Ukutolikwa nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho ziinkundla kwenza isiseko somthetho esiqinileyo somthetho osebenzayo. Ngelixesha imigaqo-siseko yezomthetho inika izicwangciso, yisalathisi esiphefumlela ubomi kwezi mibhalo, sifumana intsingiselo nesiphumo sayo kwiimpikiswano zehlabathi lokwenene. Le nkqubo ayilulanga; ibandakanya umgwebo owenziwe ngokusesikweni, ukunamathela kwiimfundiso, nokuqwalasela ngenyameko umongo. Iinkundla zisebenza njengabalawuli bolawulo abapheleleyo, ziqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isetyenziswa ngokungaguqukiyo, ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye iyalungelelaniswa nemigaqo yezobulungisa. Eli nqaku lihlahlela kwiindlela ezintlukwano ezikhokelayo ekuchazeni nasekusebenziseni imithetho eluncedo, ukuhlolisisa ukuqwalasela ukuphuhlisa, imingeniselanalo eluncedo, kunye nokuqhuba impikiswano eqhubekayo yesigqibo sokwenza imigaqo-mthetho.

Imigaqo YeCore Ekhokela Ukucaciswa Ngokusemthethweni

Ukutolikwa okusemthethweni yinkqubo yolwazi esetyenziswa yijaji iphanda intsingiselo yokubhaliweyo okusemthethweni. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba kuyaqikelelwa nokusemthethweni, iinkundla zixhomekeke kwisiseko semigaqo engundoqo eye yavela ukutyhubela iinkulungwane. Le migaqo ayixhomekekanga ngokupheleleyo; ngokufuthi, abagwebi basebenzisa intsalela yayo exhomekeke kwindlela eliyiyo ityala nokucaca kwalomthetho. Ukuqonda ezi zinto zisisiseko kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela iinkundla ezifikelela ngayo kwizigqibo zazo.

Umbhalo: Umbhalo Obalulekileyo WeLizwi Elibhaliweyo

Intsingiselo yomthetho kufuneka ithathwe kwintsingiselo eqhelekileyo yombhalo wayo ngexesha eyamiswa ngalo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi le ndlela ithetha ngokwahlula amagunya ngokumisela imigaqo yokugweba kwaye ithintela abagwebi ukuba bathabathe indawo yemithetho yabo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. IJaji Antonin Scalia yayingummeli ophambili wale ndlela yokubhala. Ngaphantsi kwentsingiselo eqhelekileyo yale nkcazelo. Ngaphantsi kwenkcazelo yombhalo, iinkundla zijolise ingqalelo koko kuthethwa ngumthetho, kunokuba zikholelwe ukuba kufanele ukuba uthethe. Lo mgaqo usoloko usetyenziswa ngaphandle komthetho "uhlaziyo magama achazayo," oyalela ukuba ulwimi lomthetho lucacile kwaye lufanele lunyanzeleke ngokomthetho, iinkundla zimele ziqinisekise ukuba ubhalwe ngaphandle kokukhetha imithombo. Noko ke, ukumisela amagama akusoloko kulula; ukugqiba "intsingiselo ye-Ealvalso" intsingiselo efuna ukuphindwa, ukusetyenziswa komgaqo, ukusetyenziswa komgaqo-mgaqo, ukusetyenziswa komgaqo, ukusetyenziswa komgaqo okuqhelekileyo.

Ukuzibhokoxa: Ukufuna Injongo Yomthetho

Ngokwahlukileyo kumthetho obhaliweyo, inkqubano yenjongo yequmrhu ifuna ukutyhila injongo okanye injongo yabenzi bomthetho abamisela lo mthetho. Le ndlela idla ngokuquka ukuhlolisisa imbali yowiso-mthetho, kuquka iingxelo zeekomiti, iingxoxo zomgangatho, kunye nokuvakala kwentetho evakalayo, ukuqonda ingxaki eyayilwayo umthetho nesiphumo somthetho ocetywe ngabalawuli bemithetho. Inkqubano iyavuma ukuba imimiselo isenokuba ingenziwa kakuhle okanye iqulathe iinjongo zomthetho, kwaye indima yomgwebi kukusebenza kwenjongo yendlu yowiso-mthetho. Abagxeki, nokokuba, baphikisa ukuba ukuyila kwemithetho kuphoxele kuba kunzima ukuqonda icebo elinye, elihambisanayo, kwaye isenokuvumela abagwebi ukuba basebenzise ngokusesikweni iziphelo zembali. Phezu kwako oko, ukugxekwa kwezixhobo eziqhelekileyo, xa besenza iziphumo-zixhobo eziqhelekileyo.

Ubuchule Nesikhewu: Unyanzelo Lwezigqibo Zexesha Elidluleyo

Imfundiso yokuhlola idecisis, ethetha "ukuma ngokwezinto ezigqitywe," ligumbi lenkqubo yomthetho eqhelekileyo. Phantsi kwalo mgaqo, iinkundla zibophelelekile ukulandela izigqibo zeenkundla eziphakamileyo kwigunya lazo kwaye zityekele kakhulu ukulandela izigqibo zazo zangaphambili. Inkundla yelifa lesizwe iyaziqinisekisa uzinzo, ukuqikelelwa, nokulingana phambi komthetho ngokuphatha amatyala afanayo ngendlela efanayo. Amandla eemeko anokuhluka; isigqibo seNkundla ephakamileyo sibophelele kuzo zonke iinkundla ezisezantsi, ngoxa inkundla yelizwe ibophelele kwezo meko. Noko ke, imizekelo ayixhomekekanga kwisigqibo esingenakuthintelwa. Iinkundla zangaphambili ukuba zinokufunyanwa ziphosasane, zingasetyenziswa, okanye zingenziwa ziinguqulo ezikhoyo kuluntu okanye kumthetho. Umzekelo wemeko oluxhaswe kakhulu yimeko yemeko, ngokweemeko, ezithe zalethwa, nokuba zixhaswa na, zingqinwe zize ezinye iingcalayezo zeMibutho yoMthetho-Gralitiki.[10]

Ukuguqulela: Ukutolika Kwisakhelo Esibanzi

Umthetho werhafu ugxininisa ukuba umthetho mawungafundwa ngokwahlukileyo kodwa phakathi komongo obanzi wayo yonke inkqubo yomthetho, kuquka imimiselo enxulumene nayo, amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, kunye nemigangatho yentlalo. Le ndlela iyaqonda ukuba imibhalo esemthethweni iyinxalenye yentsingiselo enkulu. Umzekelo, umthetho werhafu kufuneka uchazwe ngokukhanyiselwa komthetho werhafu, kwaye umthetho wesigebe-gebe-gebenga kufuneka ufundwe ngokuqhubekayo ngokuzingisileyo, kunye nemigaqo enxulumene nomgaqo wemvisingqi, obeka umthetho ude ujongele ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ayizimiselenga ukwenza iimpikiswano ezikhondweni. Iinkundla zerhafuthe xa kuthelekiswa nokungqubana neminye imithetho. Ngaphezu koko, umongo wezo siseko uvumela iinkundla ukuba ziqwalasele iziphumo zokutolikwa komthetho othile, ziqinisekise ukuba umthetho usebenza ngendlela eluncedo kwaye isebenza ngendlela elula kakhulu ekutolikeni kwayo, imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko.

Iindlela ezingundoqo zokuchaza imithetho kunye nenkcazelo yomgaqo-siseko

Ngaphandle kwemigaqo eqhelekileyo, iinkundla zisebenzisa iindlela ezithile ukuchaza imimiselo nomgaqo-siseko. Ezi ndlela ziye zaphuculwa ngokuqhelisa nangolwazi, yaye zisoloko zibonisa iimbopheleleko ezinzulu zentandabulumko ngendima yejaji.

Ubugcisa bokuchaza isiseko

Umthetho Ocacileyo

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, intsingiselo ecacileyo ngumthetho oqalayo kutoliko oluninzi lwemithetho. Ukuba ulwimi lomthetho lucacile kwaye alukhokeleli kwiziphumo ezibubudenge, inkundla iyawusebenzisa njengoko kubhaliwe. Lo mthetho uxhasa ingcamango yokuba injongo yendlu yowiso-mthetho ichazwe kakuhle ngamagama akhethwe yile. Iinkundla zizakusoloko zixhomekeke kwisichazi-magama esisezantsi ukufumanisa iintsingiselo eziqhelekileyo zemagama ngexesha lokwenziwa kommiselo. Kodwa ke, igama lingaba nentsingiselo ekhethekileyo engokwahlukileyo ekusetyenzisweni kwalo, apho inkcazo yobugcisa ivela khona.

Ulawulo Lonke

Lo buchule bufuna ukuba ummiselo ufundwe njengeqela, hayi ngokubhekisa kwimitya eyahlukeneyo. Inkundla izakuqwalasela injongo yesenzo sonke, isakhiwo saso, kunye nokudibana kwamacandelo aso. Umzekelo, iinkcazelo ezifunyenwe kwinxenye enye yommiselo zingasebenza kuyo yonke. Umthetho wonke unceda ukusombulula iintsingiselo ngokuqinisekisa ukuba ukutolikwa kulingana ngokulandelelanayo kudweliso jikelele.

Umthetho Ochasene Nokuncitshiswa

Phantsi kwalo mthetho, iinkundla zikhetha iinkcazelo ezinika isiphumo kuwo onke amagama namagama kumthetho kunokuba zinike olunye ulwimi ulwaphulo olugqithisileyo. Ukuba enye inguqulelo ingenza ilungiselelo lingabi nantsingiselo, ukutolikwa okwahlukileyo okunika intsingiselo ezimeleyo kuthandwa. Lo mgaqo usuka kwingcamango yokuba iintlawulo aziwasebenzisi magama.

Imbali yoMthetho nenjongo

Xa intsingiselo ecacileyo idibene okanye ikhokelela kwimbali yowiso-mthetho ecacileyo, iinkundla zingaphethukela kwimbali yowiso-mthetho ukuze ziqonde injongo. Oku kungaquka iingxelo zeekomiti, iingxelo zabaxhasi, kunye needrafti zangaphambili zemali. Umgangatho wokuxhomekeka uyahluka; abanye abagwebi, ingakumbi abaxhasi bemibhalo, bayathandabuza ngembali yowiso-mthetho, baphikisa ukuba ayithembeki kwaye ifanele isetyenziswe. Abanye bayijonga njengefestile exabisekileyo kwinjongo esemva komthetho. Ityala lephawu lenguquluko loBathathu Engcwele v. United States [1892]) ngumzekelo ocacileyo apho iNkuNkulwano ePhaka mandla isebenzisa izigwebo-mthetho ukurhwebela iphambili ukuphelisa iinjongo zomthetho.

Uqwalaselwa olubanzi lwemiboniso ebhaliweyo, isebe lesikhokelo sobulungisa kwimithetho yolwakhiwo[[FLT: 1] inika ulwakhiwo oluluncedo lokubhekisa.

Ukufikelela kokutolikwa komGaqo-siseko

Ukucaciswa komGaqo-siseko kuphakamisa imibuzo eyahlukileyo ngenxa yokuba umgaqo-siseko ubanzi, uhlala uhleli uxwebhu olumele lusebenze kwiimeko ezingabonwanga. Iingcamango ezimbini eziphambili ezikhuphisanayo zilawula umgaqo-siseko waseMerika:

Ubuxoki

UbuGaqo-siseko bufuna ukutolika umGaqo-siseko osekelwe kwintsingiselo yawo yantlandlolo okanye injongo yantlandlolo yabaququzeleli bawo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi le ndlela inyanzela ukugweba kwaye ithintela abagwebi ukuba babhale kwakhona umGaqo-siseko ukuze babonise izikhethelo zale mihla. Uqobo lungaphinda lwahlulwe: intsingiselo yokuqala (oko kuthethwa ngumbhalo kuluntu ekuzakhiweni) kunye nenjongo yantla (oko abafaki-freyikiso ababekuzimisele kuko ngokobuqu). Abaxhasi bembali balukhetha iintsingiselo zantlandlolo, ukuxhomekeka kwimithombo engokwembali enjengengxoxo, iinkcazelo zomthetho zangaphambili, kunye nezichazichazi magama ezidiyo. Abagxeki bentlalo baphikisa ukuba ikhoke ukuphelelwa okanye iziphumo ezingalunganga, njengokuba ingenakubalisa inguqulelo ezisisiseko.

Umgaqo-siseko ophilayo

Intsingiselo yomgaqo-siseko ixhomekeke kwixesha elithile, ilungelelanisa iimeko ezintsha kunye nokutshintsha kwemigangatho yentlalo. Le ndlela igxininisa imigaqo ebanzi yoxwebhu. njengenkululeko, ukulingana, kunye nenkqubo efunekayo ivumela iinkundla ukuba ziyisebenzise kwiimeko zangoku. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba oku kulula komGaqo-siseko kuqhubekeke ukuze kuhlale kufanelekile kwaye kufanelekile kwiinkulungwane ezininzi. Imeko zelizwe ezifana brown. ibhodi yemfundo yemfundo (1954) kunye nenkqubo efunekayo yokuzisebenzisa kwimo zangoku. ibambe ukuba i-ewe. [ii-hodberge. v [FLT3:]] [2010] isoloko icatshulwe njengemizekelo yezenzo zobugqesholo-gracwn, njengemizelobethi ezibonakalisa imilinganiselo yemfundo ende eqinileyokubonakalisa ukuphikisa imigaqo elawula.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwemithetho Enkundleni

Xa inkundla ichaza umthetho onxulumene nalo, kufuneka isebenzise loo nkcazelo kwiinyaniso zetyala eliphambi kwalo.

Indima Yomthetho Nenyathelo Eliphambili Ekusetyenzisweni Kwetyala

Isicelo asinqabilenga ukungqinelana ngqo nezibakala zomthetho. Abagwebi kufuneka bachaze imeko yangoku kwimizekelo yangaphambili. Bagqiba ukuba izibakala zibaluleke ngokusemthethweni kwaye balinganise ukuba yeyiphi imodeli ephambili. Umzekelo, ityala elibandakanya ubugcisa obutsha lifuna inkundla ekhoyo kusini na ukuba imodeli ekhoyo okanye ngokusuka kwityala elimalunga nobugcisa obuhlukeneyo", kwaye iyakwazi ukwahlula ityala ngemeko entsha. Le nkqubo yokuqiqa ngoluvo olusekelwe kwisiseko somthetho oqhelekileyo. Iinkundla ezisezantsi zibotshelelwe ngababambeli (umthetho osemthethweni) iinkundla eziphezulu, kodwa zinalo mgangatho ophezulu ekusebenziseni isichazi magama (a-oomathetho) kwaye zahlula imilinganiselo.

Ubulumko Bokugweba Nemida Yabo

Ubuchule bomthetho bunamandla ogwebo lomntu olawulayo ukwenza izigqibo ezisekelwe kwisakhelo somgwebo phakathi kwesakhiwo somthetho. Olu khetho luphuma kwiinkalo ezininzi zokuhamba, ukusuka ekulawuleni kwimiqathango yobungqina ukuya kugqiba izigwebo. Ngokomo lwesicelo esisemthethweni, ingqiqo ivumela ijaji ukuba ilungelelanise imiyalelo ekhethekileyo yetyala. Umzekelo, kwiimeko ezingekho mthethweni, ijaji inokuba nengqiqo ebanzi ukunikeza imimiselo okanye enye inkululeko ebonakala ilungile. Noko ke, ingqiqo ayimele isetyenziswe ngokulandelelana nemilinganiselo esemthethweni, kwaye ifanele iphindwe isetyenziswe ukuze isetyenziswe ngokusetyenziswa kakubi kwengqiqo. Umlinganiselo phakathi kokubambelela okuqinileyo kwimithetho nokujika kwengqiqo uxanduva. Umthetho uyakwazi ukuxanduva oluninzi. Kwindlela yokwahlulelwa. [FOKle:]

Ukulungelelanisa Imithetho Engqubanayo

Enye inkalo elucelomngeni yokusebenza iyenzeka xa imimiselo emibini okanye imigaqo-siseko ingquzulwano. Iinkundla kufuneka zisombulule le ngxabano zisebenzisa uluhlu olumiselweyo. Umzekelo, umgaqo wokuba umthetho othile ulawula umthetho jikelele ( geteralia khethekileibus engakhuphi xolo [)) umele uhlolwe kakuhle. Ngokufanayo, ummiselo owenziwe kamva ungaphinda ubekwe kwakhona ukuba ukhona ukuba awuvalwaniseki. Kumthetho wemithetho, iinkundla zingasebenzisa uhlolo olungqongqo, ukuvavanyanisa, okanye ukuqwalasela ngokuqiqinisiweyo ukulinganisela amalungelo ngokoburhulumente. Ukusetyenziswa kwezi migangatho kufuna uhlolo oluconono lwenjongo kunye nendlela yokuwufikelela.

Iingxaki Neengxubusho Kwinkcazelo Engokwasemthethweni

Ingcaciso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwesicelo kuzaliswe bubunzima. Iinkundla kufuneka zibambene nokungacaci magama, imithetho ephelelwe lixesha, kunye nokulindela okuguquguqukayo kwentlalo, konke oku ngoxa zigcina igunya lazo.

Ubungqwabalala Noxanduva kulwimi olulawula imithetho

Imithetho isoloko ibhalwa ngamagama adidayo okanye angenantsingiselo, nokuba ibhalwe ngenxa yokulalanisa, ukuthambisa okungeyomfuneko, okanye imiqathango engenakuphepheka yolwimi. Amagama afana "esengqiqweni," "inzala yoluntu" avuleke ngokwemvelo ekutolikeni. Xa ijongwe ngezo zinto, iinkundla kufuneka ziwuzalise umsantsa. Oku kunika abagwebi amandla abalulekileyo, anyusa inkxalabo ngokuchanabeka kwedemokhrasi. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ngelithi iindlu zowiso-mthetho zimele zizabalazele ukucoceka okungakumbi, ngoxa abanye bephikisa ukuba utyekelo luyimfuneko ekusebenzeni kwemithetho. Isigqibo esimfilibazisayo sixhomekeke ekuchazeni imigaqo eyamkelayo, ukwenza ukhetho lolwazi lwezolwazi olubalulekileyo kwiimeko.

Ukuvisisanisa Imithetho Nemigaqo Ebandakanya Uluntu

Imithetho idla ngokuqanjelwa umkhenkce ngexesha, lo gama ibutho labantu liguquka. Umthetho owenziwe kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu eyadlulayo awusayi kubonisa ukuqondwa kwale mihla kobugcisa, ukuzimela, okanye ukulingana. Iinkundla kufuneka zigqibe ukuba zichaze imimiselo emidala ngokulula okanye ngokuthobela imithetho yowiso-mthetho ukuze ihlaziywe. Kwezinye iimeko, inkundla iye yatshintsha imithetho ngokufunda iintsingiselo ezintsha, njengokutolika okufana nokuhlola kweminyaka kunye nokuzingela ukukhusela kogcino-lwazi lwe-Dintevosity.

Impembelelo Yezobupolitika Nezenzo Zokugweba

Ukuququzelelwa komthetho ocacileyo womthetho okanye umthetho olawulayo kudla ngokusekelwe kwindlela iinkundla ezichaza ngayo kwaye zisebenzise ngayo imithetho. Ukumangalelwa kwenkundla kuvela xa inkundla ithe yaqonda ukuba yayaphula indima yayo ngokunempumelelo ngokwenza umthetho omtsha okanye ngokungawuhoyi umbhalo ocacileyo womthetho okanye umthetho. Ngokuchasene noko, izityholo zokugweba (okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, ukugwetywa kwenkundla) kuvela xa inkundla ingakwazi ukukhusela amalungelo asisiseko okanye iphumeza injongo yomthetho. Umgca phakathi kokutolika nomthetho ukhuphikiswana ngokungenasiphelo. Isiqinisekiso sokuchotshelwa kweejaji rhoqo zichaza iimfazwe zokutolika intandabulumko, njengoko inkqubo yomgwebi ilawula imithetho yayo ebonakala ifanelekile kwimicimbi yobugciphene. Imbono yokuba inkundla yezopolitiki inokuthoba ukuthemba abantu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kulandele ukusetyenziswa ngendlela elungele ukugweba ngayo ukugweba.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yokutolika okusebenzayo

Ukuhlolisisa amatyala abalaseleyo kubonisa indlela imigaqo nendlela yokutolika esetyenziswa ngayo.

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954)

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yavumelana ukuba ucalulo lohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke wonke lwalwaphula uKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus we-145th Amendment. Esi sigqibo sathi ngqo salawula [ u-Braffson "imfundiso elinganayo kodwa elinganayo. INkuNkundla yasebenzisa ulwahlulo lwe-mo ye-atmosfective kunye nenjongo yayawusebenzisayo umgaqo we-meoyile, iphikisa ukuba i--eququance i-ement i-dvention inguactive i-dne syndrogen kubantwana abambalwa, nokuba izakhiwo ezilinganayo. Iimbono zixhomekeke kwizifundo zemfundo zengqondo kunye nokuqondana imbono yalee, isenokulandela imigaqo engundoqo yemithetho esetyenziswa ngurhulumente, kodwa i-ogciption, ifuna ilandela iziphumo zezo .[FL

Roe v. Wade (1973)

[[[FLT: 0]] .[[FM] [[FT:1], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yavuma ilungelo elingomgaqo-siseko lobugosa elibandakanya isigqibo somfazi sokuqhomfa. INkundla ibandakanyeke kuhlalutyo olude lwembali yokuqhomfa yaza yasebenzisa ulungelelwaniso olulungeleleneyo lokulungelelanisa amalungelo omfazi ngokuchasene nemfuno yesizwe. Abagxeki betyala [[FLT:] [FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [iQuth:] [ibutho lamabhinqa]] liphikisa ukuba iNkuqumgamgamgamgamgamganiso womthetho ngokudala ngokudala ukwenza ilungelo elingafunyanwanga ngokucacileyo kumbhalo womgaqo-siseko. Imeko olude lwezopolitiki nelo, isenokuphinda i-19, ukunyuka kwemiqatha kwemiqatha yengxelo yengxelo yengxelo yezomthetho yelizwe, [FF] [F] [F] [3]

Isiphelo

Ubuchule bokutolika nokusebenzisa imithetho bubuchule obufuna ingqwalaselo ephambili ekwinqanaba lomsebenzi wokugweba. Iinkundla azifundi nje nje imigaqo ekhuphisanayo; kufuneka zisebenzise imigaqo ekhuphisanayo, zicombulule intsingiselo, zisebenzise nemithetho esesikweni kwizibakala ezikhethekileyo. Iindlela zokuchaza imibhalo, inkcazo, kunye nemizekelo zinika imo yeqhinga, ngoxa iindlela ezifana neyokuqala kunye nokusebenza komgaqo-siseko zinika imibono ephikisanayo yokungaguquguquki siseko. Iingxaki ezinjalo ezithi zixhomekeke kulwimi, ukuchaza imibandela engokwentlalo, kunye nemibuzo esemthethweni iqinisekisa ukuba lo mhlaba uhlale unamandla kwaye ukhuphisana. Ekugqibeleni, ukuthembeka kwenkqubo esemthethweni kuxhomekeke ekwenzeni lo msebenzi ngokulula, ukubonakala, nokuthembeka kumthetho. Njengoko abantu beqhubeka, iindlela zokutolika komthetho ziya kuqhubeka, ukuqinisekisa okokuba zinokufezeka, mhlawumbi, xa kulungile, ukuphunyezwa kokugwetyelwa komthetho wonke.