye nesombululo ezifunwayo. Ummangalelwa ngoko uphendula nge- phendla, uvuma okanye ukhanyelisa izityholo. Kwinkqubo ezininzi, ummangali usenokuzidibanisela ityala okanye ulawulo okanye uthutho lokunga ulawulo lomthetho.

Inkonzo yeNkqutyana

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ifuna ukuba ummangalelwa axelelwe ngokusemthethweni ngokusemthethweni kwaye anikwe ithuba lokuphendula. Oku kufezwa ngenkqubo , apho i-odolo kunye nekopi yesikhalazo zinikezelwa kummangalelwa. Imithetho ichaza iindlela ezamkelekileyo, ezifana nenkonzo yobuqu yenkqubo yomncedisi, iposi enengxelo eqinisekisiweyo, okanye impapasho kwiimeko ezilinganiselweyo. Inkonzo ye-Xhosa ingenza ukuba kugxothwe.

Umbuzo

Ukufunyaniswa kwemeko yangaphambi kovavanyo apho amatheko atshintshisana khona ulwazi nobungqina.

  • [[UMTHLO: 0] Ukwakhiwa: Ukubekwa ngaphandle kwenkundla yobungqina ngamangqina okanye amaqela, ebhalwe ukusetyenziswa kamva.
  • Imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zemveliso: Iimfuno zamaxwebhu, ugcino-lwazi lwezibonelelo zekhompyutha, okanye ubungqina obuphathekayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zemvume: iingxelo omnye umntu amele azivume okanye akhanye, acuthe umba wokuvavanya.

Ifunyaniswe ibanzi, kodwa iinkundla zingayimisela ekuthinteleni ukuxhatshazwa. Ukufunyanwa kwekhompyutha (ukufumana iziphumo) kuye kwaba lilungu eliphambili kwiziphumo zale mihla.

Intshukumo namazwi angaphambili

Phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, amaqela angafaka iifayile zentshukumo ezifuna izigwebo zenkundla. Izenzo eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhupha:[[FT:1] Ithetha ukuba isikhalazo asiphumeleli ukuchaza isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umbutho womgwebo wesishwankathelo: Isiqinisekiso sokuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene yento ephathekayo kwaye iqela elihambayo linelungelo lokugweba njengombandela womthetho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Motion kwi Limine:[[FT:1] Ifuna ukungabufaki ubungqina obuthile ekunikezelweni ekucinyweni.

Iingqungquthela zangaphambili phakathi kwejaji namagqwetha ziyanceda ekulawuleni ityala, ukuxubusha ngemeko esenokubakho, nokumisela ixesha elimiselweyo.

Ukuvavanywa

Ityala kukuqulunqwa kwasekuhlaleni apho kuboniswa khona ubungqina kunye neempikiswano. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, abachopheli-tyala bamisela izibakala, ngoxa ijaji igqiba imibandela engokwasemthethweni. Kwizitulo, umgwebi wenza zombini. Ulandelelwano oluqhelekileyo luthi:

  1. IiNgxelo eziVulayo: Icala ngalinye lichaza oko lizimisele ukukungqina.
  2. Ukunikezelwa kobuBonakaliso: I-partiff/ingtshutshiso ichaza kuqala imeko yayo, ibiza amangqina kunye nokwazisa imiboniso. Ukhuselo lunganqamleza i-examine. Kwangoko ukhuseleko luchaza imeko yalo.
  3. [[UMTL: 0] Impikiswano ezichazayo: Icala ngalinye lishwankathela ubungqina kwaye liphikisa isigqibo esilungileyo.
  4. Imiyalelo ebhaliweyo: [[FLT: 0] Ijaji iyalela abachopheli-mthetho ukuba basebenzise umthetho.
  5. I-Deberia kunye neSigwebo: Abachopheli-tyala babuye baphinde bagqibe kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho (ngokuqhelekileyo kufuneka bavumelane) okanye isigqibo kwiimeko zabemi (ngokoqobo uninzi okanye uxhathisa luxhomekeke kulawulo).

Intshukumo yomgwebo neyomva wesiphelo

Emva kwesigqibo, inkundla ingena kwisigwebo. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, oku kungaquka isigwebo sokuvalelwa entolongweni, ukuhlawuliswa, ukugwetywa okanye ezinye izigwebo. Kwimeko yasekuhlaleni, umgwebo ungafumana imbuyekezo, isiqabu, okanye isiqabu sokukhupha isiqabu. Amathala angayifaka ingxelo yemiqathango yasemva kwetyala, njengokuqhutyelwa kwetyala elitsha okanye intshukumo yokugweba ngaphandle kwesigqibo (JNOV).

Izibheno

Ukuba iqela likholelwa ukuba imposiso engokwasemthethweni yenzekile ngexesha lokuchotshelwa kwetyala, basenokubhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Inkundla enika ingxelo ingqwalaselo ihlola ingxelo yamatyala kunye neengxelo ezifutshane ezibhaliweyo zamaqela, yaye maxa wambi ziva iimpikiswano zomlomo. Inkundla ingayiqinisekisa, iphinde iphinde iphinde ivume, okanye iphinde iphinde ilibale ityala letyala lokuqulunqa okuqhubekayo. Izibheno azizenzeki; zifuna ukuboniswa kwempazamo ephosakeleyo.

Imithetho yokuziphatha yegumbi lenkundla neDecorum

Imimiselo yenkundla yezomthetho yesimilo egcina isidima, ucwangco, kunye nentlonelo kwinkqubo yokugweba. Le mithetho isebenza kubo bonke abakhoyo, ukusuka kubagwebi namagqwetha ukuya kumatheko nababukeli.

I-attle kunye nembonakalo

Kufuneka izinxibo ezifanelekileyo. Iiattorney zidla ngokunxiba iisuti zeshishini; abagwebi badla ngokunxiba iingubo zokwaleka. Amaphulo namangqina kulindeleke ukuba anxibe ngendlela elungeleleneyo.

Ukuthetha Nenkundla Nabathathi - nxaxheba

Abagwebi kufuneka bachazwe njenge "Imbeko Yakho" e-U.S. (okanye "INkosi Yam" okanye "Inenekazi Lam" kwiinkqubo ezithile zeCommonwealth). I-Attorney ibhekisela omnye komnye njenge "icebiso" kwaye ibhekise ijaji ngqo. Xa ithetha nabagwebi, amagqwetha asebenzisa "amalungu abachopheli-mthetho" amaNgqina abizwa ngamagama awo kwaye afungwe okanye avume ukuxelela inyaniso. Akukho mntu omele aphazamise okanye athethe ngokujika.

Isimilo nolungelelwano

Kulindeleke ukuba kungabikho nto ithethwayo enkundleni. Iifowuni ezihambayo zimele zingabikho. Ukudla, ukusela nokuhlafuna itshumu, kudla ngokutshintshwa. Ababukeli abamele bavakalise iimvakalelo zabo okanye benze izinto ngendlela engabonakaliyo. Isimilo esiphoxekileyo, kuquka ukucaphuka okanye amagqabaza angenantlonelo, sisenokukhokelela ekuzijongeleni phantsi izityholo zenkundla, ezinokuphumela ekuhlawuleni okanye ekuvalweni entolongweni.

Ukusetyenziswa kobuxhakaxhaka

Imithetho ephathelele izixhobo ze-elektroniki iyahluka. Iinkundla ezininzi ziyalela ukuthotywa kwesandi okanye ukufota kwevidiyo, nangona ezinye zivumela usasazo lwezi nkcukacha ezithile. I-Laptops kunye namacwecwe anokuvunyelwa ukuba athathe iphetshana, kodwa ngemithetho engqongqo. Ii-Attorney zidla ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo ze-software yokubonisa isandi kunye ne-elektroniki.

Ubungqina Bokuphatha kunye namathanda

Xa kuboniswa ubungqina, imithetho engqongqo ilawula indlela eveliswa ngayo. Ii-attorney kufuneka zilandele ityathanga lemithetho yelungelo lokugcina umntwana ukwenzela ubungqina obubonakalayo. Ubungqina bamaNgqina bunikelwa phantsi kwesifungo. Ukuba elinye icala likholelwa ukuba umbuzo okanye ubungqina abufanelekanga, basenokuchasa. Iimpikiswano eziqhelekileyo ziquka amarhe, ulwamnketho, ukukhokela, nemibuzo ephengululayo. Ijaji ilawula ngoko nangoko kwimiqathango. Attorney mayingaphikisani nomthetho womgwebi.

Abathathi - nxaxheba Abaphambili Kwigumbi Lenkundla

Umsebenzi osebenzayo wenkundla uxhomekeke kubasebenzi abangundoqo abaliqela, ngamnye onoxanduva olwahlukileyo.

ABagwebi

Ijaji ilawula inkundla, iqinisekisa ukuba ityala liqhutywa ngokwemithetho, imigaqo engokwaphulwa kwemiqathango nokuchaswa, iyalela abachopheli-tyala, ibeka izigwebo.

Iiattorney (Iintambo)

Abameli bamela amaqela. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, umtshutshisi umela urhulumente, igqwetha elimela ummangalelwa. Kwimiba yasekuhlaleni, iqela ngalinye linegqwetha lalo. Abaphathi-mikhosi banembopheleleko yokuphanda izibakala, baphikisana ngezikhundla ezisemthethweni, banikela ubungqina, kwaye baxhasa abaxhasi babo. Bangamagosa enkundla kwaye kufuneka bathobele imithetho yemithetho yokuziphatha.

Abenzi Beenkundla

Umabhalane wenkundla ulawula imisebenzi yolawulo: ukugcina iifayile zetyala, ukwenza ucwangciso lokuchotshelwa kwetyala, ukushicilela izigwebo, ukuphatha izikhuseli zenkundla, yaye ngamanye amaxesha ukukhupha izifungo.

UlwimiLanguage

Amagosa asebenza ngemithetho amiselwe enkundlani. Imisebenzi yabo iquka ukugcina ucwangco, ukupheleka amabanjwa kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ukubiza inkundla ukuba ilandelwe, nokuncedisa ijaji.

Juries

Amaqela abemi afungela ukunikela isigqibo esisekelwe kubungqina. Kwizigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho, abachopheli-mthetho bagqiba ukuba banetyala okanye abanatyala; kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, bagqiba ukuba banikwe ityala kwaye boniwe. Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala likhuselwa kwiinkqubo ezininzi ezingokwasemthethweni. Abachopheli bakhethwa ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-voir brain, apho amagqwetha namajaji abuza abaquququzeleli ukuba baqinisekise ukuba abangakhethi.

AmaNgqina Nabachola - soli Beenkundla

Umbaleki we-stauntatheli [[FLT:] udala isivakalisi esivakalayo kuzo zonke iziganeko. Le ngxelo ibalulekile ekufakeni isibongozo. AmaNgqina anikela ubungqina phantsi kwesifungo, kwaye ukuthembeka kwawo kungundoqo kwisiphumo. Amangqina angongeza iimbono ezikhethekileyo kwinzululwazi, kwezobugcisa, okanye kwimicimbi yezamayeza.

Imeko Yembali Nendaleko

Iimvelaphi zenkqubo yenkundla yanamhlanje zisukela eNgilani yamaxesha aphakathi. Inkqubo yomthetho oqhelekileyo eyaphuhliswa ngezigqibo zeenkundla zasebukhosini, imisela umzekelo osaqhubeka ukhokelwa ngabagwebi namhlanje. Iziganeko ezingundoqo zembali ziquka iMagna Carta (1215), eyamisela imida kwigunya lobukumkani nelungelo lokuchotshelwa ngokusesikweni, kunye nokuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yejaji.

Iinkundla zamaRhosa eMerika zalandela imifuziselo yamaNgesi. Emva kokuzimela geqe, umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. wamisela ityala lejaji letyala leSinayiti III, neNkundla ePhakamileyo njengenkundla ePhakamileyo. UMthetho weJadiciary wewaka lowewaka li-1789 wadala iinkundla ezisezantsi. Kangangeenkulungwane, imithetho yemithetho yesithethe iye yavela ukusuka ekubongozeni okungqongqo okuqhelekileyo kwisaziso esithambileyo, kwaye ngoku imisela ku-"ukwamkeleka kwamaxabiso emilinganiselo phantsi kwezigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo.

Ezinye izithethe ezisemthethweni, ezifana nomthetho wamakhaya (oqhelekileyo kwilizwekazi laseYurophu naseMzantsi Merika), zixhomekeke kwiinkqubo ezibanzi zemithetho kunye neenkqubo zokuncinwa kwamakholwa kunokuba zisetyenziswe kwiindlela zomthetho eziqhelekileyo. Ukuqonda oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwizifundo ezingokwasemthethweni ezithelekisa.

Ucelomngeni Nenkqubela Yanamhlanje

Iinkundla zijongene neengxaki eziqhubekayo. Iimeko kunye nolibaziseko zingakuphazamisa ukufikelela kobulungisa. Unyuko lwesinye isigqibo sokuphikisana (ukudlulisela, ukuhlaziywa) lunika isiqabu. Ubugcisa buyaqhubeka buguqula imisebenzi yenkundla, ukusuka kwi-elektroniki kunye nobungqina bemivo ukuya kubungqina obuziintloko zolwazi, obukhawulezileyo, obukhawulezileyo yindyikitya ye-CHOVAD-19. Ukungalawuleki kunye nenkxalabo yogcino-lwazi iyakhula.

Ukongezelela, iingxoxo ezimalunga nokukhethwa kwekomiti yobulungisa (ii-applications. comments), ukwahlula, nokufikelela kwinkonzo esemthethweni (ilungelo lokululekwa kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nelungelo loluntu lokucebisa kwimimandla ethile) zihlala zikhuthele. Ngokuthe rhoqo imfundo yasemthethweni igxininisa ubuchule obusebenzayo ngaphandle komthetho ophantsi.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yenkundla sisixhobo esintsonkothileyo kodwa esibalulekileyo sokuphakamisa umthetho. Ukuqonda indlela omiswe ngayo, iinkqubo, kunye nemithetho yayo kunika ukuqonda ngendlela okulawulwa ngayo okusesikweni. Kubafundisi-mfundo nabafundi, ezi ngcamango zikhuthaza ukucingela ngokungqongqo amalungelo asemthethweni, amaxabiso entlalo, kunye nolungelelwano phakathi kocwangco nenkululeko. Iinkundla ezisebenzayo aziyozakhiwo okanye iinkqubo; zingumzekelo ophilayo wesifungo soluntu sokucombulula iingxabano ngokufanelekileyo nangoxolo.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya, bona U.S. ushwankathelo, , ungeno lwe-Encyclopædia Britannica kwiinkundla [, kunye nezibonelelo ezisuka kwi [[FLT:] iMelika Bar Association. Iziseko zembali zingahlolwa ngaphaya [ kovimba wamaZibonelelo wohlanga [[FLT:]].