Table of Contents

Inkqubo yenkundla yephondo imela enye yezona zicwangciso zintsonkothileyo nezicwangciswe kakuhle ehlabathini. Ukuqonda indlela iinkundla zeli lizwe ezizenza ngayo izigqibo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda inkqubo yomthetho yaseMerika, enoba ungumfundi wezomthetho, ugcisa, umnini-shishini, okanye ummi othenjiweyo. Lo mkhokeli ugocagocileyo uhlolisisa inkqubo entsonkothileyo apho iinkundla zesebe lihlola khona amatyala, lisebenzisa imigaqo esemthethweni, lize limisele izigqibo ezibumba ibutho lethu.

Ukuqonda inkundla yoManyano: Isiseko Sesigqibo

Phambi kokuba inkundla yesizwe yenze nasiphi na isigqibo, kufuneka kuqala imisele ukuba linegunya elisemthethweni ukuva elo tyala. Iinkundla zoManyano ziinkundla zolawulo olulinganiselweyo, oko kukuthi zingawava kuphela amatyala agunyazisiweyo ngumGaqo-siseko waseUnited States okanye imimiselo karhulumente. Lo mgaqo usisiseko wahlula iinkundla zikarhulumente kwiinkundla ezininzi zeli lizwe kwaye usebenza njengenyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokwenza izigqibo.

Iimfuno Zokucel ’ Ityala

Ulawulo lwesihloko asinakupheliswa ngamaqela angenalo ulwahlulelo kwaye angaphakanyiswa nakweliphi na ixesha kwinkqubo yokucalucalula. Enyanisweni, inkundla ingaligxotha ityala i-supnonte (ngalo) ngenxa yokungabi nagunya lokulawula imibandela esekelwe kwimibandela. Oku kuthetha ukuba nokuba amaqela omabini afuna ukuba inkundla karhulumente iphulaphule ityala lawo, inkundla kufuneka iqinisekise ngokwayo ukuba inegunya lomGaqo-siseko nemithetho ukuba iqhubeke.

Imithombo emibini ephambili yolawulo lwemibandela kwiinkundla zelifa lemveli kukulawula imibandela eyahlukeneyo kunye nokulawula kwemithetho yesizwe. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela amatyala angena ngayo kwinkqubo karhulumente.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwamaqela Ahlukahlukeneyo

Ulawulo lweendawo ezahlukeneyo luvumela abantu ngabanye ukuba bazise izityholo kwinkundla yephondo apho ityala lingaphezu kwee-$75 000 namaqela angabemi bemimandla eyahlukeneyo. Olu hlobo lolawulo luvumela iinkundla zikarhulumente ukuba zibe ngoondilele xa kuvela iimpikiswano phakathi kwabemi bamazwe ahlukeneyo, zithintele ukucalucalulana kwiinkundla zikarhulumente. Ukuzisa ityala likarhulumente kwinkundla karhulumente, onke amatyala kufuneka abekwe kumazwe ahlukene kunabo bonke abamangalelwa, kwaye inani elisemcimbini kufuneka libe ngaphezu kwee-R345 000.

Isigqibo sombuzo womanyano

Ulawulo lombuzo olumanyeneyo luvumela umntu ngamnye, ngaphandle kwexabiso lengxelo, ngokuzisela ityala enkundleni yephondo ukuba livela phantsi komthetho wesizwe, kuquka umGaqo-siseko wase-U. Olu hlobo lolawulo lubanzi ngobungakanani kwaye lubandakanya amatyala abandakanya imiba yomgaqo-siseko, imimiselo yorhulumente, kunye nezivumelwano.

Ukuze ube nolawulo lwe-atlantiff, isikhalazo sommangaleli kufuneka sibe sesiya kuncedwa kakuhle, okuthetha ukuba isikhalazo sokuqala somchasi kufuneka sibe nezikhombo kumbuzo wesizwe kunye nomba wesigqeba oxhotyisiweyo, kwaye umbuzo wequmrhu ungenakuvela kwinkuselo elindelekileyo. Lo mgaqo "oyena uphambili-owenziweyo" uqinisekisa ukuba igunya lorhulumente limiselwe ngokucacileyo ukususela ekuqaleni kokucalulwa.

Eyongezelelweyo kunye nokuLungisa

Iinkundla zomanyano nazo zingasebenzisa ulawulo lolwandiso kwiimeko ezinxulumeneyo. Ukulawula okuthe kratya kuvumela inkundla yorhulumente ukuba ive ukuba ayinalo igunya elizimeleyo lokulawula abantu abaphantsi ukuba ityala linxulumene netyala elilawulwa yinkundla yesizwe elizimeleyo. Le mfundiso ikhuthaza ukusebenza ngokunempumelelo ngokwezomthetho ngokuvumela iinkundla ukuba zicombulule zonke iimpikiswano ezinxulumene nenzelelo enye.

Inkqubo Yokuqala Yokuzikhohlisa Nempinda Engacaciweyo

Inkqubo yokwenza isigqibo senkundla yenkundla yelifa lesizwe iqalisa ixesha eliya kubekwa ityala. Eli qondo lokuqala libandakanya ukuhlolisiswa ngenyameko kweemfuno zombini ezingokwesithethe kunye nezolawulo.

Ukuphelisa Isikhalazo

Xa ityala lifakelwa kwinkundla yesithili karhulumente, isikhalazo kufuneka sizalisekise iimfuno ezikhethekileyo. Inkundla yesithili yephondo yindawo yokuqala kuyo nayiphi na imeko evela phantsi kwemimiselo karhulumente, umGaqo-siseko, okanye izivumelwano. Isikhalazo kufuneka sicacise ngokucacileyo isiseko solawulo lorhulumente, sichaze ukuba izibakala eziphakamisa intelekelelo, kwaye sichaze isicombululo esifunwayo.

Ummangali unelungelo lokuqala lokuzisa ityala kwinkundla karhulumente okanye karhulumente, kodwa ukuba ummangalelwa ukhetha inkundla karhulumente, maxa wambi ummangalelwa usenokukhetha ukususa asiwe kwinkundla yenkundla karhulumente. Oku kususwa kwetyala kuvumela abamangalelwa ukuba badlulisele amatyala kurhulumente kwinkundla yorhulumente xa kuvela igunya lorhulumente, benika enye indlela yokungena kwinkqubo yesizwe.

Impinda yokuqala yesigwebo

Xa ithe yabekwa, inkundla iqhuba uhlolo lokuqala ukuqinisekisa ukuba eli tyala lihlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuno zeqhinga. Oku kuquka ukuqinisekisa ukuba isikhalazo sihlaziyiwe kakuhle, ukuba iindleko zeshefu zihlawulwa okanye zirhoxisiwe, kwaye inkonzo yenkqubo iza kuphunyezwa ngokufanelekileyo. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, inkundla ihlolisisa enoba inegunya eliphantsi kusini na phezu kwembambano.

ABagwebi bayithatha nzulu imibuzo yamandla kuba ukugqiba amatyala angenagunya elifanelekileyo kuya kuwagqitha amandla abo omgaqo-siseko. Isigwebo singaqondwa ngcono njengamandla ``inkundla nganye inegunya phezu kwemicimbi kuphela ngomlinganiselo onikwe wona ngumGaqo-siseko nomthetho.

Ukugxothwa Ngenxa Yokungabikho Kokungaqiniseki

Ukuba inkundla igqiba ukuba ayinagunya, kufuneka igxothe ityala. Kwinkundla yorhulumente, phantsi kweMimiselo yeNtlanganiso yeCandelo, inyathelo lokugxotha ngenxa yokungabi nagunyaziso lolawulo lweziqu zithathwa njengendlela elungileyo yokuzikhusela. Oku kugxothwa kunokwenzeka nakweliphi na iqondo lemicimbi, nasemva kweminyaka emininzi yokubekwa phantsi kwemithetho, ukuba kufunyaniswe iziphene.

Iinkqubo ezizinzileyo: Ukufunyanwa neNtshukumo yangaphambili

Xa ulawulo lumiselwe kwaye imeko iqhubekeka, amaqela angena kwisigaba sokuqala, esiquka ukufunyanwa kunye neendawo ezahlukeneyo zolawulo. Eliqonga lidla ngokuba yeyona ithatha ixesha kwaye linokusibumba ngokuphawulekayo isiphumo esipheleleyo semeko.

Inkqubo Yokufumana

Ukuxilongwa yinkqubo esesikweni apho amaqela athe athe athe athe athelekisana ngayo ulwazi olunxulumene netyala. Ngokutsho kweMithetho yeSizwe yeProcedire, i-polisa kufuneka iqalise ingqungquthela phakathi kwamaqela emva kokuba kucetyiwe ukucetywa kwenkqubo yokufunyanwa, kwaye amatheko kufuneka azame ukuvumelana ngenkqubo ecetyisiweyo yokufumana aze athumele iCebo esicetyiweyo kwinkundla kwisithuba seentsuku ezili-14 emva kwengqungquthela.

Iintlobo zezixhobo Zokufumanisa

Inkqubo engundoqo yokufumana oku kuquka ukutyhilwa kokuqala, ukubekwa kwemali, ukuncinwa kwemibuzo, isicelo sokungeniswa (RFA) nesicelo sokuveliswa kwamaphepha (RFP).

[[Umthetho:0] Imithetho ibandakanya ubungqina bomlomo obunikelwe phantsi kwesifungo phambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala. Amangqina abuzayo namaqela ukuze afunde oko akwaziyo ngetyala, avavanye ukuthembeka kwawo, kwaye agcine ubungqina bokuvavanywa.

[[FLT: 0] Yimibuzo ebhaliweyo ethunyelwa liqela elinye, ifuna iimpendulo ezibhaliweyo phantsi kwesifungo. IFederal Marrig ilinganisela ukuba isebenzisa iqela elingekho ngaphezu kwama-25 abuzayo kuquka onke amacandelo asezantsi nakweliphi na elinye iqela. Lo mlinganiselo ukhuthaza ukuba iqela liqwalasele eyona nkcazelo ibalulekileyo.

[[UMTL:0] Izicelo zemveliso zifuna amaqela ukunikezela amaxwebhu, ulwazi olugcinwe ngekhompyutha, kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo ezinxulumene nalo mcimbi. Kulwazi lwangoku, oku kusoloko kubandakanya ubuninzi be-data ye-elektroniki.

Izicelo ze Acts zicela amaqela ukuba avume okanye aphikise izibakala ezithile, ancede ukuxinanisa imiba yokuvavanywa. Kubalulekile ukuphendula kwizicelo zemvume kuba ukungaphenduli iziphumo zezicelo ezithathwa njengezamkelekileyo ngaphandle kwemfuneko yokuhamba.

Indawo Yokufumanisa

Umlinganiselo wokufunyanwa, ngaphandle kokuba umiswe yinkundla, uvumela amaqela ukuba afumane inkcazelo ephathelele nawuphi na umbandela ongengowasemthethweni onxulumene noko kuthethwa okanye ukhuseleko lwawo, kwaye inkcazelo enxulumene nayo ayifuni ukuba isetyenziswe xa kuvavanywa ukuba oko kufunyenweyo kubonakala kufanelekile ukukhokelela ekufunyanisweni kobungqina obungenakuphikwa. Olu mlinganiselo ubanzi uqinisekisa ukuba amaqela anokuyiphengulula ngokucokisekileyo imiba yawo phambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala.

Ukufumanisa Iingxabano Nezindululo Zokuhlanganisana

Xa abantu bengavumelani ngokufumana izinto, basenokufuna ukungenelela enkundleni. Inyathelo lokunyanzela ukufunyanwa kwento lisicelo esisemthethweni esicela inkundla yelifa lesizwe ukuba ithethe ukuba itshutshiso inike ubungqina obungqalileyo okanye inkcazelo eceliweyo kodwa enganikelwanga ngokwaneleyo ebudeni benkqubo yokufunyanwa kwayo.

Iidrafti zingenza intshukumo yokunyanzela ukufunyanwa kwempendulo ukuba azifunyanwanga kumda wexesha le-FRCP, kwaye amatheko angayila indlela yokuzikhusela ukuba izicelo zokufunyanwa zinzima ngokungeyomfuneko okanye zifuna ukukhathazwa. Iinkundla ziyakwazi ukulinganisela imfuneko yenkcazelo echasene nenkxalabo yobuqu, umthwalo, kunye nokukhathazwa.

Intshukumo Ephambili: Ukuliguqula Ityala Ngaphambi Kokuvavanywa Kwetyala

Intshukumo zangaphambili zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo ezinokuchaphazela ngokuphawulekayo ikhondo lokuzilolonga. Intshukumo luxwebhu olugcinwe nenkundla icela ukuba ijaji ihlole imbambano ize yenze umthetho, kwaye uqheliselo lokuhamba yinkqubo yokusebenza kwegqwetha phambi kwenkundla ukugqiba ngemibandela ebalulekileyo ekhokelela kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Intshukumo yokukhupha

Intshukumo yokuphelisa ukuncitshiswa okusemthethweni kwesikhalazo. Abameli bangaphikisa ngokuthi nokuba zonke izityholo zommangaleli ziyinyaniso, abawachazi ngokomthetho. Iinkundla zivavanya ezi mphetho ngokuvuma izityholo zobuxoki zommangaleli njengoyinyaniso nokufumanisa ukuba ezo zibakala zingaluxhasa na ukukhululeka okusemthethweni.

Intshukumo yokurhoxa ingasekelwe kwizizathu ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ukunqongophala kolawulo, indawo engalunganga, umsebenzi onganelanga, okanye ukungaphumeleli ukuchaza ukuba kukho isiqabu esinokunikwa na. Ezi meko zixilonga ukuba imeko imele iqhubeke konke.

Intshukumo yomgwebo wesishwankathelo

Inyathelo lomgwebo ofutshane licela inkundla ukuba igqibe ityala ngaphandle kwetyala ngenxa yokuba akukho mpikiswano zokwenene ngezibakala zezinto. Iqela elichukumisayo liphikisa ngelithi ngokusekelwe kwizibakala ezingenakukhanyelwa, banelungelo lokugweba njengomthetho. Eli nyathelo linokucombulula zonke iimeko okanye imibandela ethile phakathi kwamatyala, nto leyo enokuthi igcine ixesha elininzi kunye nobuncwane.

Iinkundla zihlolisisa ngenyameko inyathelo lomgwebo elifutshane, zijonge bonke ubungqina obufanelekileyo kwiqela elingashenxiyo. Ukuba nayiphi na ingqiqo esengqiqweni yokuchophela ityala ingafumana kwiqela elingashukumiyo elisekelwe kubungqina, umgwebo oshwankathelweyo kufuneka ukhanyelwe kwaye eli tyala liqhubeke livavanywa.

Intshukumo Kwilimine

Intshukumo kwilimine yintshukumo yangaphambi kwetyala ecela ukuba ubungqina bufunyanwe bungasetyenziswa okanye bungabhekiselwa kumatyala asekelwe kwimithetho yobungqina, njengakwizizathu zokuba ubungqina abusebenzi, abukho, abuthembeki, bunekhethe elingeyomfuneko okanye ukuba ixabiso lemiqathango libalwa ngaphezulu libalelwa ummangalelwa.

Le miba ivumela iinkundla ukuba zenze izigqibo ezicacileyo ngaphambi kokuba kuqalise ukuchotshelwa kwetyala, ithintele iijaji ekuvikidweni kwenkcazelo ecalucalulo nokuqukunjelwa kwenkqubo yokuvavanya. Zibaluleke kakhulu kwiimeko ezibandakanya ubungqina obuchukumis' okanye obunokukrala.

Imigudu Yokucinezela Ubungqina

Kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuthatha inyathelo lokucinezela ukuvunywa kobungqina obufunyenweyo bokuphulwa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Le misebenzi ibandakanya ukuphanda kwesine kweSihlalo-Mpanzi nokuqhwalela, inkxalabo yokuzidityanisa kweNkqubela-mali yesihlanu, okanye uHlomelo lweSithandathu lwelungelo lokwaphula umthetho.

Intshukumo yokucinezela ingaba yeyokucinezela. Ukuba ubungqina obungundoqo bucinezelwe, urhulumente usenokungabi nabungqina obaneleyo bokuqhubeka, obunokuba bukhokelela ekugxothweni kwetyala okanye kwizivumelwano ezilungileyo.

Ulawulo lomzekelo kunye nokuHlwanywa

Iinkundla zomanyano zilungisa amatyala ngokukhutheleyo ngokumisela imiyalelo kunye neengqungquthela zolawulo lwetyala. Inkundla ingena kuMthetho osezantsi woLawulo lwetyala kwityala ngalinye emva kwengqungquthela yokuqala, emisela umhla wokufunyanwa kwengxelo, kwaye ukufunyanwa kufuneka kunikezelwe ngokwaneleyo ngaphambi kokufunyanwa kwalo mbutho uphikisanayo unikezelwe ixesha elaneleyo lokuphendula.

Ezi zixhobo zolawulo ziqinisekisa ukuba amatyala aqhubekeka ngokunempumelelo kwisigqibo. Iinkundla zimisela amaxesha okugqitywa kokufunyanwa, ukutyhilwa kwengcali, ukuqulunqwa kwemicimbi yangaphambili, kunye nemihla yokuvavanywa kwetyala. Amatheko kufuneka athobele le misebenzi imisiweyo okanye afune ulwandiso lolwandiso.

Ikhondo Lokuvavanywa Kwetyala: Ukunikela Ubungqina Neempikiswano

Xa amatyala engenakuconjululwa ngokuthabatha inyathelo elifanelekileyo okanye ngokulungisa ityala, aqhubeka equlunqa ityala apho amaqela anikela ubungqina bawo neempikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni kumgwebi okanye umchopheli-tyala ukuze enze isigqibo.

Ukhetho

Kwiimeko apho amaqela ecela ukuchophela ityala, inkqubo iqala ngokukhetha abachopheli-tyala, okukwabizwa ngokuba yi-voirdad. Atttorney kunye nabagwebi babuza ukuba banokukwazi ukuchonga naluphi na ucalucalulo okanye imilo enokuchaphazela ukukwazi kwabo ukugqiba ityala ngokufanelekileyo. Icala ngalinye lingavavanya ukungelwa kwetyala (ukubonakalisa ikhethe lokwenene) okanye ngenani elilinganiselweyo leengxaki zokuzigweba (ngaphandle kokuchaza isizathu, ngokokungachatshazelwa kwemiqathango yemithetho).

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Xa igqibi likhethiwe lize lifunge, icala ngalinye linikela iingxelo zokuvula. Ezi asizozimpikiswano kodwa kunoko ziimaphu zento umntu ngamnye alindele ukuba ingqina libonise. Iingxelo zokuvula zinceda abachopheli-mthetho baqonde isalathisi sombandela noko bamele bakuphulaphule ngexesha lengxelo.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Ityala liqala lixelelwe amangqina nokuzisa amaxwebhu kunye nobunye ubungqina. Iinkundla zesithili zicombulula iimbambano ngokumisa izibakala nangokusebenzisa umthetho kwezo zibakala. Lo msebenzi wokufumana ityala ngundoqo kwindima yenkundla evavanyiweyo.

Ubungqina

AmaNgqina angqinela phantsi kwesifungo, afanelwe zisohlwayo sobuxoki. Iqela elibiza ingqina liqhuba uvavanyo olungqalileyo, libuza imibuzo ukuze lifumane ubungqina obufanelekileyo. Iqela elichasayo liqhuba uvavanyo olunqamlezileyo, livavanya ukuthembeka kobungqina lize livavanye ubungqina balo. Iqela elibizwayo lingaphinda liqhube uvavanyo ukuze licacise iingongoma ezithi zivele xa lihlola umnqamlezo.

Abagwebi bayayilawula ngokukhutheleyo inkqubo yovavanyo, begweba ngokuphikisana nemibuzo nokuqinisekisa ukuba ubungqina buvumelana nemithetho yobungqina. Le mithetho icacileyo izigqibo ezibalulekileyo ezilawula ulwazi olufunyanwa ngabachopheli-tyala.

Ubungqina Obubhaliweyo Nobokwenyama

Izahlulo nazo zichaza amaxwebhu, iifoto, iividiyo, kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo njengobungqina. Icandelo ngalinye lobungqina kufuneka liqinisekiswe (liboniswe njengento eliyiyo) kwaye kufuneka lanelise imigaqo esebenzayo kunye nezinye iimfuno ezicacileyo. Ijaji igqiba enoba ubungqina bungasetyenziswa na, ngoxa abachopheli bejaji bemisela ubunzima bokunikela ubungqina obuvunyiweyo.

Ubungqina Bengcaphephe

Kwiimeko ezibandakanya ubugcisa okanye imibandela ethile, amaqela adla ngokunikela amangqina obugcisa asekelwe kulwazi lwawo olukhethekileyo. Iingcali zingangqina imicimbi engaphaya kolwazi oluqhelekileyo lwabagwebi abaqhelekileyo, njengonyango, imigangatho yenjineli okanye uhlalutyo lwemali.

Iinkundla zigocagoca ngobunono ubungqina obunengcali ukuqinisekisa ukuba busekelwe kwimigaqo ethembekileyo nakwiindlela. Abagwebi basebenza njengabagcini-sango, ngaphandle kobungqina obungenasiseko saneleyo senzululwazi okanye sobugcisa.

Iintshukumisa Zomgwebo Njengombandela Womthetho

Emva kokuba ummangalelwa egwebile okanye etshutshiswe, usenokuthatha inyathelo lomgwebo njengomcimbi womthetho (obesele ebizwa ngokuba sisigqibo esijoliswe kumthetho), ephikisa ngelithi ubungqina abunaso isiqinisekiso sokuxhasa isigwebo se-posttiff. Inkundla ihlola ukuba ngaba ngabaphi na abachopheli-tyala abafanelekileyo bangafumana na abachopheli-tyala abasekelwe kubungqina obunikiweyo. Ukuba akunjalo, inkundla inokuliphelisa elo tyala ngaphandle kokulithumela kwinkundla egwebayo.

Le ntshukumo isenokuphinda ihlaziywe emva kokuba kunikelwe bonke ubungqina, nto leyo enika iinkundla elinye ithuba lokuthintela izigqibo ezingaxhaswanga bubungqina obaneleyo.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Emva kokuba bonke ubungqina bunikelwe, icala ngalinye lidlulisela iingxoxo zokuvala. Ngokungafaniyo neengxelo zokuvula, iingxoxo zokuvala ziziziboniso ezeyiselayo apho amagqwetha aphikisana ngendlela ubungqina obuxhasa ngayo isikhundla somthengi wawo. I-Attorney idibanisa ubungqina nemigangatho esemthethweni abachopheli-tyala abamele bayisebenzise, ikhuthaza ukutolikwa kwabo izibakala nomthetho.

Imiyalelo ye Jury

Phambi kokuba kuqaliswe ingcebiso, ijaji iyalela abachopheli-tyala ngomthetho osebenzayo. Le miyalelo icacisa imigangatho esemthethweni abachopheli-tyala abamele bayisebenzise, ichaze amagama angundoqo, kwaye ichaze iziqalelo ezimele ziqinisekiswe. Imiyalelo ye Jury ibalulekile kuba inika isiseko esisemthethweni sokwenziwa kwesigqibo sabachopheli-tyala.

Attorney bacebisa imiyalelo yabachopheli-tyala kwaye baphikisane ngamazwi abo angqalileyo. Izigqibo zejaji malunga nemiyalelo eza kunikelwayo zingaba nempembelelo ephawulekayo kwiziphumo, njengoko bechaza imigangatho esemthethweni abachopheli-tyala abaza kuyisebenzisa.

Isigqibo soMququzelelo kunye neSigwebo

Kumatyala asekuhlaleni, isigwebo asifanele singqineke ngaphandle kokuba amaqela avumelane, nangona kudla ngokuba ngabagwebi abathandathu. Kwimiba yorhulumente, izigwebo zimele zivumelane.

Xa inkundla ifikelela kwisigwebo, ibuyela kwinkundla yenkundla ize ivakalise isigqibo sayo, yandula ke inkundla iphumeze isigqibo esisekelwe kwisigqibo.

Izilingo ze-Benkch

Xa amaqela ekhupha ilungelo lawo lokuya kwityala labachopheli-tyala okanye kwiimeko apho kungekho lungelo likhoyo, ijaji isebenza njengendawo yokufumana inyaniso kunye nomenzi wesigqibo esisemthethweni. Kumatyala ebhedri, ijaji ivavanya ukuthembeka kwamangqina, ivavanya ubungqina, kwaye isebenzisa umthetho ukufikelela isigqibo. Umgwebi ubhala ingxelo ebhaliweyo yezibakala neziphumo ezithe zachazwa ngumthetho.

Ukubhala Iimbono Zezigwebo Nokuqiqa Ngokusemthethweni

Emva kokuchotshelwa kwetyala okanye xa kusenziwa isigqibo ngemicimbi yangaphambili, abagwebi bequmrhu babhala izimvo ezichaza izigqibo zabo. Ezi zimvo ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yokwenza izigqibo kwaye ziphumeza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo.

Injongo Yeengcamango Ezibhaliweyo

Iimbono ezibhaliweyo zisebenza iinjongo ezininzi. Bachaza indlela abaqiqa ngayo abajaji kumaqela, benika ingqiqo ngendlela esifikelelwe ngayo isigqibo. Badala ingxelo yokuhlola okubhaliweyo, bavumela iinkundla eziphezulu ukuba zivavanye ukuba inkundla evavanyayo iwusebenzisa ngokuchanekileyo umthetho. Bakwafak ’ isandla ekuphuhlisweni kwemizekelo engokwasemthethweni, ukukhokela amatyala exesha elizayo ngemibandela efanayo.

Inxalenye Yengcamango Yezejaji

Uluvo oluqhelekileyo lwekomiti egwebayo luquka iinxalenye eziliqela ezingundoqo. Uluvo luqala ngengxelo yetyala, ishwankathela izibakala ezinxulumene nemeko nembali engokwembali.

Icandelo lohlalutyo libumba intloko yoluvo, apho ijaji isebenzisa imigaqo esemthethweni kwiinkcukacha zetyala. Eli candelo libonisa indlela yokuqiqa yejaji esemthethweni, lichaza isizathu sokuba imithetho ethile isebenza, indlela yemizekelo ekhokela ngayo isigqibo, nesizathu sokuba ucaciswa oluthile luchanile.

Ekugqibeleni, imbono iqukunjelwa ngesigqibo senkundla, ichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba yeyiphi ingxubusho enikwayo okanye ekhatywayo kwaye ziziphi izenzo ezimele zithathwe ngamaqela.

Indima Yesiqalo

Abagwebi abamanyeneyo abazenzanga izigqibo ezingenanto. Kufuneka balandele umzekelo osisigxina ovela kwiinkundla eziphakamileyo. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yelifa lemveli sibophelele kuzo zonke iinkundla ezisezantsi zephondo, zombini iinkundla zesiphaluka neenkundla zesithili, yaye isigqibo sesiphaluka sephondo sibophelele kuzo zonke iinkundla zesithili zesithili ezingaphakathi, kodwa asiyoenkundla zorhulumente kwezinye iziphaluka.

Le nkqubo yezobungangamsha yemizekelo iqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokuxelwa kwangaphambili komthetho wesizwe. Abagwebi besithili kufuneka balandele izigqibo zenkundla yesiphaluka yezibheno nakwiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Xa kungekho mgaqo usisigxina, abagwebi bangakhangela kwigunya elingxengxezayo kwezinye iziphaluka, iinkundla zelizwe, okanye inkcubeko yezomthetho.

Ukwahlula nokusebenzisa isiqalo

ABagwebi bahlolisisa ngenyameko ukuba imizekelo iyasebenza na kwityala eliphambi kwabo. Basenokuhlula imizekelo ngokubonisa ukuba umahluko oyinyaniso okanye ongokwasemthethweni wenza ukuba ityala langaphambili lingacaci. Okanye, basenokudlulisela imizekelo kwiimeko ezintsha ngokuqiqa ukuba imigaqo efanayo iyasebenza.

Le nkqubo yokuqiqa okusekelwe kwisiseko sokwenza izigqibo zomthetho. Abagwebi bachaza imigaqo engundoqo esekelwe kwizigqibo eziphambili kwaye bagqibe ukuba loo migaqo ifanele ilawule na imeko yangoku.

Intshukumo yePost-intshukumo kunye nokungena komgwebo

Emva kwesigqibo okanye isigqibo, iqela elilahlekileyo lingayifaka ifayile emva kovavanyo lovavanyo lingasicel ’ umngeni isiphumo ngaphambi kokuba ityala liqhubeke libhenela.

Intshukumo Yomgwebo Njengombandela Womthetho (Uvusiwe)

Xa kuchotshelwa ityala, iqela elingaphumeleliyo linokuphinda liqalise ukugweba njengelisemthethweni, lisithi isigwebo asixhaswa bubungqina obaneleyo.

Intshukumo Yokuvavanywa Kwetyala Elitsha

Iqela lingase lithathe ityala elitsha elisekelwe kwizizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka iimpazamo kwimiyalelo yabachopheli-tyala, ukuziphatha okubi kwamaqela okanye abachopheli-mthetho, ubungqina obufunyenweyo, okanye isigqibo esichasene nobunzima bobungqina. IiNkundla zinikela iityala ezintsha ngokungathinteli, ziqonda ukuveliswa kobuncwane ekucinyweni kwasekuqaleni.

Ukungena koMgwebo

Xa inyathelo lasemva kwetyala liconjululwe okanye ixesha lokuzikhupha ziphele, inkundla ingena kumgwebo wokugqibela. Olu xwebhu lusesikweni luphawula isiphelo setyala lenkundla evavanyiweyo kwaye luqalisa iwotshi yokuyila isibheno.

INkqubo ePhicothiweyo: Hlola

Izahlulo ezinganelisekanga sisigqibo senkundla echongiweyo zingabhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Inkqubo yokuququzelela inika uvavanyo olubalulekileyo ekwenzeni isigqibo senkundla evavanyiweyo kwaye zinceda ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa komthetho wesizwe ngokufanayo.

Isaziso sesibheno neNkcitho

Naliphi na ityala lingabhenela kwinkundla yesiphaluka xa inkundla yesithili igqibe isigqibo, nangona eminye imiba ingabheniswa phambi kwesigqibo sokugqibela ngokwenza isibheno sokufakela. Umfaki-sicelo makafake isaziso sesibheno kwimida engqongqo yexesha. Ngokungoko iintsuku ezingama-30 kumatyala asekuhlaleni nangentsuku ezili-14 kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho.

Inkundla Ecela Ukwenziwa

Kukho iinkundla ezili-13 eziphetheyo ezihlala ngaphantsi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ezibizwa ngokuba ziinkundla zezibheno, kunye nomsebenzi wenkundla yetyala elichazayo kukugqiba enoba umthetho wasetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwinkundla yamatyala okanye kumbutho wolawulo lwamagunya orhulumente. Isiphaluka ngasinye sigubungela imimandla ethile yomhlaba, kunye neFederal Trebel enolawulo lwesizwe ngemibandela ekhethekileyo efana nemvume yetyala.

Imigangatho yempinda

Iinkundla zezicelo zisebenzisa imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo yohlalutyo exhomekeke kuhlobo lwembambano enikelweyo. Imibuzo yomthetho ifumana uhlolo lwe-novo, ithetha ukuba inkundla yokuchophela ityala ihlola ngokutsha ngaphandle kokuzibamba kwinkundla egwetywayo. Iziphumo zenyaniso zifumana uhlolo olubaluleko oluphantsi "kwempazamo ecacileyo" umgangatho, uqonda ukuba abagwebi nabagwebi bagwebi bakwizikhundla ezingcono ukuqwalasela ubungqina nokuthembeka. Izigqibo zobulumko, ezinjengemimiselo ecacileyo, zibuye zihlaziselwe ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwengqiqo.

Le milinganiselo yahlukeneyo ibonisa ukhuphiswano olwahlukeneyo lwetyala kunye neenkundla zetyala kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba izibheno zigxininise ekulungiseni iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni kunokuba ziqinisekiswe kwizigqibo eziziinyani zesibini.

Amafutshane aphunyezweyo kunye nempikiswano engomlomo

Izibheno eziya kwiinkundla zesiphaluka ziqala ukuviwa liqela eliqulunqwe ngabagwebi abathathu besiphaluka, kwaye amaqela afaka iifayile kwinkundla ephikisayo ngesizathu sokuba isigqibo senkundla yetyala kufuneka siqinisekiswe okanye sitshintshwe, emva koko inkundla icwangcise impikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo apho amagqwetha athetha khona aze aphendule imibuzo yabagwebi.

Iingxoxo ezifutshane zizimpikiswano ezibhaliweyo ezichaza isizathu sokuba isigqibo senkundla yetyala sichanekile okanye siphosakele. Uchazo olufutshane lomntu ochaphazelekayo luchaza iimpazamo ezityholweyo kwaye luphikisane nesizathu sokuba zifuna ukuguqulwa. Ukukhusela okufutshane kwenkundla evavanyayo kwesigqibo senkundla yetyala kwaye luphikisa ukuba kutheni kufuneka kuqinisekiswe.

Impikiswano engomlomo inika abagwebi ithuba lokubuza amagqwetha ngempikiswano yabo nokuhlola imibandela enzima. Ngoxa iingxoxo ezifutshane zibalulekileyo, intetho edlulisiweyo ivumela abagwebi ukuba bavavanye iingcamango kunye nokuphanda ubuthathaka kwiimeko zamaqela.

Izigqibo Zokufikelela

Xa iqela lilawula kwinkupho laza lapapasha uluvo, akukho qela lexesha elizayo elinokusilawula isigqibo sangaphambili, nangona iqela leqela lingacebisa ukuba isiphaluka sithathe ityala ngokuvalwa kwetyala lokungaqiniseki ngesigqibo sokuqala seqela lenjongo. Lo mthetho uqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki kwisekethi nganye.

Iinkundla eziphandayo zingasiqinisekisa isigqibo senkundla egwetyiweyo, siphinde sibuye sibuyele emva, okanye siphinde silungise ityala ukwenzela ukuqulunqwa okuthe rhoqo ngokwesigqibo senkundla yetyala. Uluvo lwenkundla ejongene nezomthetho luchaza indlela yokuqiqa kwenkundla luze lunikezele ukhokelo kwinkundla evavanyayo.

Impinda Esemva

Nangona kunqabile, inkundla yesiphaluka isenokucinga ngezibheno ezithile kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-en bacca, kwaye iimbono ze-'n breac's zidla ngokuthatha ubunzima obungakumbi kwaye zidla ngokugqitywa emva kokuba iqela liqale ukuva elo tyala. Ibali lenguqulelo yebac igcinelwe amatyala abandakanya imibuzo ebalulekileyo okanye ungquzulwano phakathi kwezigqibo zeqela lenjongo kwisiphaluka.

Impinda yeNkundla ePhakamileyo

Emva kwesigqibo senkundla yesiphaluka, amaqela angacela iNkundla Ephakamileyo ukuba iphinde ihlole ngegunya letyala lesibeleko. INkundla Ephakamileyo inegunya elisemthethweni, okuthetha ukuba ikhetha amatyala okuwaphulaphula. INkundla inika imvume yecertiori xa iziphaluka zifikelela izigqibo eziphikisanayo kwimibuzo ebalulekileyo engomthetho okanye xa kuvela amatyala abalulekileyo kwisizwe.

Ingqwalasela yeNkundla ePhakamileyo inqabile-qaqa-qaqa-qaqaba — iNkundla ifumana amawaka ezicelo minyaka le kodwa inika ingqwalasela kumatyala angaphantsi kwekhulu. Xa iNkundla iphendula, isigqibo sayo siba ngumzekelo ongqongqo kuzo zonke iinkundla zeli lizwe lonke.

Uqwalaselwa olukhethekileyo kwisigqibo seNkundla yoManyano-ntle

Indima Yemithetho Yomanyano

Iinkundla zoManyano zisebenza phantsi kwemithetho ebanzi elawula zonke iinkalo zomthetho. IMithetho yoLawulo lwaMasipala ilawula amatyala asekuhlaleni, ngelixa imithetho yeFederal of Criminal Procedura ilawula amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. IMithetho yeQeqesho e-Ubungqina isebenza kuzo zombini.

Le mithetho ikhuthaza ukulingana jikelele kwinkqubo yorhulumente ngeli lixa ivumela umahluko othile wasekuhlaleni ngemithetho yesithili ecacileyo yommandla. Ukuqonda le mithetho kubalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo kwiligi yorhulumente, njengokuba amanyathelo angqukuva enokuba neziphumo ezinzulu.

Umahluko Phakathi Komthetho Wesizwe NowasebuRhulumenteni

Ngamanye amaxesha inkundla karhulumente kufuneka isebenzise umthetho karhulumente, kwaye kuloo meko, ukutolikwa kwesizwe kwaloo mthetho kunyanzelisa inkundla karhulumente, ngoko isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseKhalifoniya kumbandela weKhalifoniya siza kubophelela iinkundla zikarhulumente kule mbambano yomthetho karhulumente.

Oku kubandakanya okubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kumatyala okulawula imimandla eyahlukeneyo, apho iinkundla zesizwe zisebenzisa umthetho wesizwe kodwa umthetho wesizwe. Iinkundla kufuneka zahlule ngenyameko phakathi kwento nenkqubo yokugqiba ukuba nguwuphi umthetho osebenzayo.

Izindululo zomGaqo-siseko ekumiliselweni kwesigqibo sezeejaji

Abagwebi bamafakelane kufuneka basebenze kwimiqathango yomgaqo-siseko. Isebe eligwebayo linegunya lokugqiba ukuba yimithetho karhulumente kwaye licombulule amanye amatyala abandakanya imithetho karhulumente, kodwa abagwebi baxhomekeke kwisebe elilawulayo ukunyanzelisa izigqibo zenkundla.

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kuthetha ukuba nangona iinkundla zelifa lemveli zinegunya elibalulekileyo, azinakunyanzelisa izigqibo zazo yaye kufuneka zithembele kwamanye amasebe ukuze zizalisekise. Olu manyano luyinxalenye esisiseko yenkqubo yezomGaqo-siseko waseMerika.

Inkululeko neNkxaso

Oku kukhusela inkululeko yokugweba, kuvumela abagwebi ukuba benze izigqibo ezisekelwe kumthetho kunokuba basekele ingcinezelo yezobupolitika okanye uluvo oluthandwayo.

Noko ke, ukuzimela ngokwamatyala kulungelelaniswe ngeendlela zokuziphendulela. Abagwebi banokucetyiswa ngenxa yehambo evakalala, izigqibo zabo zimele zihlolwe, yaye iBhunga linokuguqula igunya lenkundla yorhulumente phakathi kwemida yomGaqo-siseko.

Esinye Isigqibo Sempikiswano KwiNkundla Yomanyano

Asingawo onke amatyala enkundla karhulumente aqhubeka ngokuvavanywa ngokupheleleyo. Iinkundla zoManyano zikhuthaza ngokukhutheleyo ezinye iindlela zokucombulula iimpikiswano ezinokucombulula amatyala ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi.

Iingqungquthela Zokuzinzisa

ABagwebi basoloko behlanganisana iingqungquthela apho amaqela axubusha isigqibo esinokwenzeka ngokumangalelwa kwejaji. Ijaji inganika uhlolo lwamandla nobuthathaka betyala, inceda amaqela afikelele kwizivumelwano zokoqobo zokulungisa. Ezi nkomfa zinokwenzeka nakweliphi na ixesha lokuzidityanisa.

Isicwangciso

Iinkundla ezininzi zemali zinezicwangciso zokulungisa apho amaqela esithathu angathathi cala anceda amaqela anxibelelana. Ukunxibelelana ngamaqumrhu kuyinto yokuzithandela nesisilumkiso, evumela amaqela ukuba afumane izicombululo zendalo ezisenokungafumaneki ngokuzicombulula.

Ushenxiso

Kwezinye iimeko, amaqela asenokuvuma ukuvalwa kwetyala, apho umququzeleli wobundilele eva ubungqina aze enze isigqibo esibophelelekileyo. Ngoxa ukuhlawulwa kudla ngokubakho ngaphandle kwenkqubo yenkundla, iinkundla zequmrhu zisenokunyanzelisa izivumelwano zokuvala ityala zize ziqinisekise ukuba kufanelekile ukuhlawulwa.

Impembelelo yobuxhakaxhaka ekwenzeni isigqibo senkundla yomanyano

Ubugcisa bale mihla buchaphazele ngokuphawulekayo indlela iinkundla zelifa lemveli ezisebenza ngayo kwaye zenze izigqibo. Iinkqubo ze-elektroniki zivumela amaqela ukuba angenise amaphepha ngokwezimvo, aphucule ukusebenza nokufumaneka kwawo. IiNkundla zisebenzisa ividiyo ngokuqhubekayo ekuchongeni nasekungqungqutheleni, ingakumbi emva kwesifo se-COVID-19.

Iinkundla ziye zatshintsha indlela yokutshintshana kwenkcazelo yeqela, ikhompyutha eluncedo ekuhloleni imiqulu yeencwadi neenkcazelo.

Uphando olungokwasemthethweni luye lwatshintshwa ngobugcisa. Ngoku aBagwebi namagqwetha bayakwazi ukufumana iinkcazelo ezipheleleyo zamatyala, imimiselo, nolwazi olungokwasemthethweni, nto leyo ebangela ukuba baluhlolisise ngokucokisekileyo umgaqo - siseko.

Iinkundla zomanyano ezikhethekileyo kunye neenkqubo zokwenza izigqibo

Ngaphandle kweenkundla zesithili nezesiphaluka jikelele, iinkundla ezikhethekileyo zelifa lemveli zisingatha iindidi ezithile zamatyala ngenkqubo ekhethekileyo.

Iinkundla Zemali

Kukho iinkundla ezifumana imali eninzi eUnited States ezinceda abantu namashishini angakwaziyo ukuhlawula amatyala abo baqala ngokutsha. Iinkundla zebhanki zisebenza phantsi kwemithetho ekhethekileyo neenkqubo ezilungiselelwe ukulungelelanisa izilangazelelo zabatyalayo nababolekiweyo ngoxa zinika isigqibo esifanelekileyo samatyala.

INkundla yeNtloko

IKhomishini yamisela igunya elilawula umgaqo-siseko weNkundla yerhafu yaseUnited States kumatyala anxulumene nerhafu, ukuze inkundla ingabi nagunya laphantsi kuyo nayiphi na enye into. INkundla yerhafu inikela imvume ekhethekileyo yokucombulula iimpikiswano phakathi kwabaqeshi berhafu neIRS.

Inkundla yamaPhondo

INkundla kaFederal Iva izityholo zemali ngokuchasene norhulumente waseUnited States, kuquka iimbambano zesivumelwano, ukuthatha iingxelo, nokuhlawula iifatyi zerhafu. Le nkundla inika abemi namashishini indlela ebalulekileyo yokufuna imbuyekezo kurhulumente worhulumente.

Ukujongana nomthetho kukwenziwa kwesigqibo soManyano-mthetho

Abagwebi abamanyeneyo kufuneka banamathele kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha engqongqo elawula ihambo yabo kwisitulo nangaphandle. Imithetho yeNdlela yokuziphethe yaBagwebi baseUnited States imisela imigaqo nemithetho ethetha ngemibandela enjengeyokungakhethi buso, ukungquzulwana kwenzala, kunye nehambo efanelekileyo yokugweba.

Ukuzithethelela Nokungavisisani

Abagwebi kufuneka bazithethelele kumatyala apho kusenokuthandatyuzwa ukuba abakhethi babo bafanele baphakanywe. Oku kuquka amatyala abandakanya imicimbi yemali, ulwalamano lobuqu, okanye ukubandakanyeka ngaphambi kokuba bangene emcimbini.

Unxibelelwano Olupheleleyo

Abagwebi bomanyano jikelele abanakunxibelelana neqela elinye ngetyala ngaphandle kolwazi nokwenza inxaxheba komnye umntu. Oku kuthintelwa konxibelelwano kuqinisekisa okusesikweni kwaye kuthintela imbonakalo yekhethe.

Imithetho nezomthetho

Kulindeleke ukuba aBagwebi bagcine isidima, imbeko nomonde ekunxibelelaneni kwabo namagqwetha, amaqela namangqina.

Impembelelo Ebanzi Yezigqibo Zenkundla Yomanyano

Izigwebo zenkundla yomanyano zidlulela ngaphaya kwamaqela asondeleyo kwityala. Ngemfundiso yesithethe, izigqibo zimisela imigaqo esemthethweni ekhokela amatyala kwixesha elizayo nendlela yokuziphatha kwibutho labantu lonke.

Ukucaciswa komGaqo-siseko

Iinkundla zoManyano, ingakumbi iNkundla Ephakamileyo, inendima ebalulekileyo ekutolikeni umGaqo-siseko. Ezi nkcazelo zichaza umgangatho wamalungelo omntu ngamnye, imida yamandla karhulumente, kunye nolwalamano phakathi kwegunya lorhulumente norhulumente. Izigqibo zomGaqo-siseko zinokuba nemiphumo enzulu nehlala ihleli kwibutho lamaMerika.

Inkcazelo yesiseko

Iinkundla zikarhulumente zisoloko ziyichaza imigaqo karhulumente, zicacisa ulwimi oludidayo zize zigqibe ngendlela imithetho esebenza ngayo kwiimeko ezithile.

Ukuphuhliswa koMthetho oQhelekileyo

Kwimimandla engalawulwa ngumthetho, iinkundla zesizwe ziphuhlisa umthetho oqhelekileyo ngezigqibo zazo. Lo mthetho wejaji uguquka ngokuhamba kwexesha njengoko iinkundla zithetha ngeemeko ezintsha kwaye zicombulula imigaqo engokwasemthethweni.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kwesigqibo Senkundla Yomanyano

Ngoxa inkqubo yenkundla karhulumente ihlonelwa ngokuqhelekileyo, ijamelana neengxaki neembonakaliso ezahlukahlukeneyo ezichaphazela indlela iinkundla ezenza ngayo izigqibo.

Imithetho Yasemva Nexesha Lokulibazisa

Iinkundla zomanyano zijongene netyala elibalulekileyo elinokukhokelela ekulibaziseni ekwenzeni izigqibo. Amathala anokulinda iinyanga okanye iminyaka yeetyala okanye izigqibo ezidityanisiweyo, aphakamise inkxalabo ngobulungisa obufike ngexesha. Iinkundla zisoloko zifuna iindlela zokuphatha iimadokisi ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi ngoxa zigcina ubunjani besigqibo.

Ukufikelela Kokusesikweni

Ukuntsonkotha nexabiso lemali yelifa lemveli kungenza imiqobo yokufikelela, ingakumbi kubantu ngabanye nakumashishini amancinane. Ngoxa iinkundla ziye zathabatha amanyathelo okuncedisa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezisetyenziswayo nokucutha iindleko, ukuxhalabela ukufikelela okulinganayo okungaqhubekiyo.

Ukungaququzeli kwemithetho yezomthetho

Impikiswano iyaqhubeka ngendima efanelekileyo yeenkundla zikarhulumente ekusingatheni imicimbi yentlalo neyezobupolitika. Abahlalutyi bezenzo zokugweba baphikisa ngelithi maxa wambi iinkundla ziligqitha igunya lazo ngokwenza izigqibo ezilunge ngakumbi ezishiyelwe amasebe anyuliweyo. Abaxhasi bendima yokugweba ekhutheleyo baphikisa ngelithi iinkundla zimele zikhusele amalungelo omgaqo-siseko kwanaxa ukwenjenjalo kuthandabuza.

Imithombo Yokuqonda Izigqibo Zenkundla Yomanyano

Abo bafuna ukufunda okungakumbi mayelana nokwenza isigqibo senkundla yelifa lesizwe, kukho oovimba abaninzi. I- yaseUnited States ye-website ye- inikela iinkcukacha ezibanzi ngejaji yesizwe, kuquka izinto zemfundo, amanani enkundla, kunye nokufikelela kwiimbono zenkundla.

I-[[QUT:0] IZiko loLwazi loMgaqo-siseko kwiSikolo soMthetho saseCornell inikela ukufikelela ngokukhululekileyo kwizigqibo zenkundla, imimiselo, kunye nobuncwane obusemthethweni. Esi sixhobo sibalulekileyo sivumela nabani na ukuba aphande umthetho karhulumente aze aqonde indlela iinkundla eziye zathetha ngayo kwiimbambano ezahlukeneyo zomthetho.

Ukuya kumatyala nokuvavanywa kwetyala kunceda abantu bayiqonde indlela abagwebi abasemthethweni abaqhuba ngayo imicimbi baze benze izigqibo.

I- IZiko lezeMigaqo-mthetho elikwiFoderali lisebenza njengombutho wophando kunye nowemfundo weenkundla zesizwe, livelisa izifundo kunye nezinto ezimalunga nemisebenzi yenkundla yephondo kunye neenkqubo zokwenza izigqibo.

Isiphumo: Intsingiselo yesigqibo seNkundla yoManyano-ntle

Ukuqonda indlela iinkundla zelifa lemveli ezizenza ngayo izigqibo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda inkqubo yomthetho yaseMerika.

Inkqubo yenkundla yequmrhu ilinganisa imilinganiselo emininzi ekhuphisanayo: impumelelo nokucokiseka, ukungaguquguquki nokuvumelana, ukuzimela geqe nokuziphendulela. Ngokusetyenziswa ngenyameko kwemithetho yesithethe, umthetho ophantsi, kunye nemizekelo, abagwebi bequmrhu basebenzisa iimbambano ezintsonkothileyo ezichaphazela abantu, amashishini, nebutho labantu liphela.

Ngoxa le nkqubo ijamelana neengxaki, isengundoqo kulawulo - melo lwaseMerika nomthetho. izigwebo zenkundla yamaFederal zikhusela amalungelo omGaqo-siseko, zichaza imithetho karhulumente, yaye zilungiselela ukucombulula iingxabano ngoxolo ngenkqubo engokwasemthethweni kunokuba zinyanzele.

Enoba ungumbutho wokufumana imvume karhulumente, ugqirha osemthethweni, umfundi, okanye ummi othenjiweyo, ukuqonda iinkqubo zenkundla yephondo ezisebenzisayo kukhulisa ubuchule bakho bokuthabatha inxaxheba nokuxabisa inkqubo yomthetho waseMerika. Indlela yononophelo lweenkundla zelifa lesizwe, elula, yokwenza izigqibo ibonisa umgaqo osisiseko wokuba okusesikweni akufuneki nje kufikelelwe kwisiphumo esifanelekileyo, kodwa kukwenza oko ngeenkqubo ezifanelekileyo ezihlonela amalungelo nesidima sabo bonke ababandakanyekileyo.

Njengoko ibutho liguquka lize lifumane imingeni emitsha engokwasemthethweni, iinkundla zelifa lemveli ziza kuqhubeka zilungisa iinkqubo zazo zokwenza izigqibo ngoxa zigcina imigaqo engundoqo yokusesikweni, ukungaguquguquki, nokunamathela kumthetho. Ngokuyiqonda indlela ezi ntena ezisebenza ngayo, sinokuyiqonda bhetele indima yazo ebalulekileyo kulawulo lwaseMerika size sibendakanyeke ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo engokomthetho xa kuyimfuneko.